Matter Flashcards
What is matter?
The substance of which any physical objet is composed of as long as the mass and dimensions can be measured
What are all substances made up of?
Particles known as atoms
What are the three basic states?
Solid, liquid, gas
What are the three basic states?
Solid, liquid, gas
How many chemical elements are there?
118
What are the three main characteristics of an element?
- it consists of one kind of atom
- it cannot be broken down into a simpler type
- it can exist as atoms or molecules
On a periodic table what are the horizontal rows called?
Periods
What are the vertical columns called in a periodic table?
Groups
On the periodic table what do elements in the same group have in common?
Chemical properties
What are the two parts to an atom?
A nucleus and the electron shells
What is in the nucleus of an atom?
Protons and neutrons?
What surrounds the nucleus in an atom?
The electron shells
What is found in the electron shells?
Electrons
What type of electrical charge does a proton have?
A positive charge
What type of electrical charge does a neutron have?
A neutral charge
What type of electrical charge does an electron have?
A negative charge
What is the mass of a proton and a neutron?
1.67x10^-27 kg
What is the mass of an electron?
9.11x10^-31 kg
What has a stronger magnetic pull, 1 electron or 1 proton?
Neither they’re both equal
If you have an atom with the same protons as electrons what electrical charge will you get?
None
How is each atom identifiable?
The number of protons in the nucleus
Electrons of an atom move around the nucleus in orbits called?
Shells
How many electrons can fit inside the first electron shell?
2
How many electrons can fit inside the second electron shell?
8
How many electrons can fit inside the third electron shell?
18
What is the general formula for working out the amount of electrons can fit inside a electron shell?
2n^2
When does an electron have more energy than an another electron?
When its in an outer shell compared to one on the inner shell
What is the valence orbit?
The outer most orbit of an atom
What name is given to electrons in the valence orbit?
Valence electrons
When are atoms more stable?
When the valence orbit is full
What are atoms called when there valence orbit is less than half full (more acceptable to moving electrons)?
Conductors
What are atoms called when there valence orbit is more than half full (not so accepting of electrons)?
Insulators
What are semiconductor atoms?
When the atoms valence orbit is half filled
What is each element allocated to identify it?
One or two letters derived from English
What is an element called when it goes through a nuclear process gaining a neutron?
isotope
When an isotope is formed it will be given two numbers, one at the top and one at the bottom, what are they called?
Superscript and subscript
What is the superscript telling you?
The number of protons in an atom (sometimes referred to as atomic number)
What is the subscript referring to?
The amount of protons and neutrons (sometimes referred to as atomic mass)
What is the process called when an atom loses or gains electrons?
Ionisation
What name is an atom given when it goes through ionisation?
Ion
When a neutral atom gains electrons it becomes?
A negative ion (Anion)
When a neutral atom loses electrons it becomes?
A positive ion (cation)
What is a molecule?
A structure containing two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds i.e O2
What is a covalent bond?
When two non-metals bond by sharing electrons i.e H2O or CO2
What is an ionic bond?
When an atom transfers one or more electrons to another
What is a chemical compound?
It is a pure substance made up from two or more different elements which have been joined together by a chemical reaction
What’s the difference between a chemical compound and a mixture?
In a chemical compound the atoms join together to form a new molecule i.e H2O. A mixture is when atoms aren’t chemically bonded so can be separated again i.e sea water
What are the 3 types of mixtures?
-solutions (i.e sea water)
-suspensions (i.e sand in water)
-colloids (i.e clouds or milk)
What is density?
The amount of mass per unit volume
What is density measured in?
Kilogram per cubic metre
In relation to the 3 states of matter, what state has the greatest forces of attraction?
Solids
Can particles move in a solid?
No but they can vibrate
In relation the states of matter, which state has the most collisions?
Liquid
Which state of matter doesn’t have a surface?
Gas
What is evaporation?
Liquid transforms into a gas
What is the opposite of evaporation?
Condensation
What is boiling?
The rapid evaporation at a fixed temperature
What makes water easier to boil and evaporate?
A lower atmospheric pressure
For molecules to separate during evaporation what is needed for the particles to overcome the attraction forces?
Energy (taken from the surroundings such as heat being taken in)
Because heat is taken in during evaporation what type of process is this?
Endothermic
What is condensation?
The change in state from a gas to a liquid
What is the inverse of evaporation?
Condensation
How does condensation work?
When gas particles cool down they lose kinetic energy and become attracted together to form a liquid
Why is condensation exothermic?
Because heat is being given out to the atmosphere
What is melting?
When a solid turns into a liquid
What is the process of melting?
When a solid is heated up the particles vibrate more aggressively and overcome the forces of attraction
Why is a melting an endothermic process?
Because energy is needed to overcome the attraction forces so it takes in heat
What is the process of freezing?
When a liquid becomes a solid
What is sublimation?
The transition from a solid to a gas without becoming a liquid first
What is deposition?
The transition from gas to solid without becoming a liquid first
How are atoms identified?
By the number of protons in the nucleus
