Course introduction Flashcards
Name eight major categories of mental faculties:
Cognition emotion attention memory motor skills self awareness perception conation
The idea that the mind is separate from the brain is called____________
Dualism
The greek physician and founder of western medicine, who thought that the brain was the organ of intellect.
Hippocrates.
….flows around the brain and is stored within intracerebral cavities called ventricles
(CSF) Cerebral spinal fluid.
What is an aqueduct in the brain?
tunnels in the brain in which cerebral spinal fluid travels through.
Between the skill and brain cerebral spinal fluid is stored in cavities called …
Cisterns
The major active unit in the brain is the _____ ________
nerve cell or neuron
What is a synapse?
Connections between billions of neurons in the brain and hundreds of thousands of other nerve cells. Some are strong and some are weak.
Some of these connections in the brain are excitatory and other inhibatory. These connections can change with learning
Synapses
The only intracranial structure that is unpaired
Pineal gland.
endocrine gland that produces melatonin
Pineal gland.
Modularity
Certain brain functions are mediated by specific anatomical areas.
Phrenology
Psuedoscience based on Franz Gall’s theory that the more brain tissue is devoted to a function, the better it will perform, and that one can accurately measure a persons ability to perform different functions by measuring parts of the skull.
Franz Galls valid concepts
Anatomical localization and functional modularity.
Paul Broca, A french physician and anthropologist suggested that the facility of speech is mediated by the______ lobes of the brain
Frontal lobes of the brain.
Paul Broca described eight patients who were right handed and lost their speech from damage to left hemisphere. Thomas Kuhn, an author called this a new science or paradigmic shift.. Name four forms of science based on this shift.
Neropsychology
behavioral neurology
behavioral neuroscience
cognitive neuroschience
Carl Wernicke , a German Neurologist made two inportant conceptual advances, they were:
Double dissociation
development of information processing models.
Define double dissociation
- To show that a specific part of the brain is critical for controling a specific function, you have to illustrate that with injury area this function is lost and another is preserved.
(single dissociation) - One has to show with evidence that when one area is damaged, (the left frontal lobe) one function is lost (speech fluency., but another is preserved (speech comprehension) AND
when a different brain area is damaged the function lost with the prior lesion (fluency) is preserved BUT the function preserved with the first lesion(speech comprehension) is now lost.
Information processing models (Wernicke)
Example, (conduction aphasia)
if two regions of the brain do related functions like memories of how words sound and programming of movement to speak, then damage caused the two regions to be disconnected though intact,the effect would bethe wrong speech sounds when speaking, naming and repeating though the patient would comprehend fluently.
_____ _________model presumes the brain is modular and has serial and parallel processing.
Information Processing model
_______ ____demonstrated that the posterior area of the brain that stores memories of word’s sounds( Wernicke’s area) is larger in the left hemisphere than the right hemisphere.
Norman Geschwind
Left hemisphere is _______ dominant
Left hemisphere is language dominant
CT stands for
Computed tomogrpahy
Paul Broca, and Carl Wernicke were part of the ___________ approach
localizationist, connectionist approach.
____ _____had the philosophy that the brain was like a blank slate, uniform and featureless until it receives impressions gained by experience.
John Locke
The anti localizationist view of brain organization was heavily influence by these two psychologists who taught at Harvard.
Karl Lashley
B. F. Skinner
(introduced by John Locke)
The founder of Behaviorism whom treated the brain as a black box, and believed that stimulus and reinforcement or punishment and reward were the most important elements of understanding behavior.
B.F. Skinner
The _______ __________ carries messages between the two cerebral hemispheres
The corpus callosum
The brain’s nerve cells get their energy by burning________ with oxygen
(glucose) sugar
(fMRI)
functional magnetic resonance imaging
(PET)
Positron emmission tomography
True or false
Almost all brain diseases alter cognitive functions.
True
