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Brain stories > 0% Matter of Mind : A Neurologist's View Kenneth M. Heilman Chapter one > Flashcards

0% Matter of Mind : A Neurologist's View Kenneth M. Heilman Chapter one Flashcards

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1
Q

The _______lobes are part of the cerebral cortex and are the largest of the brains structures

A

The frontal lobes are part of the cerebral cortex and are the largest of the brains structures

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2
Q 
The main sight of so called higher functions
contain the prefrontal cortex
orbitofrontal cortex
motor and premotor cortices
Brocas area
A

The frontal lobes

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3
Q

The sub structures of the frontal lobes are involved in attention and thought, ______movement, _______making and language.

A

The sub structures of the frontal lobes are involved in attention and thought, voluntary movement, decision making and language.

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4
Q

Associated Functions of frontal lobe:

Executive processes are____________________________________

A

Associated Functions of frontal lobe:
Executive processes are
voluntary behavior such as decision making, planning, problem, solving and thinking,

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5
Q 
Associated Functions of frontal lobe:
voluntary motor control
c\_\_\_\_\_\_
i\_\_\_\_\_\_
a\_\_\_\_\_\_
language processing
comprehension
A 
Associated Functions of frontal lobe:
voluntary motor control
cognition
intelligence
attention
language processing
comprehension
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6
Q

Associated cognitive disorders of the frontal lobe:

three examples are:

A 
Associated cognitive disorders of the frontal lobe:
three examples are:
ADHD
Schizophrenia'
bipolar disorder(prefrontal cortex)
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7
Q

Associated with damage to the frontal lobes:

A

Paralysis
Loss of spontaneity in social interactions
mood changes
inability to express language
atypical social skills and personality traits

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8
Q 
The sub structures of the frontal lobes are:
Prefrontal cortex
orbitofrontal cortex
premotor cortex
motor cortex
Brocas area
\_\_\_\_\_\_ frontal gyrus
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ frontal gyrus
A 
The sub structures of the frontal lobes are:
Prefrontal cortex
orbitofrontal cortex
premotor cortex
motor cortex
Brocas area
Middle frontal gyrus
Inferior frontal gyrus
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9
Q

Brocas Area is a functionally defined structure in the left _________ of about 97% of humans.

A

Brocas Area is a functionally defined structure in the left frontal lobe of about 97% of humans.

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10
Q

Broca’s area is involved mainly in the production of spoken and written _______ and also in ________ processing and comprehension.

A

Broca’s area is involved mainly in the production of spoken and written language and also in language processing and comprehension.

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11
Q

Associated functions of Broca’s area

A

Language production, both speech and sign

comprehension of complex syntax.

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12
Q

Associated cognitive disorders of broca’s area

A

Language impairments in Autism

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13
Q

Associated with Damage to Broca’s area

A 
Broca's aphasia (inability to express language) which includes halting speech
repetitive speech(perseveration)
disordered syntax and grammar and disordered structure of individual words.
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14
Q

Associated functions of the temporal lobe

A

Recognition
Perception: hearing vision smell
Understanding language
Learning and memory

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15
Q

Associated cognitive disorders of the temporal lobe

A

Schizophrenia
Primary impairment in early Alzheimers
Speech and social dysfunction in autism( superior temporal sulcus)

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16
Q

Associated with damage to the temporal lobe

speech, faces and objects

A

Difficulties in understanding speech(Wernicke’s Aphasia)

,faces(prosopagnosia), and objects(agnosia).

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17
Q

Associated with damage to the temporal lobe

sensory input and talking

A

Inability to attend to sensory input

Persistent talking

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18
Q

Associated with damage to the temporal lobe

Memory, sexual behavior, aggression

A

Long and short term memory loss
increased /decreased interest in sexual behavior
aggression.

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19
Q 
Substructures of the temporal lobe
a\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
p\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, c\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Wenicke's area
middle temporal gyrus
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ temporal gyrus
fusiform gyrus
A 
Substructures of the temporal lobe
amygdala
primary auditory cortex
Wenicke's area
middle temporal gyrus
inferior temporal gyrus
fusiform gyrus
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20
Q

In some conventions, the amygdala, cingulate cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus are considered temporal lobe structures, in others they are not

True or false

A

True

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21
Q

True False

For most people Wenicke’s area is lateralized to the left side.

A

True

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22
Q

Associated functions of Wernicke’s area

A

language comprehension

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23
Q

Associated cognitive disorders of Wernicke’s area

A

none

24
Q

Associated with damage to Wernicke’s area

A

Wernicke’s aphasia also known as receptive Aphasia

Which is characterized by inappropriate words and inability to understand spoken language.

25
Q

The major deficit in Wernicke’s Aphasia is..

A

Synchronizing objects and ideas with the words that signify them.

26
Q

The ______________ plays an important role in integrating information from different senses to build coherant picture of the world

A

Parietal cortex

27
Q

The_________ _________integrates information from the ventral visual pathways (which process what things are) and dorsal visual pathways (which process where things are).

A

Parietal Cortex

28
Q

The __________ ____________ processes attentional awareness of the environment, is involved in manipulating objects, and representing numbers.

A

The parietal cortex

29
Q

Damage to the _________ ________ lobes can result in an intriguing neurological disorder called hemispatial neglect

A

Damage to the posterior parietal lobes can result in an intriguing neurological disorder called hemispatial neglect.

30
Q

__________ _________ is characterized by an inability to attend to people, objects, or one’s own body on the side opposite the damaged area (typically the right hemisphere).

A

Hemispatial neglect

31
Q

Six major domains of cognitive-perceptual functioning:

A 
Language
Emotion and motivation
Attention
Memory
Visual perception
Executive function.
32
Q

The brain is composed of individual cells called___________

A

The brain is composed of individual cells called neurons

33
Q

Neurons gather information from inside and outside the body and send information to and receive information from other nerve cells. True or False?

A

True

34
Q

Neurons send information to the body to ________ _______ ________

A

Neurons send information to the body to control our actions

35
Q

There are eight categories of mental faculties

A 
There are eight categories of mental faculties: 
cognition, 
emotion, 
attention, 
memory, 
motor skills, 
self awareness,
 perception,
 conation (or drive).
36
Q

Speech, reading, and writing are all subcategories of _______

A

Speech, reading, and writing are all subcategories of cognition

37
Q

Injuries in certain areas of the brain cause the loss of ability to perform certain behaviors;______ __________
This assumes that damaged area of the brain is responsible for performing the function that is lost. This is not always the case

A

Injuries in certain areas of the brain cause the loss of ability to perform certain behaviors; lesion method

38
Q

Language

A

may be defined as a shared code used for representing concepts through the use of symbols, and the rules that dictate how those symbols are combined to make meaning

39
Q

It can be spoken, written or conveyed via manual gesture. Its symbols include speech sounds, written letters, words, signs, and its grammar sets forth the rules for using and assembling the symbols for meaning

A

Language

40
Q

defined as an exchange of ideas between a sender and a receiver (Owens, et.al. 2011). It is interactive, in that it involves both message transmission and response, but can be achieved through means other than language, for example, a baby crying when wanting to be held, a facial expression, a dog’s whimper.

A

communication

41
Q

An acquired impairment of language due to brain injury is what is known as _______

A

An acquired impairment of language due to brain injury is what is known as aphasia

42
Q

Anterior

A

at or toward the front of a structure

43
Q

Posterior

A

at or toward the rear of a structure

44
Q

Superior

A

located above or directed upward toward the top of a structure

45
Q

Inferior

A

located below or directed downward toward the bottom of a structure

46
Q

at or toward the middle of a structure

A

Medial

47
Q

gray matter

A

The cerebral cortex is the outermost surface of the brain, comprised of sheets of nerve cells, called gray matter

48
Q

This surface (gray matter) appears as a convoluted mass of ridges, known as _________

A

gyri (singular: gyrus)

49
Q

furrows or grooves between the gyri known as __________________

A

furrows or grooves between the gyri known as sulci (singular: sulcus)

50
Q

______ ______ is located on the posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus in the left cerebral hemisphere.

A

Wernicke’s area is located on the posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus in the left cerebral hemisphere.

51
Q

Disorders of language can be broken down into three categories;

A

Disorders of language can be broken down into three categories; speech disorders, reading disorders, and writing disorders

52
Q

Broca’s Aphasia:

A

Loss of Speech Programs
Broca found that the anterior areas of the brain are important for programming speech sounds
He also found that the left hemisphere is dominant for language in right-handed people

53
Q

There is no difference between conversational or propositional speech and automatic speech True or false?

A

False

54
Q

Patients who can not use conversational speech can often use automatic speech

Recently reported that the____ ______ _____ may be important for automatic speech

A

Patients who can not use conversational speech can often use automatic speech

Recently reported that the right frontal lobes may be important for automatic speech

55
Q

Dissociation of Word Sound Memories and Speech Programming
Due to injuries in the connections between Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

Patients will have intact comprehension but will make speech errors and will be able to recognize their errors

A

Conduction Aphasia

56
Q

Will have difficulty repeating: to repeat a word or phrase that another person has said requires the person to process what is heard and then to transfer that information to Broca’s area so it can be expressed. If the connection between those two areas is disrupted, the individual will not be able to transfer what is heard to the area that will assist in saying it, thus will be unable to repeat. What type of Aphasia could this be

A

Conduction Aphasia

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