April 29-30 Lecture Flashcards
Wide array of procedures designed to overcome infertility and assist individuals and couples in conceiving a child.
Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART)
Eggs are fertilized outside the body and then implanted into the uterus.
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Steps in IVF
- Ovarian Stimulation
- Egg Retrieval
- Fertilization
- Embryo Culture
- Embryo Transfer
- Pregnancy Test
ICSI
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Ethical and societal considerations surrounding IVF
- number of embryos to transfer
- fate of unused embryos
- access to treatment
Injecting a single sperm directly into an egg to facilitate fertilization.
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
Aprocedure that treats infertility of male clients.
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
What are the risks of ICSI?
- Damage to some or all of the eggs during needle penetration.
- An egg doesn’t fertilize after the sperm injection.
- An embryo stops developing in the lab or after embryo transfer.
Congenital conditions associated with ICSI.
- Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome
- Autism
- Hypospadias
- Angelman Syndrome
- Disorders of sex differentiation
- Intellectual abilities
ICSI is often questioned for its involvement in?
cloning
A woman who carries a pregnancy and delivers a child on behalf of another individual or couple
Surrogate
Surrogate is also known as?
The “intended” or “commissioning” parents.
The term “surrogate” originates from Latin word?
“Subrogare,” meaning “to substitute”
2 forms of surrogacy
Commercial or Altruistic.
A surrogacy that is paid
commercial surrogacy
A surrogacy where the surrogate does not receive any compensation beyond reimbursements for medical and pregnancy-related expenses.
Altruistic surrogacy
2 Types of Surrogacy
- Traditional (genetic/partial/straight) surrogacy
- Gestational surrogacy (host/full surrogacy)
The result of artificial insemination of the surrogate mother with the intended father’s sperm, making her a genetic parent along with the intended father.
Traditional (genetic/partial/straight) surrogacy
An embryo from the intended parents or from a donated oocyte or sperm is transferred to the surrogate uterus.
Gestational surrogacy (host/full surrogacy)
Risks associated with surrogacy
- obstetrics complication
- multiple order pregnancy- the most common
Pregnancy, birth, and the postpartum period complications with surrogacy
- preeclampsia and eclampsia
- urinary tract infections
- stress incontinence
- gestational diabetes
Rare complications with surrogacy
- amniotic fluid embolism
- possibility of postpartum hemorrhage
What are the prime ethical concerns raised with surrogacy
- exploitation
- commodification
- and/or coercion when women are paid to be pregnant and deliver babies
- power differentials between intended parents and surrogates
term sometimes used due to the economic agents engaged in the practice
Womb commodification
A woman donates her eggs to another woman to help her conceive a child
Egg Donation
Process of Egg donation
- Screening
- Synchronization
- Ovarian Stimulation
- Monitoring
- Egg Retrieval
- Fertilization
- Embryo Transfer
Ethical Legal Concerns in ART
- Informed Consent
- Compensation
- Autonomy and Choice
- Health and Safety
- Genetic Connection
GIFT
Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer
ZIFT
Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer
eggs and sperm are placed directly into the fallopian tubes
Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)
a fertilized egg (zygote) is placed into the fallopian tube.
Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT)
It is viewed as another possibility when a couple or an individual wishes to have a child but is sub-fertile, the woman is unable to conceive, or the couple has some other reason not to engage in childbirth.
Alternatives to childbirth
Other options in childbirth
- surrogacy
- adoption
- child-free living
when a couple does not wish to carry the pregnancy themselves when pregnancy is impossible
Surrogacy arrangement
a woman who agrees to carry a pregnancy to term for a sub fertile couple
Surrogate Mother
A gestational surrogate is called
birth mother
What are the main indications for surrogacy
● the absence of the uterus
● uterine abnormalities
● medical conditions for which pregnancy is contraindicated
● single males or same-sex male couples
What are the criteria to help a mother choose the ideal surrogate
● Women who are at least 21 years old but not older than 35 years old
● Women who have experienced at least one safe birth
● Women who have passed a psychological examination conducted by a mental health expert
● Women who signed a contract outlining their obligations during the pregnancy
5 advantages of surrogacy
● Surrogacy allows for genetic connections
● Surrogacy creates relationships
● Surrogacy allows those facing infertility
● Surrogacy allows intended parents to raise a child from birth
● Surrogacy completes families
Legal Issues in surrogacy
- Regulatory Frameworks
- Parentage and Legal Parental Rights
- Contractual Agreements
- International Surrogacy and Cross-border Legal Issues
4 types of Internationa Surrogacy and Cross-border legal issues
A. Legal Variability Laws
B. Citizenship and Immigration
C. Legal Recognition of Parental Rights
D. Enforcement of Surrogacy Agreements
a process whereby a person assumes the parenting of another, usually a child, from that person’s biological or legal parent or parents.
Adoption
Forms of adoption
- Open adoption
- Closed adoption
An adoption where it allows identifying information to be communicated between adoptive and biological parents
Open adoption
An adoption that seals all identifying information, maintaining it as secret and preventing disclosure of the adoptive parents, biological kin’s, and adoptees’ identities.
Closed adoption
An adoption where the birth parent(s) select the adoptive parent(s), similar to private adoptions.
Identified Adoption
An adoption that rather than the birth mother selecting the adoptive family directly, the child is placed with the agency, which then identifies and selects the suitable adoptive parent(s).
Agency Adoption
It refers to the adoption of a child by parents from a country other than their own.
International Adoption
An adoption that involve using an unlicensed intermediary to connect the birth parents) and the adoptive parents).
Facilitated Adoption
when a child who has been placed in foster care is adopted, usually by their foster parents).
Foster Adoption (foster care adoptions)
also known as the “Domestic Adoption Act of 1998”
Republic Act No. 8552, The Domestic Adoption Act of 1998
This law provides the legal procedures and requirements for domestic adoption in the Philippines.
Republic Act No. 8552, The Domestic Adoption Act of 1998
AN ACT REQUIRING CERTIFICATION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE AND DEVELOPMENT (DSWD)
RA 9253 or the Child Legally Available for Adoption Law
INTERCOUNTRY ADOPTION ACT OF 1995
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8043
Also known as the “Domestic Administrative Adoption and Alternative Child Care Act”
Republic Act No. 11642
This act aims to strengthen alternative child care by providing an administrative process for domestic adoption and reorganizing the Inter-Country Adoption Board (ICAB) into the National Authority for Child Care (NACC).
Republic Act No. 11642 “Domestic Administrative Adoption and Alternative Child Care Act”
CDCLAA
Certificate Declaring a Child Legally Available for Adoption
PAPs
Prospective Adoptive Parents
Ethical considerations in adoption
- Child’s Best Interest
- Voluntary Consent
- Transparency and Information
- Avoiding Exploitation and Trafficking
- Equitable Access to Adoption Services
- Legal Frameworks and Oversight
- Equitable Access
- Long-Term Impact
Effects of Adoption
- Impact on the Adopted Child
- Impact on Birth Parents
- Impact on Adoptive Families
- Societal and Cultural Factors
Another option available to both fertile and sub fertile couples.
Child-free living
also called being child-free
Voluntary childlessness
Reasons For Choosing A Child-Free Living
● Financial stability
● Emotional stability
● Physically cannot have kids
● History of family illnesses
● Couples just don’t want kids
Other term for domestic abuse
“domestic violence” or “intimate partner violence”
Forms of abuse
physical
sexual
emotional
economic
psychological actions
Three phases of the cycle of violence
- tension-building
- acute violence
- “honeymoon” or tranquil, loving phase
This law provides protection and remedies for victims of violence, particularly women and children, within the family or intimate relationships.
“Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004” (Republic Act No. 9262)
Republic Act No. 9710
Magna Carta of Women
This penalizes acts such as physical injury, sexual assault, and psychological abuse.
Revise Penal Code - Act 3815
This law defines and penalizes rape
Republic Act No. 8353, or the Anti-Rape Law of 1997
This law prohibits sexual harassment in the workplace and educational or training institutions, protecting women against sexual violence and harassment in various settings.
Republic Act No. 7877, or the Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995
It provides immediate protection for victims while they seek legal remedies in court.
The Barangay Protection Order (BPO)
Manifestations of Domestic Violence
- Physical Abuse
- Sexual Abuse
- Emotional/Psychological Abuse
- Economic Abuse
- Social Isolation
Signs and characteristics of domestic violence
- Physical Injuries
- Emotional Distress
- Isolation and Control
- Financial Dependence
- Fear and Intimidation
What can nurses do in domestic violence victim?
- Assessment and Triage
- First Aid Treatment
- Safety Assessment
- Psychosocial Support
- Documentation
- Referrals and Resources
3 types of counseling
- Individual Counseling
- Group Counseling
- Family Counseling
Ways to recover during domestic violence
- Counseling and Emotional Support
- Safety Planning
- Legal Support
- Medical Care and Health Education
- Safe Housing and Financial Assistance
- Education and Skill-building
Therapies for domestic violence victims
- Trauma-Informed Therapy
- Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
- Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
- Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
- Mindfulness-Based Therapy
- Art therapy
- Narrative Therapy
- Group Therapy
Forms and Types of Sexual Harassment
- Physical Conduct
- Verbal conduct
- Visual conduct
Two types of Sexual Harassment
- quid pro quo (an equal exchange)
- hostile work environment
An Act Defining Violence Against Women and Their Children, Providing for Protective Measures for Victims
Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004
This law defines sexual harassment as any unwelcome sexual advance, request for sexual favors, or other verbal or physical behavior of a sexual nature made by a person having authority, influence, or moral ascendancy over another.
Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995 (Republic Act No. 7877)
Who are the persons protected by R.A. 9262?
- Wife
- Former Wife
- A woman with whom the offender has or had sexual relations with
- A woman with whom the offender has a common child with
- The legitimate or illegitimate child of the woman within or without the family abode
Who may file a Petition for Protection Orders in VAWC?
- The offended party
- The parents or guardians of the offended party
- The ascendants, descendants or collateral relatives within the fourth civil degree of consanguinity or affinity
- Officers or social workers of the DSWD or social workers of local government units (LGUs)
- Police officers, preferably those in charge of women and children’s desks
- Punong Barangay or Barangay Kagawad
- Lawyer, counselor, therapist or healthcare provider of the petitioner
- At least two (2) concerned responsible citizens of the city or municipality where the violence against women and their children occurred and who has personal knowledge of the offense committed
Where to seek help in VAWC?
- Barangay VAW Desk in your Barangay Hall
- Provincial/City/Municipal Social Welfare and Development Office of Local Government Units
- Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) Community-Based Services Section (CBSS)
What are the penalties for offenders in R.A 7877?
- Imprisonment of not less than one (1) month nor more than six (6) months
- or a fine of not less than Ten Thousand Pesos (P10,000) nor more than Twenty Thousand Pesos (P20,000)
- or both such fine and imprisonment at the discretion of the court.
Any act arising from the violation of the provisions of this Act shall prescribe in three (3) years.
R.A. 9262 Section 26 of the Act
Battered woman syndrome as a defense
A scientifically defined pattern of psychological and behavioral symptoms found in women living in battery situation as a result of cumulative abuse.
battered woman syndrome
A psychological condition and describes a pattern of behavior that develops in victims of domestic violence as a result of serious long-term abuse.
Battered woman syndrome
Battered woman syndrome can lead to
- Learned helplessness
- Psychological paralysis
Characteristics of battered woman syndrome?
- Takes full responsibility of the abuse
- Finds it difficult/impossible to blame the abuser
- Fears for her safety
- Irrationally believes that the abuser is powerful and will hurt her if she contacts authorities and seeks help.
Countries where surrogacy is legal
- Ukraine
- Thailand
- Russia
- Mexico
- Colombia
- Georgia
Different alternative methods/techniques in ART
SET - Surrogate embryo transfer
PGD - Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
Common complication in ART
Multiple pregnancies
Complications in ART during pregnancy
- Preterm delivery
- LBW
- CS delivery and develop complications (placenta previa, abruptio placenta, preeclampsia)
