Matter, Energy and Earth Systems Flashcards
What is the scientific process?
The process of testing the ideas of the world by making observations and gathering evidences
What are the three types of approaches?
Physics and chemstry - manipulative experiments
Palanteology and astronomy- natural experiments - (comparing diff pop)
Anthropology- observation and statistics - ( quantitative and qualitative analysis, surveys)
Non definitive answers are more frequent when..
There are large, complex and many questions
Explain the three types of variables?
Independent (variable that is manipulative)
Dependent (variable that is observed)
Controlled ( variable that is observed closely , but it isn’t manipulated)
State the law of conservation of matter
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
What is all matter composed of
Elements
Decscribe elements
Cannot be broken down further
Fundamental blocks of life
Elements gives the chemical substance its set of properties
What is element made of
Atoms
What are the parts of atoms
Protons neutrons electrons
What is protons
The number pf protons determines the atomic number which determines chemical properties , they are positively charged
What is electrons?
They are negatively charged particles, and equa
Ize protons
Neutrons?
Neutrons makes up the atomic mass
Changes in number of neutrons can lead to isotropes
How are ions formed?
An imbalance number of protons and electrons lead to ions
Positive,y charged ions
Has more protons then electrons
Negatively charged ions
Has more electrons then protons
Molecule❓
Made of two are more atoms of same element or different element chemically bonded
Compound ❓
Compound is made of two or more molecules of same or diff elements l chemically b9nd?😂
Note
All compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds
What is the elixir of life ?
Water
State the properties of water
- High heat capacity- takes a higher amount of energy to inc 1degree C= can act as buffers, and stabilize physical systems ( lake , oceans)
- Ice less dense then water - so that only the top layer of water ( surface of water freezes ) - so life can remain alive in water
- Strong Cohesion - transport nutrients and water
- Polar bonding - acts as solvents for many compounds, specially essential for life
What are isotopes?
ATOMS of same element with same proton number (atomic number) but different neutron numbers
Same proton number in isotopes?
Indicates the element remains same
What is isotropes analysis imp fro
To date ancient items
STUDY PREHISTORIC HUMANS
MIGRATION PATTERNS
REBUILD PAST CLIMATES
What are two types of compounds
Organic and inorganic
What are organic compounds
What are inorganic conpounds
What are hydrocarbons?
Compounds made of C and Hs almost entirely
What are polymers ?
Long chains of repeated particles
What are the 5 types of polymers?
Proteins - chains of amino acids folded in a specific way to make proteins and carry out its function
Nucleic acids- they are composed of repeating units of nucleic acids to give instructions to make PROTEINS and carry hereditary data/information
Carbohydrates- repeated units of sugars - act as fuelling molecule for plants and animals
Lipids - made of polymers of hydrocarbons , acts as another fuelling molecule - OILS AND FATS
What is a man made polymer
Plastic
——- is the building block of envr process and —— is the drivingforce
Matter, energy
What is energy ?
Anything that has the capacity to do work
What are the two laws of thermodynamics
1st- energy is conserved
2nd- energy nature moves from more ordered ( low entropy ) to less ordered ( high entropy) if no force is applied
Energy moves downhill
What is the physical property of thermodynamic system?
Entropy
What are the two major types of energies?
Kinetic energy and potential energy
The energy of movement
The energy stored
What are the various types of kinetic energy ?
THERMAL- energy of moving particles
MECHANIC- energy of objects in motion
MAGNETIC - energy of push and pull
ELECTRICAL- energy of PARTICLESmoving through a wire
What are the various types of potential energy
CHEMICAL P E- energy stored in foods
ELASTIC P E- energy stored in stretch object
NUCLEUR- energy stored in centre of particles
GRAVITATIONAL - energy stored in object that is above the ground
Wha are the other 2 major enrgy
Light and sound energy
Energy in bonds
At a much smaller scale chemical bonds can have potential energy
Converting a molecule from high potential energy to low potential energy
The pE is released as KE
Autotroph vs photoautotrophs
Autotrophs - make their own energy using sunlight
Photo autotroph- converts sun light energy to chemical energy in food
Heterotrauphs
Organism cannot make their own food
Consumes other to get energy
Why is heat released from the earth (geothermal energy)?
Continued cooling after its formation of a firy ball
Radiactive decay of materials in earth int
Chemoautotrophs
Organism that harness energy from chemical rxns to form organic matter
Example of chemoautotrauph
Deep see hydrothermal vent
Inner core
Solid made of Fe and Ni (inorganic )
Outer layer
Molten
Mantle
Thick solid layer which behave as viscous fluid over long geological timescales
Crust
Thin solid brittle low density layer on top of mantle
Lithosphere
Rocky shell of the planet
Also has a portion of the upper mantle
Contains tectonic plates dragged over asthenosphere
Topography
Shapes geograpgy of oceans and continents
Plate boundries
Divergent
Transform
Convergent
Divergent plate boundries
Plates moving apart
Transform
Plates moving past each other
Convergent
Plates coming together
Subduction zone
Continental collitssion
Subduction xome
More dense Oceanic plate subducts under less dense continental plate
Continental collision
Two continental plates lighter then mantle move upwards forming mountain
Minerals
A solid compound with well defined chemical comp and structure that occurs naturally
Rock
Solid , geolicaLly bulky material , made of variety of diff minerals
3types of ricks
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Igneous
Forms after laava cools and solidify
Sedimentary
Compaction of sediments
From weathering or errosion
Metamorphic
Rock that changed appearance , chem prop after immense heat and pressure in earth int
Igneous —> metamorphic
Heat and pressure
Metamorphic / sedimantary to sediment
Weathering, eerosion , transport deposition
Mantle melting
Mantle is a rock with many minerals
Upper part of melting = silica rich minerals (silica has lower mp)
Melting leads to two phase-
Silicic phase - more silicic, less dnse therefore on top
Basaltic ohase- less silicic, more dense thereforee on bottom
