May 13 Lecture Flashcards
most common nutritional disturbance of children and one of the most challenging contemporary health problems at all ages
Obesity
What age group with obesity are usually overweight and will become obese adults
Children or adolescent
What are the complications of obesity
- Insulin resistance and Type 2 Diabetes
- Fatty liver disease
- Pulmonary Complication
- Musculoskeletal and Abnormal Growth Acceleration
- Psychological and Social problem
Obesity result from a caloric intake that consistently exceeds caloric requirements and expenditure and may involve a variety of interrelated influences, such as?
- metabolic
- hypothalamic
- hereditary
- social
- cultural psychological factors
- diseases
5 therapeutic management for obesity
- early recognition and control measures
- educate family about the complication of obesity
- nutritional counseling
- group involvement
- family involvement
It is a serious and potentially life-threatening - but treatable - eating disorder.
Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia is characterized by
extreme food restriction and an intense fear of gaining weight
Treatment of anorexia nervosa
- psychological therapy
- nutritional counseling
- and/or hospitalization
People who are anorexic cannot maintain an appropriate weight based on?
- height
- age
- stature
- physical health
Extreme weight loss can lead to
- malnutrition
- dangerous health problems
- death
Behaviors in anorexia include?
- Intentional (self-induced) vomiting.
- Misuse of medications such as laxatives or thyroid hormones.
- Fasting or exercising excessively.
- People with anorexia typically have a body mass index (BMI) that is below 18.45 kg/m2 kilogram per square meter).
5 emotional and mental signs of anorexia
- Having an intense fear of gaining weight
- Fear of certain foods or food groups.
- Being very self-critical.
- Feeling overweight or “fat,” even if you’re underweight
- Experiencing thoughts of self-harm or suicide
5 behavioral signs of anorexia
- Going to the bathroom right after eating
- Using diet pills or appetite suppressants
- Making meals for others but not yourself
- Withdrawing from friends and social events
- A sudden change in dietary preferences
Physical s/sx of anorexia
- low body weight for a person’s height, sex and stature
Physical Signs of Anorexia
- Significant weight loss over several weeks or months.
- Not maintaining an appropriate body weight
based on your height, age, sex, stature and physical health. - Unexplained change in growth curve or body
mass index (BMI) in children and still growing adolescents.
5 physical symptoms of anorexia that are side effects of starvation and malnutrition
- Dizziness and/or fainting
- Feeling tired
- Low blood pressure (hypotension)
- Poor concentration and focus
- Absent periods(amenorrhea) or irregular menstrual periods
Factors that may be involved in developing anorexia
- Genetics
- Trauma
- Environment and culture
- Peer pressure
- Emotional health
How is anorexia diagnosed?
Based on the criteria for anorexia nervosa listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) published by the American Psychiatric Association
three criteria for anorexia nervosa under the DSM-5
- Restriction of calorie consumption leading to weight loss or a failure to gain weight
- Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming “fat.”
- Having a distorted view of themselves and their condition.
Management and Treatment for anorexia
- Stabilizing weight loss
- Beginning nutrition rehabilitation to restore weight.
- Eliminating binge eating
- Treating psychological issues
- Developing long-term behavioral changes
Additional mental health conditions associated in people with eating disorders.
- Depression
- Anxiety disorders
- Borderline personality disorder
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder
- Substance use disorders
Treatment for anorexia that often involves a combination of what strategies
- Psychotherapy
- Nutrition counseling
- Medication
- Hospitalization
- Group and/or family therapy
Medication for anorexia
➤The antipsychotic medication olanzapine (Zyprexa) may be helpful for weight gain.
➤ Sometimes, medications are prescribed to help with period regulation
➤Medroxyprogesterone (Provera, Depo-Provera
3 Nutrition counseling for anorexia nervosa
➤ Teaching a healthy approach to food and weight.
➤ Helping restore normal eating patterns
➤ Teaching the importance of nutrition and a balanced diet.
It is defined as the deliberate act of self-injury with the intent that the injury result in death.
Suicide
A type of suicide that involves a preoccupation with thoughts about committing suicide
Suicide Ideation
A type of suicide that is intended to cause injury or death but is unsuccessful
Suicide Attempt (parasuicide)
Factors Associated with Suicide Risk
- History (previous suicide attempts)
- Individual Factors (alcohol or drug abuse, impulsiveness, hopelessness)
- Family Factors (hostile parents, divorce or separation of parents)
- Social and Environmental Factors (firearms in the home, incarceration, isolation)
5 Warning Signs of Suicide
- loss of energy, loss of interest
- talking of own death, desire to die
- sudden change in school performance
- changes in sleeping pattern
- dramatic change in appetite
Nursing Care Management for suicide
➤ Teach parent to be supportive and develop positive communication patterns
➤ Provide teens with creative outlets
Forms of abuse
- physical
- neglect
- psychological or emotional
Theories of Child abuse
⤷ Special parent: parents who abuse
⤷ Special child: children who are abuse
⤷ Special circumstance: stress
It is the action of the caregiver that causes injury to a child
Physical abuse
physical abuse is commonly revealed by
- hands burns
- injuries to the head
Assessment for physical abuse
➤ The injury is usually out of proportion to the history of the injury given by the parent
➤ Parents may give conflicting stories
➤ Abused children often repeat the parent’s story
5 physical examination for physical abuse
- Be certain that the child is fully undressed
- Peculiar circular and linear lesions
- Contusions
- Broken bones
- chunk of hair pulled off the scalp
It is caused by repetitive, violent shaking of a small infant by the arms or shoulder
Shaken baby syndrome
Effects of shaken baby syndrome
- whiplash injury to the neck
- edema to the brainstem
- distinct retinal hemorrhages
It is more subtle form of an abuse than physical abuse, but it can be just as damaging to a
child’s welfare.
Physical neglect
It is the constant belittling or threatening, rejecting, isolating. or exploiting a child and also the absence of positive parenting
Psychological abuse
Most important diagnostic tools to identify abuse
physical exam and detailed history
5 suggestive Behavior for physical abuse
- Wary of physical contact with adults
- Apparent fear of parents or going home
- Withdrawal behavior
- Superficial relationship
*Lack of reaction to frightening events
3 types of history of incident for the nursing care assessment of physical abuse
➤ Watch for incompatibility b/t ha and injury
➤ Parental behavior
➤ Child behaviors
5 Child Abuse Prevention (Early interventions for new parents)
➤ Teach children about “good touch and bad touch”
➤ Educate children on what to do if “bad touch”
➤ Believe children
➤ Teach parents about the reality of child abuse
➤ Parents need to listen to their children’s concerns
R.A 7610
“Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation, and Discrimination Act,”
Rationale of RA 7610
To give protection to persons below 18 years of age or those over but are unable to fully take care of themselves or protect themselves from abuse, cruelty and exploitation.
Who may file a complaint? (R.A 7610)
- Offended Party
- Parents or Guardians
- Ascendant or collateral relative within 3rd degree of consanguinity
- Officer, social worker
- Officer or social worker of the DSWD
- Barangay Chairman
- Three (3) concerned, responsible citizens where the offense was committed
