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175.206 Memory & Cognition > MC Semester 1 Internal 2011 > Flashcards

MC Semester 1 Internal 2011 Flashcards

1
Q

The process during which information is strengthened and transformed into a strong memory that is resistant to interference is known as

  1. savings.
  2. memory consolidation.
  3. introspection.
  4. cognition.
A

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2
Q

Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localisation of function?

  1. Specific areas of the brain serve different functions.
  2. Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli.
  3. Brain areas are specialised for specific functions.
  4. All of the above are correct.
A

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3
Q

The _____ lobe of the cortex serves higher functions such as language, thought, and memory.

  1. subcortical
  2. frontal
  3. occipital
  4. parietal
A

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4
Q

Brain-imaging techniques can determine all of the following EXCEPT

  1. areas of the brain activated during cognitive tasks.
  2. localization of brain activity in response to a specific stimulus.
  3. the structure of individual neurons.
  4. patterns of blood flow in the brain.
A

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5
Q

The results of Gauthier’s “Greeble” experiment illustrate

  1. that neurons specialized to respond to faces are present in our brains when we are born.
  2. that training a monkey to recognize the difference between common objects can influence how the monkey’s neurons fire to these objects.
  3. an effect of experience-dependent plasticity.
  4. that our nervous systems remain fairly stable in different environments.
A

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6
Q

When a double dissociation occurs, this indicates that two functions

  1. are absent.
  2. involve the same mechanism.
  3. are present.
  4. involve different mechanisms.
A

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7
Q

The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway.

  1. where;what
  2. what;where
  3. size;distance
  4. distance;size
A

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8
Q

Louis is taking his girlfriend, Rosie, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Louis wants to make a good impression on Rosie, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosie says “Where to next?”, Louis conjures a mental image of the map and says, “Art museum.” Let’s assume the garden was 18 centimetres due south on the map and that it took Louis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Louis takes Rosie to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was 9 centimetres northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that, when Louis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately _____ seconds.

  1. 2
  2. 3
  3. 4
  4. 6
A

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9
Q

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ____ representations.

  1. epiphenomenal
  2. propositional
  3. spatial
  4. unilateral
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10
Q

Which of the following has been used as an argument AGAINST the idea that imagery is spatial in nature?

  1. The results of scanning experiments
  2. Depictive representations
  3. The tacit-knowledge explanation
  4. None of these are correct (they all support the idea that imagery is spatial).
A

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11
Q

Ganis and coworkers used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that

  1. there is no difference between the activation caused by perception and by imagery.
  2. perception and imagery activate the same areas near the back of the brain, but imagery activates more of the frontal lobe than does perception.
  3. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe,but imagery activates more of the back of the brain than perception does.
  4. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.
A

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12
Q

To explain the fact that some neuropsychological studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at _____ visual centres and the mechanism for perception is located at _____ visual centres.

  1. lower; higher
  2. higher; lower
  3. both lower and higher; higher
  4. higher; both lower and higher
A

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13
Q

Flanker compatibility experiments have been conducted using a variety of stimulus conditions. By definition, this procedure must include at least one target and one distractor. In any condition where we find that a distractor influenced reaction time, we can conclude that the distractor

  1. was overtly responded to by the participant.
  2. was processed.
  3. was ignored.
  4. appeared in a high-load condition.
A

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14
Q

According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT

  1. practice.
  2. the type of tasks.
  3. the difficulty of the tasks.
  4. task cueing.
A

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15
Q

In Schneider and Shiffrin’s experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented “frames,” divided attention was easier

  1. in the consistent-mapping condition.
  2. in the variable-mapping condition.
  3. in the high-load condition.
  4. for the location-based task.
A

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16
Q

Automatic processing occurs when

  1. cognitive resources are high.
  2. response times are long.
  3. tasks are well-practiced.
  4. attention is focused.
A

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17
Q

The Stroop effect demonstrates

  1. how automatic processing can interfere with intended processing.
  2. a failure of divided attention.
  3. the ease of performing a low-load task.
  4. support for object-based attention.
A

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18
Q

Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that

  1. the negative effect can be decreased by using”hands-free”units.
  2. the problem with cell phones is that attention is distracted from the task of driving by the need to hold the phone and drive with one hand.
  3. the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.
  4. Both 1 and 2 are correct.
A

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19
Q

Jill’s friends tell her they think she has a really good memory. She finds this interesting so she decides to purposefully test her memory. Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Jill does not realize that she is demonstrating a natural mechanism of memory known as

  1. short-term memory.
  2. episodic buffering.
  3. chunking.
  4. proactive interference.
A

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20
Q

STM’s capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus two)

  1. meaningful units.
  2. digits.
  3. words.
  4. sentences.
A

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21
Q

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?

  1. BIP , TEK, LIN, MOD, REY
  2. SAY, BET, PIN, COW, RUG
  3. MAC, CAN, CAP , MAN, MAP
  4. PIG, DOG, RAT, FOX, HEN
A

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22
Q

According to Baddeley’s model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people’s driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

  1. Trying to imagine how many cabinets are in their kitchen
  2. Trying to remember a map of the area
  3. Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned
  4. Trying to imagine a portrait from a recent museum exhibit
A

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23
Q

In Daneman and Carpenter’s (1980) research, high levels of performance on their reading span task was associated with a better

  1. working memory span.
  2. ability to filter out irrelevant information.
  3. problem-solving ability.
  4. reading comprehension ability.
A

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24
Q

One reason Baddeley added the episodic buffer to his model of working memory was that the older model could not explain

  1. how non-verbal and non-spatial information could be stored in working memory.
  2. why working memory can hold more information than was expected from what is known about the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad.
  3. how long-term memory interacts with working memory.
  4. why articulatory suppression causes an inability to remember words.
A

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25
Q

The inability to assimilate or retain new knowledge is known as

  1. anterograde amnesia.
  2. retrograde amnesia.
  3. the primacy effect.
  4. the serial effect.
A

1

26
Q

According to your textbook, which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?

  1. Classicalconditioning
  2. Priming
  3. Procedural memory
  4. Semantic memory
A

4

27
Q

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in ten pin bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother’s death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behaviour suggests

  1. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.
  2. intact procedural memory but defective semantic memory.
  3. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.
  4. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.
A

1

28
Q

An item on an implicit memory test would most likely resemble which of the following?

  1. “Report the first word that you associate with TREE.”
  2. “Explain your earliest personal memory that relates to TREE.”
  3. “Which of the following words is related to”plant”, TREE or SHOE.”
  4. “Fill in the following with the first word that comes to mind: T__E.”
A

4

29
Q

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

  1. Making a connection between each word and something you’ve previously learned
  2. Deciding how many vowels each word has
  3. Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered
  4. Repeating the words over and over in your mind
A

1

30
Q

Free recall of the stimulus list “apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants” will most likely yield which of these response patterns?

  1. “apple,desk,shoe,coat,lamp,pants”
  2. “apple,desk,shoe,sofa,plum,chair,cherry,coat,lamp,pants” 3. “apple,cherry,plum,shoe,coat,lamp,chair,pants”
  3. “apple,chair,cherry,coat,desk,lamp,plum,shoe,sofa”
A

3

31
Q

Bransford and Johnson’s study had participants hear a passage that turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories.

  1. implicit memory during learning
  2. an organizational context during learning
  3. deep processing during retrieval
  4. imagery
A

2

32
Q

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

  1. the rememberer generates their own retrieval cues.
  2. the type of encoding and type of retrieval match.
  3. there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material.
  4. imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into
    LTM.
A

2

33
Q

Graded amnesia occurs because

  1. remote memories are more fragile than recent memories.
  2. recent memories are more fragile than remote memories.
  3. emotional memories are more fragile than nonemotional memories.
  4. nonemotional memories are more fragile than emotional memories.
A

2

34
Q

Your text describes two experiments that measured people’s memory for what they were doing when they heard about the terrorist attack on 9/11 (September 11th, 2001). Results of these experiments show that participants

  1. believed that their memories for the attack remained accurate over a 52- week period.
  2. displayed memory for this flashbulb event that declined with time.
  3. reported less vivid memories of 9/11 as time passed.
  4. both believed their memories for the attack were accurate over a 52-week period and displayed memory for the flashbulb event that declined with time.
A

4

35
Q

Bartlett’s experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the “War of the Ghosts” story that was taken from the Canadian Indian culture illustrated the

  1. misinformation effect.
  2. familiarity effect.
  3. constructive nature of memory.
  4. reminiscence bump.
A

3

36
Q

Jackie went to the supermarket to pick up yoghurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn’t mentioned, because we are relying on a supermarket _____ that is stored in _______ long-term memory.

  1. narrative;semantic
  2. script;semantic
  3. narrative;episodic
  4. script;episodic
A

2

37
Q

Your text’s discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories

  1. are a natural consequence of a largely adaptive memory system.
  2. occur for details but not for entire events.
  3. occur in laboratory settings but do not occur in real-world circumstances.
  4. do not occur for all people but rather are experienced by suggestible or inattentive people.
A

1

38
Q

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true

  1. only when we are aware we’ve seen them before.
  2. simply because we have been exposed to them before. 3. only when we agree with them.
  3. unless we are told explicitly that the statements are false.
A

2

39
Q

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder

  1. is largely a blessing because no event would be erased.
  2. is an advantage because it eliminates “selective” recording (remembering some events and forgetting others), which provides no useful service to humans.
  3. helped him draw powerful inferences and intelligent conclusions from his vast knowledge base.
  4. None of the above are correct.
A

4

40
Q

How is cognitive economy represented in the following example? The property _____ is stored at the _____ node.

  1. can fly; bird
  2. can fly; canary
  3. has feathers; ostrich
  4. bird; penguin
A

1

41
Q

Spreading activation

  1. primes associated concepts.
  2. inhibits unrelated concepts.
  3. creates new links between associated concepts.
  4. weakens the link between unrelated concepts.
A

1

42
Q

Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model. However, their revised model was not immune to criticism. One criticism of Collins and Loftus’ semantic network theory is that it

  1. cannot explain exceptions to category properties (e.g., account for the fact that an ostrich can’t fly while most birds can).
  2. is of little explanatory value because it can explain just about any result.
  3. is so inflexible that it has been easy to falsify.
  4. explains the length of links as resulting from a person’s past experiences.
A

2

43
Q

Research on the physiology of semantic memory has shown that the representation of different categories in the brain (like living and non-living things) is best described as being

  1. specific.
  2. subordinate.
  3. graded.
  4. distributed.
A

4

44
Q

The idea that the grammatical structure of a sentence is the primary determinant of the way a sentence is parsed is part of the _____ approach to parsing.

  1. semantic
  2. temporary ambiguity
  3. syntax-first
  4. interactionist
A

3

45
Q

The interactionist approach to parsing states that

  1. semantics is activated only at the end of a sentence.
  2. semantics is activated as a sentence is being read.
  3. the grammatical structure of a sentence determines the initial parsing.
  4. semantics is only activated to clear up ambiguity.
A

2

46
Q

Most of the coherence in text is created by

  1. inference.
  2. syntax.
  3. parsing.
  4. phoneme restoration.
A

1

47
Q

According to the situation model of text processing,

  1. people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of information about phrases, sentences, and paragraphs.
  2. people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.
  3. it will take longer to understand a story that involves a complex series of situations.
  4. people draw inferences about what is happening in a story by considering both local and global connections.
A

2

48
Q

A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America. She asked the groups to describe the bands of colour they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary colour words. These results

  1. support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.
  2. contradict the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.
  3. support the word frequency effect.
  4. contradict the word frequency effect.
A

1

49
Q

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving

  1. restructuring.
  2. multiple goal states.
  3. sensory operators.
  4. continuity and form.
A

1

50
Q

Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution ____ prior to the solution of an insight problem and ____ prior to the solution of a non-insight problem.

  1. gradually rise; gradually rise
  2. gradually rise; rise suddenly just
  3. rise suddenly just; gradually rise
  4. vary unpredictably; vary unpredictably
A

3

51
Q

Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?

  1. Using a pair of pliers as a paper weight
  2. Using a tyre as a swing seat and as a football practice target
  3. Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice
  4. Using a wine bottle as a vase
A

3

52
Q

It is difficult to apply means-end analysis to an insight problem because it is difficult to define ____ for an insight problem.

  1. an initial state
  2. operators
  3. a goal state
  4. intermediate states
A

4

53
Q

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems?

  1. Experts possess more knowledge about their fields than novices.
  2. Experts often group problems differently than novices, based on principles.
  3. Experts often get off to a slower start than novices.
  4. Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.
A

4

54
Q

In Belilock and Carr’s study of the relationship between working memory capacity and problem solving, individuals with high working memory capacity performed best in the _____condition.

  1. low-pressure
  2. high-pressure
  3. well-defined
  4. ill-defined
A

1

55
Q

When the “abstract” version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a “concrete” version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers),

  1. performance is better for the concrete task.
  2. performance is better for the abstract task.
  3. performance is the same for both tasks.
  4. performing the abstract task improves performance of the concrete task.
A

1

56
Q

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the

  1. representativeness heuristic.
  2. availability heuristic.
  3. falsification principle.
  4. belief bias.
A

2

57
Q

Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning

  1. confirmation bias.
  2. utility.
  3. the falsification principle.
  4. the representativeness heuristic.
A

4

58
Q

People tend to overestimate

  1. what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.
  2. what positive feelings will occur following a decision more so than negative feelings.
  3. what positive and negative feelings will occur following a decision to the same degree.
  4. subjective utility values following a decision.
A

1

59
Q

By using a(n) _____, a country could increase the percentage of individuals agreeing to be organ donors dramatically.

  1. opt-outprocedure
  2. opt-inprocedure
  3. pragmatic reasoning schema
  4. permission schema
A

1

60
Q

In a study by Tversky and Shafir, college students were asked to read a scenario and make a decision regarding the purchase of a holiday package following a difficult end-of-semester exam. The independent variable was whether or not students were told the results of the exam (some were told “pass,” others “fail”) or that the final scores were not yet known. This study found that participants were more likely to purchase the holiday package if they

  1. were told they passed the exam.
  2. were told they failed the exam.
  3. did not know the results of the exam.
  4. were told the results of the exam (no difference between those told they passed and those told they failed).
A

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175.206 Memory & Cognition (4 decks)

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