May 6 - 7, 2024 Lecture Flashcards
It is the philosophy-mother and child relationship to one another and consideration of the entire family as well as the culture and socio-economic environment as framework of the patient.
Maternal and Child Health
Goals of MCH
- To ensure that every expectant and nursing mother maintains good health.
- That every child, wherever possible lives and grows up in a family unit with love and security.
- Promotion and maintenance of optimum health of the women and newborn.
Philosophy of MCH
- community centered.
- Protects the rights of all family members.
- Places importance on promotion and health.
- family centered
A framework designed
to improve the health of mothers, newborns, and
children.
The Maternal, Neonatal, and Child Health and Nutrition Strategy (MNCHN)
Target groups of MNCHN
- Pregnant women
- newborns
- children
Goals of MNCHN
- Reduce maternal mortality
- Reduce neonatal mortality
- Improve child health and nutrition.
Strategies of MNCHN
- Family Planning and Preconception Care
- Skilled Attendance at Birth
- Postpartum and Newborn Care
- Child Health and Nutrition
It is the foundation level of care, typically offered at primary healthcare facilities or clinics in rural or remote areas.
Basic Emergency Obstetrics and Newborn Care (BEMONC)
BeMONC
Basic Emergency Obstetrics and Newborn Care
BeMONC SIGNAL FUNCTIONS
- Administer parenteral antibiotics to prevent or treat infections.
- Administer uterotonic drugs administering oxytocin to prevent postpartum hemorrhage (excessive bleeding after childbirth)
- Administer Parenteral Anticonvulsants (e.g., Magnesium Sulfate) to Manage Eclampsia and Preeclampsia
- Perform Manual Removal of the Placenta (Afterbirth)
- Remove Retained Products of Conception
- Perform Assisted Vaginal Delivery
- Perform Basic Neonatal Resuscitation
It is a tertiary level regional hospital, provincial hospital, upgraded district hospital, or
medical center.
Comprehensive Emergency Obstetrics and Newborn
Care (CeMONC)
CeMONC
Comprehensive Emergency Obstetrics and Newborn
Care
Services defined by CEmONC
- Surgery, including Cesarean Section
- Blood Transfusion
The Role of Maternal and Child Care Providers
- Caregiver
- Client Advocate
- Educator
- Leader
- Researcher
Essential Health Services Available in the Health Care
Facilities
- Antenatal Registration/ Prenatal Care
- Tetanus Toxoid Immunization
- Micronutrient Supplementation
- Clean & Safe Deliveries
When is Vit A given?
Vitamin A: 1000IU, given a week starting on the 4th month of pregnancy
When is Iron given?
Iron 60mg/400ug tablet daily
Career Options in Maternal and Child Nursing
- Clinical nurse specialists
- Case Manager
- Nurse practitioners
- Doctor of nursing practice programs
- Women’s health nurse practitioner
- Pediatric Nurse Practitioner
- Neonatal Nurse Practitioner
- Family Nurse Practitioner
- Certified Nurse-Midwife
It is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by
persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity and
impulsivity that significantly impact daily functioning.
ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)
It is one of the most common behavioral disorders
affecting children and symptoms often persist into
adolescence and adulthood.
ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)
ADHD is characterized by persistent patterns of:
- Inattention
- Hyperactivity
- Impulsivity
When does ADHD tends to peak?
During childhood and
adolescence.
Predisposing factors of ADHD
- Premature delivery
- Low birth weight
- Brain injury
- Genetic factors
- Neurobiological factors
Precipitating factors of ADHD
- Maternal drug use, alcohol use, or smoking during pregnancy
- Exposure to environmental toxins
- Exposure to organophosphate pesticides
- Food dyes and preservatives
- Stressful life events
- Academic or social pressure
- Lack of structure or routine
3 symptoms of inattention for children:
- Often loses things necessary for tasks and activities.
- Often easily distracted
- Often has trouble holding attention on tasks or play activities.
3 symptoms of Hyperactivity and Impulsivity for children:
- Often talks excessively.
- Often interrupts or intrudes on others
- Often has trouble waiting their turn.
Related Signs for children with ADHD
○ Acts rashly without thinking about consequences.
○ Difficulty inhibiting or delaying responses.
3 Executive Functioning Challenges in a child with ADHD
● Poor planning and problem-solving skills.
● Trouble initiating tasks or projects.
● Often procrastinates on tasks with deadlines.
3 Emotional Dysregulation in a child with ADHD
● Easily frustrated or overwhelmed.
● Mood swings or emotional outbursts.
● Difficulty regulating emotions and reactions.
Medical management for ADHD
● Behavioral psychotherapy
● Psychosocial interventions
● cognitive therapy
Pharmacologic Therapy Medication for ADHD
● Stimulants (methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine)
● Atomoxetine
● Modafinil (Provigil)
3 Nursing management for ADHD
● Implement appropriate memory retraining techniques
● Encourage ventilation of feelings
● Monitor client’s behavior
It is a complex disorder which is not diagnosed medically but by behavioral observation and screening.
Autism
3 Characteristics of a person with autism
- Socially awkward
- Makes very little eye contact
- Has aversion for physical contacts
2 Main features of Autism
- Impaired social interaction and verbal and non-verbal
communication - Repetitive or stereotyped behavior (e.g. echolalia)
It is the repetition of phrases and noises that people hear.
Echolalia
At what age does symptoms of autism begin?
Symptoms gradually begin after the age of six months, become established by age two or three years, and tend to continue through adulthood, although often in more muted form.
Medical management of autism
- Prescription of antipsychotic drugs, anxiolytics, and anticonvulsant drugs.
- Management of the symptoms as well as repetitive
behavior that may harm the child. - Diet modification
Who are at Risk for STDs?
🠞 Teenagers and young adults
🠞By age 25, half of sexually active adults get an STD.
🠞 People having multiple sex partners
🠞 Men who have sex with men, including syphilis and LGV.
Type OF STDs
- Crabs (Pubic Lice)
- Genital Warts (HPV)
- The Clap (Gonorrhea)
- Syphilis
- Chlamydia
- Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
- Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2
- Hepatitis B
- HIV/ AIDS
- Trichomoniasis
- Chancroid
- LGV (Lymphogranuloma Venereum)
It is the common term for lice that set up shop in pubic hair.
Crab
Transmission of crab pubic lice
close contact
Treatment of crab
over-the-counter lotions
Symptoms of crab
- Intense itching
- Tiny eggs attached to pubic
hair - Crawling lice
The virus family that causes genital warts.
Human papillomavirus
Other HPV may lead to
cervical or anal cancer
Signs of Genital Warts (HPV)
Often there are no symptoms - - Pink or flesh-colored warts that are
a. raised
b. flat or shaped like cauliflower.
An STD that spreads easily and can lead to
infertility in both men and women, if untreated.
The Clap (Gonorrhea)
Antibiotics for gonorrhea
- Cephalosporins
- Ceftriaxone (IV)
- Cephalosporin w/ Azithromycin (PO)
Symptoms for gonorrhea
Common symptoms are burning during urination and discharge, but often there are no early symptoms.
In gonorrhea, what does the injection cause?
the infection may cause skin rashes or spread to the joints and blood.
Symptoms in men for gonorrhea
- Discharge from the penis
- Swollen testicles
Symptoms in women for gonorrhea
- Vaginal discharge
- pelvic pain
- spotting
- Symptoms may be mild and are easily confused with a
urinary tract or vaginal infection.
Antibiotic for syphilis
- Benzathine penicillin injection
- Doxycycline (Contraindicated in pregnant women)
- Ceftriaxone
- Azithromycin
Syphilis without treatment can lead to?
- paralysis
- blindness
- death
First sign in syphilis
- A firm, round, painless sore on the genitals or anus. The disease spreads through direct contact with this sore.
Second sign and symptoms in syphilis?
- Rash on the soles, palms, or other parts of the body
- Swollen glands, fever, hair loss, or fatigue.
Signs and symptoms of syphilis in the late stage
damage to organs such as the - heart
- brain
- liver
- nerves
- eyes
A common STD that can lead to infertility if left untreated and clears up quickly with antibiotics but often goes unnoticed because symptoms are vague or absent.
Chlamydia
Chlamydia can also infect which part of the body
Rectum and Throat
Symptoms of chlamydia in men
- burning and itching at the tip of the penis
- discharge
- painful urination
Symptoms of chlamydia in women
- Vaginal itching
- discharge that may have an odor
- pain during sex
- painful urination
This virus is usually not an STD and it spreads easily among household members or through kissing but it can be spread to the genitals through oral or genital contact with an
infected person.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
What can shorten or prevent the outbreaks of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1?
- Drugs
- Antibiotics (Acyclovir, Famciclovir)
Signs and Symptoms of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
- Occasional cold sores or “fever blisters” on the lips.
- Small blisters or sores on the genitals are also possible.
An STD that causes most cases of genital herpes and a highly contagious and can spread through intercourse or direct contact with a herpes sore.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2
What can make outbreaks less frequent and help clear
up symptoms more quickly
Antiviral drugs
Symptoms of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2
Fluid-filled blisters that form painful, crusted sores on the genitals, anus, thighs, or buttocks.
HSV - 2 can spread to the lips through?
Oral contact
It is a stealthy virus that can cause severe liver damage and spreads through contact with blood and other body fluids.
Hepatitis B
Mode of transmission of Hepatitis B
People can be infected
through sex, needle sharing, and at birth, as well as by sharing razors and toothbrushes.
Symptoms of Hepatitis B
- nausea
- belly pain
- dark urine
- fatigue
- yellowing of the skin or eyes with acute infection
Chronic infection of Hepa B can lead to
liver cirrhosis and liver cancer
It weakens the body’s defense against infections
HIV virus
Transmission of HIV virus
- unprotected sex
- needle sharing
- being born to an infected mother.
What is the best way to test the status of HIV
Blood test
Early symptoms of HIV Infection
- Many have no symptoms
- some people get temporary flu-like symptoms one to two months after infection
- swollen glands
- fever
- headaches
- fatigue
- Canker sores in the mouth
Window period
6 months
An STD caused by a parasite that spreads during sexual
contact and can be cured with prescription drugs
Trichomoniasis
Prescription drugs in trichomoniasis
Metronidazole
Signs and Symptoms in Men for trichomoniasis
- Most men have no obvious symptoms
- Some develop a mild discharge or slight burning during urination.
Signs and Symptoms in Women for trichomoniasis
- yellow-green discharge with a strong odor
- vaginal itching
- pain during sex or urination
At what period of time does symptoms of trichomoniasis begin?
Symptoms usually begin five to 28 days after acquiring the parasite.
A bacterial STD that is common in Africa and Asia but rare in the U.S
Chancroid
Symptoms in Men for Chancroid
- Painful bumps on the penis that may develop into pus-filled open sores
- pain in the genitals and groin
Symptoms in women for Chancroid
Painful bumps in the genital area that can develop into open sores, swollen lymph nodes in the groin.
An STD that is caused by a type of chlamydia that is usually rare in the U.S but it’s becoming more common
in men who have sex with men.
LGV (Lymphogranuloma Venereum)
LGV
Lymphogranuloma Venereum
Symptoms of LGV (Lymphogranuloma Venereum)
- Open sores on the genitals or anus
- headache
- fever fatigue
- swollen lymph glands in the groin
What are the symptoms of LGV If acquired through anal sex
- rectal bleeding or discharge.
It is not an STD and it is a serious complication of untreated STDs, especially chlamydia and gonorrhea.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Signs and Symptoms of PID
- Lower abdominal pain
- fever
- unusual discharge
- painful intercourse
- painful urination
- spotting.
However, there are often no warning signs.
In what way can virgins acquire STD?
- skin-to-skin contact
- oral sex
Prevention of STD
- abstain from any sexual contact
- be in a monogamous, long-term relationship with an uninfected partner
3 ways to reduce the odds of having STD
- Ask partners to be tested before sexual activity
- Use condoms
- Ask your partner if he or she has an STD
What STD’s does condom works best?
- gonorrhea
- chlamydia
- HIV
- trichomoniasis
What STD’s does condom works least?
- herpes
- syphilis
- genital warts
Effects of STD on babies
- stillbirth
- low birth weight
- neurologic problems
- blindness
- liver disease
- serious Infection
It is the absence of menstruation during the
reproductive years of a woman’s life
Amenorrhea
It controls the pituitary gland,
which affects ovulation
Hypothalamus
It stores and produce the egg for ovulation and the hormones estrogen and
progesterone
Ovaries
Types of amenorrhea
- Primary amenorrhea
- Secondary amenorrhea
A type of amenorrhea when one has not gotten their first period by age 15 or within five years of the first signs of puberty
Primary amenorrhea
Primary amenorrhea is usually due to?
- genetic conditions (conditions one is born with)
- acquired abnormalities
(conditions that develop after birth).
A type of amenorrhea when one has been getting regular periods, but stop getting the period for at least three months, or the period stops for six months when they were previously irregular.
Secondary amenorrhea
Common reasons for secondary amenorrhea
- pregnancy
- stress
- lactation
- having a chronic illness
5 symptoms of amenorrhea
- lack of periods - main symptom
- headaches
- acne
- vision changes
- vaginal dryness
Natural (or normal) reasons to miss your period
● Pregnancy
● Breastfeeding (or lactation amenorrhea)
● Menopause
● Having surgery to remove your uterus or ovaries.
Common causes of primary amenorrhea
● Chromosomal or genetic problems
● Structural problems with your organs
A syndrome associated with the cause of primary amenorrhea
Turner syndrome
Common causes of secondary amenorrhea
● extreme exercise routines
● Stress and poor nutrition
● some birth control methods
Medical conditions that may also cause secondary amenorrhea
- primary ovarian insufficiency (POl)
- pituitary disorders
- hormonal imbalances
- obesity
- ovarian tumor
Risk factors for amenorrhea
- Family history of amenorrhea
- Eating disorder
- Chronic illness
- Over-exercising
- stress and poor diet
Having amenorrhea can most likely develop
Osteoporosis or cardiovascular disease (due
to a lack of estrogen)
Diagnosis and Tests for amenorrhea
- Pregnancy test.
- Blood tests
- Genetic testing
- MRI
- Ultrasound
3 Management and Treatment for amenorrhea
- stress management techniques
- hanging exercise levels
- following a diet and exercise plan
Recommend treatments from healthcare providers that help with the side effects of amenorrhea
- Estrogen therapy to relieve hot flashes and vaginal dryness.
- Calcium and vitamin D supplements to keep
bones strong. - Strength training
Surgery for amenorrhea is recommended when there is
🠚 Pituitary tumor
🠚 Uterine scar tissue
🠚 A physical difference that prevents vaginal bleeding
like a vaginal septum or imperforate hymen
Prevention for amenorrhea
🠚 follow a diet and exercise plan
🠚 Be aware of your menstrual cycle
🠚 Get regular and adequate sleep
🠚 Get regular gynecological appointments
It is the medical term for painful menstrual periods.
DYSMENORRHEA (Menstrual Cramps)
Types of dysmenorrhea
- Primary dysmenorrhea
- Secondary dysmenorrhea
It is a menstrual cramp that come back every time one has the period, but are not due to another medical condition
Primary dysmenorrhea
A dysmenorrhea where painful period because of
a condition or an infection in the reproductive organs
Secondary dysmenorrhea
What is the main cause of painful periods?
Menstrual cramps happen when a chemical
called prostaglandin makes the uterus contract
(tighten up)
Symptoms of dysmenorrhea
- aching, throbbing pain in the abdomen
- Feeling of pressure in the abdomen.
- Pain in the hips, lower back and inner thighs.
Conditions that can cause cramping
- Endometriosis
- Adenomyosis
- Fibroids (benign tumors)
- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- Cervical stenosis
- Congenital conditions
Who is more likely to have dysmenorrhea?
- Those with first menstrual period before age 12
- Younger than 20.
- Periods are heavy or last longer than seven days.
- Those who smoke cigarettes.
- Have a biological parent who has dysmenorrhea.
Tests for secondary dysmenorrhea
- Ultrasound
- Hysteroscopy
- Laparoscopy
Management and treatment for dysmenorrhea
- NSAIDs and other pain relievers (Ibuprofen/Naproxen)
- Pain reliever (acetaminophen)
Ways to reduce menstrual cramps.
- Using a heating pad
- Getting extra rest
- Avoiding foods that contain caffeine
- Massaging lower back and abdomen
- Exercising regularly
- Avoiding smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol
It is the sum total of shared beliefs, values, customs, traditions, languages, arts, and social behaviors that characterize a particular group of people or society.
Culture
It is the core principles and ideals that are considered important and desirable within a culture, influencing individual and collective attitudes, behaviors, and judgments
Values
These are observable behaviors, actions, rituals, traditions, and customs that are performed and upheld by members of a culture, often reflecting its values and beliefs.
Practices
These are convictions, attitudes, and assumptions held by individuals or groups within a culture, often rooted in religion, philosophy, or personal experiences, shaping perceptions and guiding behavior.
Beliefs
It refers to the process of giving birth to a child, encompassing pregnancy, labor, and delivery. It specifically relates to the physical act of bringing a child into the world.
Childbearing
It refers to the upbringing and nurturing of a child after birth. It includes all aspects of caring for and raising a child, such as feeding, education, discipline, emotional support, and instilling values and beliefs.
Child rearing
