Maxillofacial Infections

Question 1

General principles for Antibiotics.

Answer 1

NETCC

Necessary
Efficacy
Toxicity
Compliance
Cost

Question 2

Easiest way to tell if there’s an infection.

Answer 2

Take temperature

Question 3

Abs that can make the patient deaf.

Answer 3

Aminogylcoside abs

Question 4

These can getrid of cellulitis, but NOT an abscess.

Answer 4

Antibiotics

Question 5

Only way to get rid of an abscess.

Answer 5

Drain it.

Question 6

Difference between cellulitis and an abscess.

Answer 6

Cellulitis is generalized inflammation WITHOUT pus.

An abscess has pus.

Question 7

Local signs of an infection

Answer 7

Pain, edema, erythema, heat, loss of function

Question 8

A typical odontogenic infection is pure or mixed?

Answer 8

Mixed infection containing 10-15 different bacterial species.

Question 9

These types of bacteria make penicillinases to break down penicillin.

Answer 9

Gram negatives

Question 10

Animal studies are positive and no human studies have been done.

Answer 10

FDA Class C drug

Question 11

Most antibiotics are what FDA class?

Answer 11

C

Question 12

Metabolizes 50% of all clinical drugs.

Answer 12

CYP3A

Question 13

Inhibits CYP3A

Answer 13

grapefruit juice

Question 14

A generalized inflammatory response.

Answer 14

Cellulitis

Question 15

Localized accumulation of purulent exudate in an anatomic space.

Answer 15

Abscess

Question 16

Most common reason why an antibiotic is not working.

Answer 16

Compliance

Question 17

3 factors FDA looks at to determine if a generic drug can be used in place of a brand-name drug.

Answer 17

1) Bioequivalence
2) Reliability
3) Therapeutic equivalence

Question 18

When do drugs expire by the expiration date listed on the bottle?

Answer 18

Once they’re opened

Question 19

The expiration date on the bottle means almost nothing, with the exception of ____.

Answer 19

Epinephrine

Question 20

These drugs cause the kidney tubules to necrose if taken after the expiration date.

Answer 20

Tetracyclines

Question 21

This drug loses 90 % of its potency 10 months after the expiration date.

Answer 21

Epinephrine.

Esp. important in an EpiPen

Question 22

Antibiotics and pregnancy.

Answer 22

Can increase chances of getting pregnant bc it prevents the oral contraceptives from working properly.

Question 23

This antibiotic DEFINITELY DECREASES the effect of oral contraceptives to increase chances of getting pregnant.

Answer 23

Rifampin

Question 24

Ab used for Tuberculosis.

Answer 24

Rifampin

Question 25

Must tell this to women before you give them antibiotics.

Answer 25

Increased chance of pregnancy bc oral contraceptives aren’t as effective.

Question 26

BacteriCIDAL Antibiotics

Answer 26

1) Beta Lactam antibiotics

(Penicillin and Cephalosporins).

2) Clindamycin
3) Metronidazole
4) Fluoroquinolones

Question 27

Types of beta lactam antibiotics.

Answer 27

1) Penicillins

2) Cephalosporins

Question 28

An aminopenicillin

Answer 28

Amoxicillin

Question 29

This ab has a broader spectrum against gram negatives, but is more toxic.

Answer 29

Aminopenicillins.

Question 30

Augmentin contains what?

Answer 30

Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid.

Question 31

Role of clavulanic acid.

Answer 31

Binds to beta lactamases so that Amoxicillin can kill it quicker.

Question 32

These antibiotics inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis.

Answer 32

Beta-lactam antibiotics

Question 33

How are penicillins eliminated from the body?

Answer 33

Kidneys mostly

Question 34

Ab of choice for pregnant patients.

Answer 34

PENICILLIN

Question 35

Are penicillins distributed in the breast milk?

Answer 35

YES, so baby can get candidiasis.

Question 36

How are penicillins given to the geriatric population?

Answer 36

As Na and K salts, which can increase BP, decrease the effects of diuretics, and worsen heart failure.

Question 37

Bactericidal abs only work if the microorganism is actively ______.

Answer 37

Growing

Question 38

Why should you never combine bacteriostatic and bactericidal abs in a patient?

Answer 38

Bc bactericidal abs need actively growing organisms in order to work.

The bacteriostatic abs would stop the bacterial growth, so the bactericidal abs would be useless.

Question 39

How do Penicillins interact with anticoagulants.

Answer 39

Alter Vit K synthesis by gut flora.

Question 40

Low dose Clindamycin is bacterio____.

Answer 40

static

Question 41

High dose Clindamycin is bacterio_____.

Answer 41

cidal

Question 42

Penicillins and other abs can cause this life-threatening disease.

Lots of bloody diarrhea.

Answer 42

pseudomembranous colitis

Question 43

Enzymes made by bacteria to break down beta lactam antibiotics.

Answer 43

Beta lactamases

Question 44

The only ab that causes bad side effects when taken with alcohol.

Answer 44

Cephalosporins

Question 45

Less likely to cause pseudomembranous colitis, andused if allergic to penicillins.

Answer 45

Clindamycin

Question 46

Only works against obligate anaerobes, which are rarely present in an odontogenic infection.

Answer 46

Metronidazole.

Question 47

Patient cannot drink alcohol with these two antibiotics.

Answer 47

Cephalosporins and Metronidazole

Question 48

Causes metallic taste and altered taste sensations, and dark urine.

Answer 48

Metronidazole