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Ecology - Populations to Ecosystems > Matters of Life and Death > Flashcards

Matters of Life and Death Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of growth forms in modular organisms…

A

Trees vertical growth, lateral spread like rhizomatous and stoloniferous plants

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2
Q

Growth cycle of a tree…

A

Majorly dead material, living material layer bwlo bark, continously regenerating tissue, allowing water, nutrient and light accumulation, modularity allowing nutrient transfer 50m from soil to canopy

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3
Q

Example of multi-layered modularity?

A

Strawberries produce leaves on rosettes and rosettes on stems

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4
Q

Mortality in modular organisms?

A

Senescence by disease and too big a size rather than being programmed, meaning mortality doesn’t increase with older age

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5
Q

Age structure with stoloniferous and rhizomatous…

A

Associated with change in connectedness between ramets, which benefit from nutrient supply from older ones, dependency changing with age

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6
Q

Case study of resource from parents inversely correlated to age…

A

Ramets left with connection to parent, thus competing, compared to ramets in same pot, with connection severed, still competing

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7
Q

Example of population varying by species and study?

A

Aphids distribition dependong on studying leaves, trees or woodland.

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8
Q

Methods of counting indivdiuals…

A

Direct count
Capture-recapture
Index of Abundance

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9
Q

Index of Abundance

A

This measures based on indivdiuals attracted to a standard bait, or number caught per standard unit of effort

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10
Q

Life cycles relating to life/death dynamics measurements…

A

Perturbs it, a period of growth before reproduction occuring, growth slowing down where repro starts

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11
Q

Semelparous

A

This means they reproduce only one during their lifetime

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12
Q

Iteroparous

A

Reproduction several times throughout the life cycle

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13
Q

What may iteroparous align with?

A

Seasonal, where reproduction aligns with resource abudnance, or photoperiod length

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14
Q

Example of semelparous?

A

Salmon birthed in freshwater as juvenile, travelling to ocean, returning

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15
Q

Why is dormancy important?

A

Future conditions better than present

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16
Q

How is dormancy done?

A

Phase of low metabolic activity, conserving energy, more tolerance to adverse conditions

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17
Q

Diapause

A

A developmental pathway reversibly blocking growth during specific transistions and enhancing hibernation potential of organisms

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18
Q

Example of diapause?

A

Common field grasshopper obligatory diapause in egg stage, resistant to cold winter conditions

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19
Q

What are the three types of dormancy?

A

Innate - requires environment
Enforced -external conditions impsed
Induced -in tandem with enforced, acquiring neq requirement beforegerminating

20
Q

Life Table

A

Mathematical models potrarying survival history of a hypothetical birth cohort over ages in terms of survival probabilites and longevities

21
Q

What is mortality with age represented by?

A

A life table

22
Q

Survivorship Curve

A

Representing a life table, tracing decline in numbers of individuals of a population, or probability of survival at various ages

23
Q

Age Specific Fecundity Schedule

A

The number of individuals at particlar ages and their offspring

24
Q

How are patterns of birth at various ages represented?

A

Age-specific fecundity schedule

25
Q

Cohort

A

A group of individuals of the same species in the same population born at the same time

26
Q

How is survival quantified?

A

Following fate of same-cohort individuals

27
Q

Why are annual species easiest to quantify in cohort life tables?

A

12 months life cycle individuals breeding in particular seasons, dying before same season next year

28
Q

Why is it iimportant to measure multiple populations?

A

Draw comparisons

29
Q

How is survival at start of each age class measured?

A

Division of previous generation with the next one: 773 females in youngest age class, 420 to second, being 420/773

30
Q

How can surviviability relative to original cohort dying during each stage be measured?

A

Difference between sucessive values, so dx= l1-l4

31
Q

What can you do with dx=l1-l4?

A

Represent proportion dying in first four years

32
Q

What is stage-specific mortality?

A

dx as a fraction of lx, so dx dividied by lx being qx

33
Q

What does stage-specific mortality measure?

A

Overall increase/decrease represented then by lx and mx, reflecting dependence on individual survival in lx, and reproduction of survivors in mx

34
Q

Type 1 SC

A

Depicts early low mortaltiy rate with plateau then senessence, dropping rapidly

35
Q

Type 2 SC

A

Roughly constant mortality rate for a species throughout their life cycle

36
Q

Type 3 SC

A

Very high mortality at young ages, with subseqeunt high survival rates

37
Q

How do static LT differ from cohort LT?

A

Based on population age structure at one point in time

38
Q

Example of fossil static LT?

A

Psitacosaurus lujiatunensis in lower Cretaceous Yixian formation in China with high mortality until age 3, five following years of low mortality but high growth, until 9/10 years old, with increasing mortaltiy

39
Q

How is overall fecundity and survival described in discrete generations?

A

Offspring produced by an individual over the course of their life

40
Q

What can N1 = N0R be used to describe?

A

Basic reproductive rate in overlapping/discrete generations

41
Q

What does value R do?

A

Combines birth of new indivdiuals with survival of existing ones, so R=2 means each indivdiual gives rise to two offspring but die themselves

42
Q

What does Nt+1=1 NtR describe?

A

R over sucessive time

43
Q

What are Population Projection Models useful for?

A

Studying overlapping generation fecundity and survival, forecasting future population by per capita increase in the relevant factor

44
Q

What does PPM incorporate?

A

Mortality rate per class
Growth and development into next class
Give birth to new individuals into the youngest classh

45
Q

How is PPM represented?

A

Put within a matrix with rows and columns, rows refer to class at transition endpoint, whilst columns at start

Ecology - Populations to Ecosystems (7 decks)

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