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Molecular Biology > MBD MLAP REVIEW > Flashcards

MBD MLAP REVIEW Flashcards

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1
Q

true or false. molecular tests have replaced conventional tests.

A

true

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2
Q

product of laboratory medicine + genomic knowledge + technology

A

molecular biology and diagnostics

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3
Q

genetic information is contained in ___ _____ which are arranged as _____ and are packaged as _____.

A

dna sequences; genes; chromosomes

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4
Q

how many base pairs does the human genome have

A

3 billion base pairs

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5
Q

complete set of genetic information

A

genome

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6
Q

transfer of genetic information within the cell

A

central dogma

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7
Q

concept of central dogma

A

dna template is used to create rna to proteins

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8
Q

transcription process

A

1 dna strand > mrna

enzyme: rna polymerase

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9
Q

translation process

A

mrna > proteins

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10
Q

responsible for cellular functions

A

proteins

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11
Q

2 types of nucleic acids

A

dna and rna

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12
Q

building blocks of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

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13
Q

3 components of nucleotides

A
  1. nitrogenous bases
  2. 5 carbon sugars
  3. phosphate groups
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14
Q

nucleotides are joined by:

A

3’-5’ phosphodiester bond

1st: 5’ to phosphate
2nd: phosphate to 3’

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15
Q

purines are:

A

double ring

ex: adenine and guanine

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16
Q

pyrimidines are:

A

single ring

ex: cytosine, thymine (dna), and uracil (rna)

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17
Q

carbons of nucleic acids:

A

dna: deoxyribose sugar
2’ - hydrogen atom

rna: ribose sugar
2’ - hydroxyl group

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18
Q

carbons of nucleic acids:

A

rna: ribose sugar

2’ - hydroxyl group

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19
Q

responsible for the very strong negative charge of the nucleic acid

A

phosphate group

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20
Q

base pairing

A

adenine and thymine (dna) / uracil (rna)

guanine and cytosine

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21
Q

true or false. in a double stranded dna, the concentration of purines and pyrimidines are the same.

A

true

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22
Q

hydrogen bonds present per base pair

A

c + g = 3 hydrogen bonds

a + t = 2 hydrogen bonds

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23
Q

watson and crick on 1953

A

double-stranded helix with major and minor grooves

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24
Q

continuous replication direction (leading strand)

A

5’ to 3’

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25
Q

which enzyme fixes the gaps in the lagging strand?

A

ligase

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26
Q

which enzyme opens up the dna?

A

helicase

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27
Q

which enzyme prevents the supercoiling of dna?

A

topoisomerase

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28
Q

which enzyme adds new nucleotides to the template strands?

A

dna polymerase

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29
Q

true or false. rna is environmentally labile and easily degraded.

A

true

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30
Q

3 types of rna in transcription

A

rrna, mrna, trna

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31
Q

this rna is found in the ribosomes and they translate mrna into proteins

A

ribosomal rna

32
Q

which rna is the most abundant in the cell?

A

rrna (80-90%)

33
Q

which rna is read by the ribosomes to produce proteins?

A

messenger rna

34
Q

what do you call the mrna in eukaryotes that has its introns and exons still intact?

A

heteronuclear rna / pre-mrna

35
Q

which part of the mrna contains the coding sequence?

A

exons

36
Q

what are added to complete the maturity of mrna?

A

5’ methylguanine cap and polyadenylate tail

37
Q

this type of rna reads the mrna and brings the amino acid into the ribosome

A

transfer rna

38
Q

which rna removes the introns?

A

small nuclear rna

39
Q

rnas that are involved in different cell processes

A

small and micro rnas

40
Q

dna to chromosome sequence:

A

dna + histones = nucleosomes > chromatin > chromosomes

41
Q

humans have how many chromosomes?

A

23 pairs (46) chromosomes, diploid

42
Q

chromosome breakdown:

A

1-22 pairs of somatic chromosomes
xx - females
xy - males

43
Q

noncoding regions but have regulatory elements

A

introns (intervening sequences)

44
Q

multiple allelic forms

A

polymorphism

45
Q

different form of a gene

A

allele

46
Q

physical location of a gene

A

loci/locus

47
Q

in which side do you inherit the mitochondrial dna

A

maternal side

48
Q

mitochondrial dna (mtdna) characteristics

A

circular genome w/ 16,600 base pairs

49
Q

total genes in a mtdna

A

37 genes:
22 trna
2 rrna
13 oxidation-phosphorylation genes

50
Q

what regions of mitochondria are sought in forensics?

A

hypervariable regions I (342bp) and II (268bp)

51
Q

true or false. prokaryotic chromosomes are circular and 95% of it are non-coding regions.

A

false. yes, prokaryotic chromosomes are circular but 95% of it is coding regions.

52
Q

extrachromosomal dna (ecdna) of prokaryotes

A

plasmids

53
Q

true or false. plasmids cannot replicate independently.

A

false. plasmids can replicate independently.

54
Q

true or false. extrachromosomal (ecdna) contains essential genetic information.

A

false. extrachromosomal dna contains nonessential genetic information.

55
Q

what gene is found in the plasmids that help for the survivability of prokaryotes?

A

antibiotic resistant genes

56
Q

process of disrupting the double stranded dna

A

denaturation

57
Q

product of denaturation

A

melted dna/single stranded

58
Q

2 methods in denaturation

A

heating or chemical

59
Q

at what temp does human dna denatures?

A

94 C

60
Q

2 requirements for renaturation

A

salt and temperature

61
Q

at what temp does human dna anneals?

A

52 C

62
Q

what enzyme cleaves phosphodiester bonds?

A

nucleases

63
Q

3 types of nucleases

A
  • deoxyribonucleases
  • ribonucleases
  • exonucleases
64
Q

dnase acts on?

A

ssdna and dsdna

65
Q

true or false. rnases are ubiquitous and have high concentration in the hands

A

true

66
Q

rnase temperature range:

A

-20 to > 100 C

67
Q

nucleases that can only cut one nucleotide at a time

A

exonucleases

68
Q

a type of enzyme that can recognize a specific base sequence and cut it

A

restriction enzymes/endonucleases

69
Q

cuts of restriction enzyme cuts

A

3’ OH and 5’P terminus

70
Q

term for non-specific cleaving

A

star activity

71
Q

what causes star activity?

A

incubation temp is not optimal

72
Q

example of restriction enzyme that cuts at predictable sites and is used at recombination

A

type II restriction enzyme

73
Q

nucleic acids that have bilateral symmetry

A

palindromes

74
Q

these are used for diagnosing hereditary disease and forensics

A

restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflp)

75
Q

in what stain can you view rflp?

A

ethidium bromide and sybr green (fluorescent stains in electrophoresis)

Molecular Biology (4 decks)

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