MC Exam 2: Human Information Processing

Question 1

What is the information processing model?

Answer 1

input of information from environment (through sensory organs)—–processed in the humans—-out put in motor response

Question 2

What is parallel processing?

Answer 2

brain multi-tasking

Question 3

What is serial processing?

Answer 3

Event A must start/finish for event B to take place

Question 4

How do we study the processing piece?

Answer 4

hard to quantify, one way is to measure reaction time, studying interval between presentation of stimuli and the beginning of response

Question 5

What is Donder’s Subtractive Method?

Answer 5

a way to study various stages of processing

Question 6

What is Donder’s description A?

Answer 6

simple RT, 1 stimulus of choice, 1 number of response choice

SOP: stimulus detection and response execution

EX: running or swimming

Question 7

What is hypothetical reaction time for description A?

Answer 7

about 200 ms

Question 8

What is Donder’s description B?

Answer 8

choice RT, 2 stimulus of choice, 2 number of response choices

SOP: stim detection, stim ID, response selection, response execution

can be any number of stimulus and response choices

Question 9

What is hypothetical reaction time of description B?

Answer 9

285 ms

Question 10

What is Donder’s Description C?

Answer 10

go/no RT, 2 stimulus of choice, 1 number of response choices

SOP: stim detection, stim ID, response execution

Question 11

What is hypothetical reaction time of description C?

Answer 11

230 ms

Question 12

How would you measure stim ID stage?

Answer 12

C- A (230-200= 30 ms)

Question 13

How would you measure response selection?

Answer 13

B- C (285-230 = 55 ms)

Question 14

What are 3 stages of information processing ?

Answer 14

1. Stim ID stage
2. Response selection stage
3. response programming stage

Question 15

What is the STIM ID stage?

Answer 15

presentation of environmental stimulus

Question 16

What are three major components of STIM Id stage?

Answer 16

1. involves contact memory- association to prior info
2. stimulus
3. pattern recognition

Question 17

What is stimulus component made up of?

Answer 17

1. clarity- ex: sharpness
2. intensity - loudness/brightness
3. modality- sensory modality, some senses faster than other, more senses= faster

Question 18

What is slowest of the senses?

Answer 18

vision

Question 19

What is pattern recognition?

Answer 19

this is something that can be trained

random vs specific context (chess)

static vs dynamic (chess vs sport)

Question 20

What is the response selection stage?

Answer 20

person has info from environment and has perception as to what happened now has to select a response

Question 21

What is Hick’s Law?

Answer 21

RT increases as # of S-R alternatives increases

Rt increases by constant amount when you double S-R choices

Question 22

What is a “bit”

Answer 22

binary unit, amount of info needed to reduce the original uncertainty in half

Question 23

What is the PT implication of Hick’s Law?

Answer 23

when pt is rehabbing you may need to reduce number of stimuli at beginning

Question 24

What is stimulus response compatibility?

Answer 24

the degree of naturalness between a stimulus and a response

ex: target on right with right hand = S-R compatible

Question 25

What does response selection and intention of action have to do with each other?

Answer 25

the final posture is a major determination of what response is chosen, especially if final posture requires precision control EX: the body will do an initial awkward movement if it results in smoother end position, picking up a glass

Question 26

What is the response programming stage?

Answer 26

after selecting response must be turned into muscular action

Question 27

Why do more complex reactions require increased response time?

Answer 27

1. number of moving parts 2. accuracy of movement 3. movement duration

Question 28

What was Henry Rogers experiment implications?

Answer 28

that a well learned action is stored as "motor program"- rich store of unconscious motor memory

Question 29

What is connection between anticipation and response time?

Answer 29

anticipation leads to reduced response time 1. receptor anticipation 2. effector anticipation 3. perceptual anticipation

Question 30

What is receptor anticipation?

Answer 30

the performer detects the upcoming event with sensory receptors eX: see, hear, feel

Question 31

What is effector anticipation?

Answer 31

the performer must anticipate how long his own movement will take EX: swinging a bat, elevator door closing

Question 32

What is perceptual anticipation?

Answer 32

information that is based on frequency experience

Question 33

What happens when you have advanced information available ?

Answer 33

you will bypass response selection and go right from STIM ID to response programming

Question 34

What is spatial (event) anticipation?

Answer 34

Response time decreases when you have info about upcoming event, decreases amount of response selection time ex: soccer PK goalie

Question 35

What is temporal anticipation?

Answer 35

giving a constant fore period can reduce RT shorter fore-periods reduce Rt more effectively EX: the gun at start of the race is always staggered to increase RT

Question 36

What are indications for anticipation?

Answer 36

1. limit ability to use anticipation (sprint Gun) 2. rely heavily on it (dance routine) 3. anticipate to quickly may lead to error, anticipating wrong signal (Posner et al. / Schmidt and Gordon)

Question 37

What is signal detection theory?

Answer 37

decisions are based on what we perceive and not what is actually happening they are subject to variability and error EX: specificity and sensitivity

Question 38

What is memory?

Answer 38

persistence of information stored for future processing

Question 39

What are two types of memory?

Answer 39

explicit- direct, recall memory, conscious procedural- indirect, motor skills, unconscious

Question 40

What is short term memory?

Answer 40

storage system for the informnation from STSS or LTM (1 -60 sec) 7 items total unless chunking

Question 41

What is short term sensory store (STSS)?

Answer 41

vision, touch, audition, kinesthesis has large capacity to receive info, but loses it quickly less than 1 second

Question 42

What is long term memory?

Answer 42

practice and rehearsal turns STM into LTM more permanent very large capacity LTM helps response selection

Question 43

What is working memory?

Answer 43

is related to response selection stage