Matter of Mind : A Neurologist's View Kenneth M. Heilman Introductory Chapter

Question 1

(Aristotle) The idea that the mind is separate from the brain is called______

Answer 1

Dualism

Question 2

_______ would rule out the possibility of a relationship between the brain and mental functions such as language

Answer 2

Dualism would rule out the possibility of a relationship between the brain and mental functions such as language

Question 3

Brain is the organ of the intellect. Who proposed this?

Answer 3

Hippocrates

Question 4

Herophilus
Use a model-system borrowed from another field to study brain-behavior relationships

Thought that cerebral spinal fluid flow patterns were responsible for ______

Answer 4

Herophilus
Use a model-system borrowed from another field to study brain-behavior relationships

Thought that cerebral spinal fluid flow patterns were responsible for thought

Question 5

Middle Ages

_______ ________aided in understanding structure and anatomy of brain

Answer 5

Middle Ages

Postmortem studies aided in understanding structure and anatomy of brain

Question 6

Mid-nineteenth century; Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke

Speech mediated by ______ ______, left hemisphere for right handers particularly (though most left handers, too)

Answer 6

Mid-nineteenth century; Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke

Speech mediated by frontal lobes, left hemisphere for right handers particularly (though most left handers, too)

Question 7

Double dissociation: (define)

Answer 7

when one area is damaged one function is lost, but another function is preserved; then, for a different patient, when a different brain area is damaged, the function lost with prior lesion in the first patient is preserved, but the function preserved in the first patient, now damaged in the second, is lost

Question 8

_________initiated development of information-processing models

Answer 8

Wernicke initiated development of information-processing models

Question 9

Post World War I

John Locke’s “tabula rasa” brain is..

Answer 9

John Locke’s “tabula rasa” brain is a blank slate until it receives impressions gained by experience

Question 10

Post World War I

Shift toward antilocalizationist view of brain ___________

Answer 10

Post World War I

Shift toward antilocalizationist view of brain organization

Question 11

_________ and __________ also believed brain was a blank slate

Answer 11

Karl Lashley and B.F. Skinner also believed brain was a blank slate

Question 12

1962: Norman Geschwind and Edith Kaplan

Revitalized the study of brain-behavior relationships and __________ _____________theory

Answer 12

Revitalized the study of brain-behavior relationships and localizationist-connectionist theory

Question 13

1962: Norman Geschwind and Edith Kaplan

Clinicians now know that brain diseases change ________ ________

Answer 13

1962: Norman Geschwind and Edith Kaplan

Clinicians now know that brain diseases change cognitive functions

Question 14

Aneurysm

Answer 14

A weak or thin spot on a blood vessel that causes the vessel to dilate or balloon. Rupture of an aneurysm causes hemorrhage

Question 15

Axon

Answer 15

a long, thin projection from a neuron that carries electrical impulses from the cell body.

Question 16

Broadmann’s areas:

Answer 16

a classification of areas of the cerebral cortex according to assigned numbers.

Question 17

Cerebral cortex:

Answer 17

the narrow zone of gray matter that lies at the surface of the cerebrum. The gray matter lies external to the white matter in the cerebrum. The reverse is true in the spinal cord.

Question 18

Closed head injury:

Answer 18

a traumatic brain injury in which the skull is not pierced by the external force and thus stays intact.

Question 19

Contusion

Answer 19

a bruise that forms around the site of impact of a traumatic brain injury due to laceration of blood vessels.

Question 20

Corpus collosum:

Answer 20

the major connecting pathway between the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

Question 21

CT scan:

Answer 21

computerized tomography. An imaging technique that allows scientists to identify brain lesions in live patients.

Question 22

Diffuse axonal injury:

Answer 22

microscopic damage incurred diffusely throughout the brain, associated with traumatic brain injury, that includes the shearing of axons from their myelin sheath or tearing of the axons themselves.

Question 23

refers to two cognitive faculties that are believed to be linked in some way where each can receive damage while the other remains intact and functioning

Answer 23

.Double dissociation:

Question 24

a philosophy of mind suggesting that mental phenomena are essentially non-physical, thus distinguishable from brain function.

Answer 24

Dualism

Question 25

EEG

Answer 25

electroencephalography. A method by which gross electrical activity in the brain is measured.

Question 26

fMRI:

Answer 26

functional magnetic resonance imaging. Provides images of changes in blood oxygenation within the brain that are used to identify brain areas that are active during specific cognitive and linguistic tasks.

Question 27

Information processing model:

Answer 27

an approach to the goal of understanding human thinking arising in the 1940s and 1950s. The essence of the approach is to see cognition as being essentially computational in nature, with mind being the software and the brain being the hardware.

Question 28

MRI:

Answer 28

magnetic resonance imaging. A non-invasive imaging technique that allows scientists to identify brain lesions in live patients.

Question 29

Modularity theory:

Answer 29

the notion that certain brain functions are mediated by specific anatomical areas of the brain.

Question 30

nerve cell. contain a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.

Answer 30

Neuron

Question 31

Open head injury:

Answer 31

a traumatic brain injury in which the skull is fractured or penetrated by an external force and the contents of the skull are exposed.

Question 32

Perseveration:

Answer 32

the tendency to repeat the same (or similar) response despite it no longer being appropriate.

Question 33

Phrenology:

Answer 33

Put forward by Gall in 1796, and based on modularity of mind theory, the notion that personality traits of a person can be derived from examination of the shape of the skull.

Question 34

Stroke:

Answer 34

Any disruption in blood flow to the brain. Also called a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or brain attack

Question 35

Traumatic brain injury:

Answer 35

An insult to the brain produced by external forces that may cause a variety of temporary or permanent physical, cognitive, and behavioral impairments.

Question 36

Tumors or neoplasms:

Answer 36

tissue masses that arise from an abnormally fast rate of cell production.