MBB 142 Lec General Concepts

Question 1

Derivatives of neural crest (6)

Answer 1

melanocytes
adrenal medulla
peripheral neurons
sympathetic neural ganglia
dorsal root ganglia
glial cells

Question 2

Homologous structures

Answer 2

Two structures that arose from a common ancestral structure (i. e. human forelimb and wing of bird)

Question 3

Analogous structures

Answer 3

Two structures with the same function (i. e. wing of bat and wing of butterfly)

Question 4

Embryogenesis

Answer 4

Development of an embryo from the fertilized egg

Question 5

Examples of model organisms (7)

Answer 5

Xenopus laevis
Mus musculus
Gallus gallus
Caenorhabditis elegans
Arabidopsis thaliana
Drosophila melanogaster
Danio rerio

Question 6

Epigenesis

Answer 6

Structures arise progressively (simple structures become more differentiated and specialized over time)

Question 7

Preformation

Answer 7

The whole organism is preformed–it simply gets bigger during development.

Question 8

Homunculus

Answer 8

Tiny head in human sperm

Question 9

Cleavage

Answer 9

Mitotic divisions in which cells do not grow between each division, and so with successful cleavages, the cells become smaller.

Question 10

Derivatives of mesoderm (7)

Answer 10

muscle, cartilage, bone, heart, blood, kidney, notochord

Question 11

Derivatives of endoderm (3)

Answer 11

gut, lungs, liver

Question 12

Derivatives of ectoderm (3)

Answer 12

epidermis, neural crest cells, brain

Question 13

Authors of the cell theory (2)

Answer 13

Theodore Schwann, Matthias Schleiden

Question 14

Discovery of August Weismann

Answer 14

Offspring does not inherit its characteristics from the body of the parent but only from germ cells

Question 15

Another term for fertilized egg

Answer 15

zygote

Question 16

Induction

Answer 16

Phenomenon in which a cell/tissue directs the development of another cell/tissue

Question 17

Determinants

Answer 17

Special factors that are distributed unequally during cell division, and thus directed the fate of the the two cells

Question 18

Wilhelm Roux and his experiment

Answer 18

Supported Weismann’s theory of nuclear determination or the mosaic model. In his experiment, he destroyed one of two cells with a hot needle and found that the remaining cell developed into a well-formed half larva.

Question 19

Hans Driesch and his experiment

Answer 19

Refuted the mosaic model. In his experiment, Driesch first completely separated the two cells. He then obtained a normal but smaller larva. Evidence that supported the regulative model.

Question 20

Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold (date?) experiment

Answer 20

1924. They showed that grafting the dorsal lip of the blastopore of a gastrulating newt onto a site of another newt species will induce a new body axis containing neural tube and somites.