Course introduction

Question 1

Name eight major categories of mental faculties:

Answer 1

Cognition
emotion
attention
memory
motor skills
self awareness
perception
conation

Question 2

The idea that the mind is separate from the brain is called____________

Answer 2

Dualism

Question 3

The greek physician and founder of western medicine, who thought that the brain was the organ of intellect.

Answer 3

Hippocrates.

Question 4

….flows around the brain and is stored within intracerebral cavities called ventricles

Answer 4

(CSF) Cerebral spinal fluid.

Question 5

What is an aqueduct in the brain?

Answer 5

tunnels in the brain in which cerebral spinal fluid travels through.

Question 6

Between the skill and brain cerebral spinal fluid is stored in cavities called …

Answer 6

Cisterns

Question 7

The major active unit in the brain is the _____ ________

Answer 7

nerve cell or neuron

Question 8

What is a synapse?

Answer 8

Connections between billions of neurons in the brain and hundreds of thousands of other nerve cells. Some are strong and some are weak.

Question 9

Some of these connections in the brain are excitatory and other inhibatory. These connections can change with learning

Answer 9

Synapses

Question 10

The only intracranial structure that is unpaired

Answer 10

Pineal gland.

Question 11

endocrine gland that produces melatonin

Answer 11

Pineal gland.

Question 12

Modularity

Answer 12

Certain brain functions are mediated by specific anatomical areas.

Question 13

Phrenology

Answer 13

Psuedoscience based on Franz Gall’s theory that the more brain tissue is devoted to a function, the better it will perform, and that one can accurately measure a persons ability to perform different functions by measuring parts of the skull.

Question 14

Franz Galls valid concepts

Answer 14

Anatomical localization and functional modularity.

Question 15

Paul Broca, A french physician and anthropologist suggested that the facility of speech is mediated by the______ lobes of the brain

Answer 15

Frontal lobes of the brain.

Question 16

Paul Broca described eight patients who were right handed and lost their speech from damage to left hemisphere. Thomas Kuhn, an author called this a new science or paradigmic shift.. Name four forms of science based on this shift.

Answer 16

Neropsychology
behavioral neurology
behavioral neuroscience
cognitive neuroschience

Question 17

Carl Wernicke , a German Neurologist made two inportant conceptual advances, they were:

Answer 17

Double dissociation

development of information processing models.

Question 18

Define double dissociation

Answer 18

1. To show that a specific part of the brain is critical for controling a specific function, you have to illustrate that with injury area this function is lost and another is preserved.
   (single dissociation)
2. One has to show with evidence that when one area is damaged, (the left frontal lobe) one function is lost (speech fluency., but another is preserved (speech comprehension) AND
   when a different brain area is damaged the function lost with the prior lesion (fluency) is preserved BUT the function preserved with the first lesion(speech comprehension) is now lost.

Question 19

Information processing models (Wernicke)

Answer 19

Example, (conduction aphasia)
if two regions of the brain do related functions like memories of how words sound and programming of movement to speak, then damage caused the two regions to be disconnected though intact,the effect would bethe wrong speech sounds when speaking, naming and repeating though the patient would comprehend fluently.

Question 20

_____ _________model presumes the brain is modular and has serial and parallel processing.

Answer 20

Information Processing model

Question 21

_______ ____demonstrated that the posterior area of the brain that stores memories of word’s sounds( Wernicke’s area) is larger in the left hemisphere than the right hemisphere.

Answer 21

Norman Geschwind

Question 22

Left hemisphere is _______ dominant

Answer 22

Left hemisphere is language dominant

Question 23

CT stands for

Answer 23

Computed tomogrpahy

Question 24

Paul Broca, and Carl Wernicke were part of the ___________ approach

Answer 24

localizationist, connectionist approach.

Question 25

____ _____had the philosophy that the brain was like a blank slate, uniform and featureless until it receives impressions gained by experience.

Answer 25

John Locke

Question 26

The anti localizationist view of brain organization was heavily influence by these two psychologists who taught at Harvard.

Answer 26

Karl Lashley
B. F. Skinner
(introduced by John Locke)

Question 27

The founder of Behaviorism whom treated the brain as a black box, and believed that stimulus and reinforcement or punishment and reward were the most important elements of understanding behavior.

Answer 27

B.F. Skinner

Question 28

The _______ __________ carries messages between the two cerebral hemispheres

Answer 28

The corpus callosum

Question 29

The brain’s nerve cells get their energy by burning________ with oxygen

Answer 29

(glucose) sugar

Question 30

(fMRI)

Answer 30

functional magnetic resonance imaging

Question 31

(PET)

Answer 31

Positron emmission tomography

Question 32

True or false

Almost all brain diseases alter cognitive functions.

Answer 32

True