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motor control exam 2 > MC Exam 2: History and Theory > Flashcards

MC Exam 2: History and Theory Flashcards

1
Q

What is motor control?

A

the ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement, how are skills achieved

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2
Q

What is a skill?

A

the ability to bring about an end result with maximum certainty and minimum outlay of energy

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3
Q

What is motor control composed of?

A

complex interaction between individual, the task and environment

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4
Q

What happens when you have too much skill?

A

think about it too much, overuse injury

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5
Q

What are psychophysics experiments apart of?

A

behavioral approach, biomechanical approach, neurophysiology approach

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6
Q

What is an example of a psychophysic experiment

A

reaction time

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7
Q

What are 4 things Charles Sherrington is known for?

A
  1. unit reaction is known as reflex
  2. reciprocal inhibition- activation of flexors can lead to deactivation of extensors
  3. identification of sensory receptors
  4. coined terms like proprioception and synapse
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8
Q

What was one of his early experiments?

A

deafferentation of monkeys- if no sensory then no movement of limbs, later was disproved

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9
Q

What is learned non use and who studied it?

A

Ed taub, overtime body thinks limb can’t use if its affected even though it possibly can

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10
Q

What is clinical induced constraint therapy? Who studied it?

A

Taub and Wolf

constrain non affected limb and affected limb will be forced to move

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11
Q

What was the major neurophysiology implications from deafferentation studies in monkeys?

A

area of brain receptors for arms turned into face receptors therefore face sensation became more precise

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12
Q

Who is Ian Pavlov?

A

famous for classic conditioning studied done in dogs

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13
Q

Who is the father of motor control?

A

Nikolai Bernstein, refuted Pavlov’s idea that movement was conditioned but instead that movements were active and goal oriented

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14
Q

What is Bernstein’s DOF problem?

A

that human body can perform same movements in several different ways, however CNS can freeze DOF to simplify control strategies - “motor equivalency”

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15
Q

What also did Bernstein believe?

A

movement is just reflexes strung together

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16
Q

What researcher did a famous study in motor equivalence?

A

Karl Lashley- studied hand writing with different parts of body vs blindfolded

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17
Q

Who is Erich Von Holst?

A

also favored that movement was active and oriented

18
Q

What is Von Holst reafference principle?

A

this is critical for movement as it is input that is evoked from one’s own movement

19
Q

What field was prominent in the early study of motor control?

A

physical education

20
Q

Who is Paul Fitts?

A

Created Fitts Law: time to complete a targeted movement depends on the distance to the target and the width of the target

21
Q

What is the equation for Pitts law?

A

ID (index of difficulty)= Log2 (2D/W)

Id increases by one unit for each doubling of amplitude and halving width

22
Q

Who is Franklin M Henry?

A

father of motor skills research, proposed reaction was related to complexity of the activity and motor skills are highly specific

23
Q

What was Jack Adams famous for?

A

developed one of first motor Theories in US, that there are two forms or memory for learning: memory trace, perceptual trace

24
Q

What is memory trace?

A

selection/ initiation of movement

25
Q

What is perceptual trace?

A

internal reference of correctness of movement, becomes better with practice

26
Q

What is one problem with this theory?

A

doesn’t value variety of training

27
Q

Who is Richard Schmiddt?

A

developed the more qualitative and accepted, Schema Theory- generalized motor program, spatial temporal rules for a movement

28
Q

According to Schmidt upon making a movement what 4 pieces are stored in the memory?

A
  1. initial movement conditions (proprioception)
  2. response specifications (speed and force)
  3. sensory consequences (how movement felt/looked)
  4. knowledge of results (outcome)
29
Q

What two schemas is this information abstracted into?

A
  1. recall schema- (motor) specific situations and intentions

2. Recognition Schema (sensory)- detection of error

30
Q

Who is Anatol Feldman?

A

theorized that limb needs to be in final position of movement to be at rest

31
Q

What does the forward model theorize?

A

prediction of sensory consequences of movement, motor control is all about reducing the prediction errors- this is most popular of three theories

32
Q

What is inverse kinematics?

A

CNS calculates the limb position, direction and velocity of motion for all muscles- a reasonable theory

33
Q

What is inverse dynamics-?

A

CNS calculates the forces and EMG patterns for all muscles- not very plausible

34
Q

Who cam up with reflex theory and what are clinical implications?

A

Charles Sherrington, clinicians should test reflexes and reflex testing should predict some parts or function

35
Q

Who developed Hierarchical theory and what are PT implications?

A

JH Jackson, evaluate the determinations of motor control from many levels

36
Q

Who is Berta Bobath?

A

theorized that in hierarchical model that in Peds, if the higher levels can not restrain reflexive movements , it leads to abnormal postural reflexes

37
Q

What are motor programming theories?

A

nervous system can have an organized motor response that is not entirely dependent on sensory feedback

38
Q

What is clinical implications of MP Theories?

A

huge potential for rehab even in absence of sensory input

39
Q

What is dynamic systems theory?

A

Bernstein- DOF

What are the demands of task?

40
Q

PT implcations for DST?

A

movement is emergent property influenced by changing tasks and environment so study transitioning of these movements and that variability is key to normal movement

41
Q

What is ecological theory?

A

by James Gibson and Michael Turvey

goal oriented movement, perception of information leads to action

42
Q

What are PT implications of Eco theory?

A

individual must explore all possible ways to accomplish task and discover best solution based on their limitations and capabilities

motor control exam 2 (5 decks)

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