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Maternity Flashcards

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1
Q

Gynaecology definition

A

branch of medicine which deals with the functions and diseases specific to the reproductive system including breasts

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2
Q

Obstetrics definition

A

the health science that deals with pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period which includes care of the newborn.

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3
Q

What does the female genitalia consist of?

A

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix vagina, vulva, labia majora and labia minora.

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4
Q

how many stages are there of the menstrual cycle?

A

menstrual phase, proliferation phase, secretory phase.

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5
Q

What is placenta abruption

A

when the placenta detaches from the uterine wall

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of placenta abruption

A

when the placenta doesn’t completely detach
complete total abruption of the placenta

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7
Q

what is placenta previa

A

when the placenta has implanted over or close to the cervix

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8
Q

what are the 3 types of placenta previa

A

complete, partial and marginal

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9
Q

what is pregnancy produced hypertension

A

raised blood pressure, absence or proteinuria

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10
Q

what is pre-eclampsia

A

development of hypotension with proteinuria 140/90

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11
Q

what is severe pre-eclampsia

A

160/110

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12
Q

how many stages of labour are there

A

3

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13
Q

what does primigravid mean

A

pregnant for the first time

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14
Q

what does multigravida mean

A

been pregnant multiple times

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15
Q

how many cm’s does the Cervix dilate to

A

10cm

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16
Q

what is a rupture of membranes

A

waters breaking

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17
Q

what is a meconium

A

early stool passes by the baby

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18
Q

how many umbilical cord clamps are in the maternity pack

A

4

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19
Q

what is the percentage of survival for a baby born at 23 weeks

A

17%

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20
Q

what is a normal Apgar score

A

7-9

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21
Q

what is an Apgar score

A

how to assess a newborn

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22
Q

How many cm should the first clamp be placed on the umbilical cord

A

15cm (6 inches)

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23
Q

how many cm away should the second clamp be placed

A

3-4cm away

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24
Q

are there nerves in the cord

A

no

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25
Q

how many veins does the cord have

A

1

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26
Q

how many arteries does the cord have

A

2

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27
Q

what does the vein in the cord deliver

A

oxygen

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28
Q

what do the arteries do

A

carries deoxygenated blood and waste from the baby to placenta

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29
Q

what is vernix

A

white cheese like substance coating the baby

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30
Q

1st stage of labour

A

dilation and effacement of the cervix, rupture of the membrane and loss of mucous plug

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31
Q

2nd stage of labour

A

urge to push and bear down, change in patients behaviour, crowning

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32
Q

3rd stage of labour

A

delivery of the placenta

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33
Q

what does BBBA stand for

A

born before arrival

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34
Q

what is full term

A

37+ weeks

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35
Q

What is preterm

A

Before 37 weeks

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36
Q

What problems do preterm babies have?

A

Feeding problems, less body fat, less tone, excessive lanugo (hairs/fur)

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37
Q

How many mls of blood is a postpartum hemorrhage?

A

500mls

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38
Q

A retained placenta is how many minutes?

A

30 mins

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39
Q

How many trimesters are there?

A

3
(First 1-12 weeks)
(2nd 13 to 23+6)
(3rd 24 weeks+)

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40
Q

What does EDD mean?

A

Estimate date of delivery

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41
Q

What does cephalic mean?

A

Baby is head down

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42
Q

What does gravida mean?

A

The number of confirmed pregnancies in the body

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43
Q

What does parity mean?

A

The number of times the woman has given birth (born or stillborn)

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44
Q

Embryo

A

Before 12 weeks

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45
Q

Foetus

A

After 12 weeks

46
Q

What is the uterus

A

Hollow pear-shaped organ

47
Q

How many layers does the uterus have?

A

3
Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

48
Q

How long does the uterus stay in the pelvis

A

12 weeks

49
Q

At what week does the uterus reach the umbilical region

A

20 weeks

50
Q

At what week does the uterus meet the costat margin

A

34-36 weeks

51
Q

In which trimester is the uterus thinned walled

A

3rd trimester

52
Q

When does the placenta develop

A

14 days after ovulation

53
Q

What is the normal cord length

A

30-60cm

54
Q

What length is known as a short cord

A

40cm and below

55
Q

The intercostal angle will increase from 68 degrees to

A

103 degrees

56
Q

What is the tidal volume for a pregnant woman

A

700 mls

57
Q

At what percentage does the blood volume increase by

A

48-50%

58
Q

What is the normal blood loss when giving birth

A

300-500 mls

59
Q

What is the amount of blood loss during c section

A

750-1000mls

60
Q

At how many weeks does the plasma stop increasing

A

34 weeks

61
Q

What percentage can a pregnant patient lose before developing hypotension

A

35%

62
Q

What is eclampsia

A

Pre-eclampsia with the development of convulsions

63
Q

What is umbilical cord prolapses

A

The cord presenting out of the vagina

64
Q

What is postpartum hemorrhage

A

Heavy bleeding after birth

65
Q

What is the primary PPH (postpartum hemorrhage)

A

Within the first 24 hours after giving birth

66
Q

What is secondary PPH

A

24 hours up to 3 months

67
Q

What is moderate blood loss

A

1000-1500mls

68
Q

What is severe blood loss

A

1500mls

69
Q

What are the 4t’s of PPH

A

Tone, trauma, tissue, thrombin

70
Q

How many estimated hours is a primigravid

A

12-14 hours

71
Q

How many estimated hours is a multigravid

A

6-10 hours

72
Q

What is the order of decent

A
  1. Engagement
  2. Descent
  3. Flexion
  4. Internal rotation
  5. Extension
  6. External rotation
  7. Expulsion
73
Q

Preterm survival rates

A

23 weeks 17%
24 weeks 39%
25 weeks 50%
26 weeks 80%

74
Q

What will a reduction of body temperature do to a newborns glucose levels

A

Reduce them

75
Q

How long does it take for a pulsating cord to drop

A

10-20 minutes

76
Q

What hormone is controlled through the feedback system

A

Oxytocin

77
Q

What level will the diaphragm likely rise to

A

4tv

78
Q

Stroke volume will increase raising cardiac output by

A

64-71%

79
Q

How much blood can a pregnant woman lose before hypotension

A

35%

80
Q

What id gestation

A

How many weeks pregnant

81
Q

Where will psychological changes happen, and what are the additional changes that will happen

A

Cardiovascular system
Respiratory system
Gastro-intestinal system
Endocrine system
Muskoskeletal system
Uterus

Additional changes:
Amniotic fluid
Placenta
Umbilical cord

82
Q

Airways may be complicated by these changes are likely to have

A

Short obese neck
Engorged breast tissue
Full detention, reduced calcium-vomiting damage, teeth maybe brittle

83
Q

What is the percentage of blood loss that can cause foetus distress

A

10-20%

84
Q

Whatnis the size of the placenta when the baby is born

A

8-9 inches wide and thick

85
Q

What are the functions of the placenta

A

Respiratory gas exchange
Transportation of nutrients
Excretion of waste
Transfer of heat
Hormone production
Formation of a barrier

86
Q

What is the foramen ovale

A

A hole that exists between the left and right atria

87
Q

What is ducts ateriosus

A

The blood vessels that connects the aorta to the pulmonary artery

88
Q

What are the three hormones involved during labour

A

Melatonin, oxytocin, adrenaline

89
Q

Red flags during labour

A

Meconium present in the ruptured membrane
Malpresentation-cord prolapse
History of trauma with reduced foetal movement
Eclamptic seizures
Unconscious mother
Severe pre-eclampsia

90
Q

Red flags after birth

A

Meconium present
A retained placenta
A blood loss of more than 500mls

91
Q

How many months must a pregnant patient be to do a manual uterine displacement

A

20 weeks

92
Q

Estimation of blood loss

A

Inco pad 300-500mls
Maternity sanitary pad 50mls
Branded sanitary pad 30mls

93
Q

What is nuchal cord

A

A cord that is wrapped around the baby’s neck

94
Q

What is moulding

A

The irregular shape of the baby’s head

95
Q

When are miscarriages most common

A

Up to 12 weeks

96
Q

Risk factors of miscarriage

A

Previous history of miscarriages
Previous identified potential miscarriage at scan
Smoker
Obesity
Alcohol/drug abuse

97
Q

Signs and symptoms of miscarriage

A

Pain
Bleeding
Signs of pregnancy subsiding

98
Q

What are ectopic pregnancies

A

A fertilised egg implanted outside of thr womb

99
Q

What is ruptured ectopic pregnancy

A

When the egg grown in the fallopian tube causing it to rupture

100
Q

Signs and symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy

A

Lower abdominal pain
Uterine bleed
May start on the one side in the lower abdomen
Pain in the tip of the shoulder

101
Q

Risk factors of ectopic pregnancy

A

An intra-uterine contraceptive device
Previous ectopic pregnancy
Smoking
Increased maternal age
IVF
Sterilisation or reversal
Pelvis inflammatory disease
Chlamydia

102
Q

What is postpartum

A

The time after having a baby

103
Q

What is antepartum

A

The time period before childbirth

104
Q

What is FGM

A

Female genital mutilation

105
Q

How many types of FGM are there

A

Stage 1 - clitoridectomy partial or full removal of clitoris
Stage 2 - excision partial or full removal of the clitoris and the labia minora with or without excision of the labia major
Stage 3 - infibulation narrowing of the vaginally opening through the creation of a covering seal, the seal is formed by cutting and repositioning the inner and outer labia, with or without removal of the clitoris
Stage 4 - other all harmful procedures to the female genital area for non-medical reasons

106
Q

How many types of abortions are there

A

2
Medical abortion - the pill, induces miscarriage, 24-48 hours apart, two tablets needed
Surgical abortion- minor procedure to remove the pregnancy - can terminate up to the 24th weekmof pregnancy

107
Q

What is menorrhagia

A

Heavy menstrual bleeding, considered 60-80mls

108
Q

What is uterine prolapse

A

The muscles and ligaments of the pelvic floor stretch and become week, they are no longer able to support the uterus

109
Q

Are there two methods of management for uterine prolapse

A

Conservative and surgical

110
Q

How many gynecology cancers are there

A

5
Uterine
Ovarian
Cervical
Vaginally
Vulval

111
Q

Signs and symptoms

A

Abnormal vaginally bleeding and discharge
Pelvic pain and pressure
Back and abdominal pain
Bloating
Increased urination, constipation, diarrhea
Itching or burning at the vulva
Changes in colour with thr vulva

112
Q
A

Paramedic (6 decks)

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