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Environmental Systems Pre-AP > Matter, Energy, and Food Webs > Flashcards

Matter, Energy, and Food Webs Flashcards

0
Q

What is the amount of biomass that is available to consumers at subsequent tropic levels?

A

Net primary production

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1
Q

What is the total amount of organic material produced by plants?

A

Gross primary production

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2
Q

What is the amount of biomass at higher graphic levels known as?

A

Secondary production

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3
Q

What is the percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next, that varies between 5% and 20%, called?

A

Ecological efficiency

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4
Q

What is the original source of energy that powers ecosystems?

A

The sun

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5
Q

What law states that the total energy content of a trophic level is only one-tenth of the preceding level?

A

10% law

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6
Q

What is the measure of the total leaf area of a given plant?

A

Leaf Area Index

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7
Q

What is the gain in mass or plant tissue per unit in time known as?

A

Relative growth rate

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8
Q

What is the formula for relative growth rate?

A

Increase in dry mass per unit in time/

Original dry mass of plant

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9
Q

What is the increase in plant weight per unit of leaf area per unit time?

A

Net Assimilation Rate

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10
Q

What is the difference between productivity and production?

A

Productivity is a rate, whereas production is total energy

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11
Q

Why is the net primary production of open ocean ecosystems low in comparison to that of coastal systems?

A

Water reflects or absorbs much of the sun’s energy before it reaches producers.

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12
Q

What is the constant mass of a dried plant material?

A

Standing crop

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13
Q

What is the biological origin of coal?

A

Plant matter

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14
Q

What is the biological origin of oil?

A

Algae

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15
Q

What is the biological origin or limestone?

A

Tiny shells and other bits of skeletons

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16
Q

What three processes release carbon into the atmosphere?

A

Combustion, cellular respiration, and volcanic activity

17
Q

What bacteria fixes atmospheric nitrogen?

A

Azotobacter

18
Q

What bacteria converts Ammonia to Nitrite?

A

Nitosomonas sp.

19
Q

What bacteria converts nitrite to nitrate?

A

Nitrobacter spp.

20
Q

What bacteria releases nitrogen back into the atmosphere?

A

Denitrifying bacteria

21
Q

What bacteria turn nitrogen back into Ammonia?

A

Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria

22
Q

What three processes fix atmospheric nitrogen?

A

Microbial fixation, Haber Process, and lightning.

23
Q

What process releases nitrogen gas into the atmosphere?

A

Denitrification

24
Q

In what form is most nitrogen available to plants?

A

Nitrate (NO3)

25
Q

How do animals get the Nitrogen they need?

A

By eating plants and herbivores

26
Q

Why might farmers plough a crop of legumes into the ground rather than harvest it?

A

Legumes restore Nitrogen to the soil by increasing bacteria count.

27
Q

What are five ways humans intervene with the Nitrogen cycle?

A

Haber Process, irrigation and harvesting crops, burning crops, using pesticides, crop rotation.

28
Q

What are the two ways water returns to the oceans from land?

A

Precipitation and runoff

29
Q

What are three ways humans intervene with the water cycle?

A

Deforestation, the building of dams, the creation of non-permeable surfaces

30
Q

What is the main reservoir for water on earth?

A

Oceans

31
Q

What are the earth’s main reservoir’s for freshwater?

A

Lakes, aquifers, glaciers, and rivers

32
Q

What role do plants play in the hydrologic cycle?

A

They transpire, creating humidity.

33
Q

What are two instances in the Phosphorus cycle where bacterial action is important?

A

Chemical waste and fertilization

34
Q

What are the three forms of inorganic phosphate that make up the geological reservoir?

A

Rock phosphates, insoluble phosphates, and dissolved phosphates.

35
Q

What must occur to make rock phosphate available to plants?

A

Weathering

36
Q

What are two ways in which Sulfur can enter the atmosphere from natural sources?

A

Volcanic activity and hot springs

37
Q

What are two ways in which sulfur can enter the atmosphere as a result of human activity?

A

Combustion of fossil fuels and smelting

38
Q

What three processes make sulfur available for uptake by plants?

A

Decomposition of decayed matter, acid precipitation drops sulfate into the soil, conversion of hydrosulfic acid to sulfate by microorganisms.

39
Q

What are two major roles of Sulfur in the biosphere?

A

Increases the Earth’s albedo, makes up key components in proteins

Environmental Systems Pre-AP (12 decks)

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