Maya Science Flashcards
What a stimulus is and the basic make-up of the five senses
Sensory receptors receive stimuli from the environment and send signals to different areas of the brain where they are processed and interpreted as sight, sound, touch, smell, or taste.
Parts of a neuron and the differences between types of neurons
Cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, synaptic terminal. Types of neurons include sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.
How reflexes work – stimulus-response model
Reflex action is a sudden and involuntary response to stimuli. It helps organisms to quickly adapt to an adverse circumstance that could have the potential to cause bodily harm or even death.
Parts of the brain and what each of them controls in the body.
Different parts of the brain control various functions in the body, such as the cerebrum for voluntary actions, the cerebellum for balance and coordination, and the brainstem for basic life functions like breathing and heart rate.
Difference between the central and peripheral nervous systems; and the somatic and autonomic nervous systems
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system includes nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements, and the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions.
Cause and effects of multiple sclerosis as a neuron disease.
Multiple sclerosis is an immune-mediated disease in which the body’s immune system attacks its own tissues, leading to problems with vision, arm or leg movement, sensation, or balance.
Describe what fight, flight, or freeze means.
Fight is when your body fights back, flight is when your body runs away from someone or something, freeze is when your body gets immobilized in response to a threat.
Explain the definition and process of homeostasis, including examples.
Homeostasis is the process by which the body detects and responds to stimuli to ensure a stable internal state is maintained. Examples include regulating body temperature and blood glucose levels.
What a negative feedback loop is.
A negative feedback loop helps regulate health by ensuring that a reaction is appropriate and that the systems of the body are in a constant state of equilibrium, also known as homeostasis.
How diabetes affects blood glucose levels.
Before diabetes, blood glucose levels stayed within a normal range. However, with diabetes, blood glucose levels can rise higher or lower than normal due to problems with insulin regulation.
Definition of a pathogen with examples.
A pathogen is defined as an organism causing disease to its host. Examples include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, worms, viruses, and prions.
Three lines of defence, characteristics of each and how they work.
The first line includes physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, the second line involves non-specific responses like fever and inflammation, and the third line utilizes specific immune responses such as antibodies and T cells.
Types of immune cells and what they do.
T cells protect the body from infection, B cells produce antibodies to fight pathogens, and phagocytes ingest and destroy microorganisms.
Difference between infectious and non-infectious diseases.
Infectious diseases are caused by harmful organisms that invade the body, while non-infectious diseases are caused by factors like genetics, age, and environmental influences.
How allergies, hay fever, and autoimmune diseases affect the body.
Allergies and hay fever are immune responses to harmless substances, while autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks healthy cells, tissues, and organs.
