Life Histories

Question 1

How does size influence life history traits?

Answer 1

Increase competitive ability, predator success, predation vulnerability, time to grow and prefernce for larger prey

Question 2

Copes Rule

Answer 2

Says that population lienages increase in body size over evoloutionary time

Question 3

Types of reproduction?

Answer 3

Semelparity -(Death following first repro)
Iteroparity -(Repeated bursts of repro)

Question 4

Reproductive Allocation

Answer 4

Is the amount of energy budget put into reproduction

Question 5

What is RA sum of?

Answer 5

Reproductive output and future reproductive value

Question 6

What life history trait is favoured by NS?

Answer 6

The one most highly represented based on contemporary output and future reproductive value

Question 7

What is reproductive value?

Answer 7

Currency of worth of life history traits

Question 8

How is repro value mathematically describes?

Answer 8

Sum of survivorship, reproductive outpiut and age difference

Question 9

Reproductive Value

Answer 9

How different age classes contribute to population growth or total lifetime expectancy of reproductive value

Question 10

Why do LH trade offs arise?

Answer 10

Resources allocated to particular traits

Question 11

Example of LH trade offs?

Answer 11

Trees maximise repro through growth and seed production, however increase in one decreases other.

Question 12

When may there be positive correlation in LHTO?

Answer 12

Increased reports, depicted by a Y model, C into one whilst 1-C into other

Question 13

How can trade offs be revealed experimentally?

Answer 13

Increasing selection pressure on one species, boosting/reducing LH traits by trade offs

Question 14

Example of geneticb asis of LHTO?

Answer 14

Subjecting species to a viruse that they become resistance to experienced decrease in rate of development, that being subjection to selective pressure

Question 15

Example of LHTO in soay sheep?

Answer 15

Allele Ho+ of RXFP2 gene gives short horns whilst allele Hop large horns, Hop homozygotes decreased reproduction stress than heterozygotes and Ho+ homozygotes

Question 16

Quantitative Trait Loci

Answer 16

Is a DNA region associated with a speciifc phenotype of trait

Question 17

Cost Of Reproduction

Answer 17

This is resource allocation to reproduction that likely decreases survival, thus future reproduction potential

Question 18

How do number/fitness of offspring relate?

Answer 18

Inversely proportional

Question 19

Options Set

Answer 19

Describes the range of combinations of two life history traits as organisms is capable of exhibiting

Question 20

What do options curve represent?

Answer 20

Physiology of organisms, beneath curve traits able to be bettered

Question 21

Fitness Contours

Answer 21

These join combinations of present reproduction and growth, for which overall fitness is constant.

Question 22

How does habitat affect CR?

Answer 22

Low CR RRV less affected by current reproduction, fitness determined reproduction, high CR means present reproduction has negative correlation with growth

Question 23

What regulates reproduction investmenet/timing?

Answer 23

Habtiat effects on organisms,

Question 24

How do growth stages influence repro allocation?

Answer 24

The older one gets, the larger they grow

Question 25

Terminal Investment Hypothesis

Answer 25

This says decreased expected future reproduction value increases investment in current reproduction

Question 26

Evidence of TI Hypothesis?

Answer 26

Terminal infection of birds increase reproductive allocation,

Question 27

Example of cause and effect seperation?

Answer 27

Increased resource allocation may increase death rate, as opposed the other way around

Question 28

Options sets of Size/Number of offspring?

Answer 28

Affected by low and high CR habitats, reproductive value of offspring rising with high CR habitats

Question 29

How is clutch size optimally selected for?

Answer 29

Most individuals and highest survival rates, influenced by resource availabiltiy and allocation by parent to offspring

Question 30

R Strategists

Answer 30

Shorter lifespans, smaller, produce many young, exponentially grow

Question 31

K Strategists

Answer 31

Exhibit logistic growth, have longer lifespans, produce fewer young, arel arger

Question 32

What are expected traits in K strategists?

Answer 32

Lower reproductive allocation, larger/fewer offspring, iteroparity and larger size, increasing survival over reproduction.

Question 33

Fast-Slow Continuum

Answer 33

This depicts R/K strategists on a scale, depicting fewer traits on the continuum, and doesn’t require habitat/taxonomy integrally

Question 34

Principal Component Analysis

Answer 34

This is a statistical method taking explanatory variables that may themselves be correlated with one another, and converts them into a smaller set of uncorrelated principle components to which the orgiinal variables contribute

Question 35

How does PCA work?

Answer 35

PCA1 epxplains greatest proportion in orgiinal trait variation
PCA2 explains the next greatest proportion

Question 36

Factor Analysis

Answer 36

Can also be used to reduce a large number of variables into fewer numbers of factros

Question 37

Case Study of F/S continnum…

Answer 37

Invasiveness determined by where they would sit here, slow end increasing likelihood of invasiveness and less likely to be endangered.

Question 38

Example of phylogenetic/taxonomic constraints of life-history traits?

Answer 38

Order procellariformes clutch size of one ubiquitously

Question 39

How does size constrain organisms?

Answer 39

Unicellular limited to size due to O2 diffuson, insects rely on trachae, mammals have to exceed certain size for endothermy

Question 40

Allometry

Answer 40

This is the relationship of organism size and physiology

Question 41

Phylogenetic distance relationship to LHT?

Answer 41

Increases difference with distance

Question 42

Example of phlogenetic constratins?

Answer 42

Two distinct taxa coinciding in habitat differ due to phylogenetic constraints