Maternal Mortality

Question 1

Maternal Health?

Answer 1

Health of women during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum.

Question 2

Prevention?

Answer 2

Mothers:
Birth control, counseling and postpartum care.

Infants:
Disease prevention and control.

Question 3

Maternal mortality?

Answer 3

Proportion of deaths during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum.
Ratio = number of deaths per 100k live births.

Question 4

Family planning?

Answer 4

Allows for anticipation and attainment of desired number of children and spacing between births. By use of contraceptives and infertility treatments.

Benefits: prevents 1/3 of pregnancy related deaths and prevents 44% of neonatal deaths.

Question 5

Antenatal care?

Answer 5

Care by skilled healthcare professionals to pregnant women and adolescent girls to ensure best health conditions for both mother and child.

Components: risk identification, disease prevention and management, health education.

Question 6

Positive pregnancy experience?

Answer 6

Effective transition to positive labor and birth, maintain healthy pregnancy, achieve positive motherhood.

Question 7

Pregnancy counseling and care?

Answer 7

Visiting the nurse, GP, obstetrician, midwife
Complex health care service

Question 8

Maternal assessment?

Answer 8

Check for:
Anaemia, STIs, Tobacco use, Partner violence, Gestational diabetes mellitus, Asymptomatic bacteria

Question 9

Urine tests?

Answer 9

Dipstick test:
Protein- preeclampsia and poor kidney
Leukocytes- pus
Glucose- diabetes mellitus
Nitrites- bacteria

Question 10

Diabetes screening?

Answer 10

1) Gestational diabetes mellitus
Fasting glucose: 5.1-6.9 mmol/L
1 hour: >10 following 75g oral glucose
2 hours: 8.5-11 following Oral g load

2) Diabetes mellitus
Fasting: >7.0
2 hour: >11.1 following 75g oral g load
Random: >11.1 in presence of diabetic symptoms.

Question 11

Infectious diseases during screening?

Answer 11

Syphilis, hepatitis B, HIV, tuberculosis and (tetanus)
In endemic areas: malaria prevention, preexposure prophylaxis, preventive, anthemic treatments.

Question 12

Nutritional interventions during pregnancy?

Answer 12

Dietry intervention: counseling on healthy, eating, and keeping physically active.
Supplementation: 30-60mg elemental iron and 0.4mg folic acid.

Question 13

Fetal assessment?

Answer 13

Ultrasound at 24 weeks.
Antenatal cardiotoguraphy

Question 14

Postpartum period ?

Answer 14

Complications, disorders; psychosis(0.1-0.2%) and depression(5-25%), childbed fever.

Question 15

Neonatal death?

Answer 15

2.4M early child deaths in 2019, kids who die in the first 28 days of life are due to lack of quality care during birth.
Main causes: preterm birth, intrapartum, related complications, infections and birth defects.

Question 16

Infant mortality?

Answer 16

No of deaths under 1 year/no of live births in the year x1000.
Highest risk in WHO African region has reduced between 1990 and 2017 by about 50%.
Causes:
High socioeconomic- congenital deficiencies, preterm birth, sudden infant death syndrome.
Low socioeconomic- infectious diseases, mount nutrition, injuries from labor complication.

Question 17

TORCH syndrome?

Answer 17

Maternal to fetal infections are transmitted from mother to fetus.
Prenatal:across placenta in development
Perinatal: during labor by birth canal.

T- toxoplasmosis
O- other infections.
R- rubella
C- cytomegalovirus
H- herpes simplex virus

Question 18

Teratogenic agents?

Answer 18

Ionizing radiation, sex, hormones, drugs, vitamin A.

Question 19

Dosage of iodine?

Answer 19

Pregnant & lactating women - 250ug/d Women of reproductive age - 150
Children < 2- 90

Question 20

Prevention of neonate?

Answer 20

Newborn screening to screen infant shortly after birth.
Screening: heart and kidney defects, assessment of maturity, neurological exam, musculoskeletal disorder, congenital disorder.

Question 21

Vaccination?

Answer 21

BCG
Hepatitis B
Polio
DTP vaccine
Influenza type B
Measles and rubella.
Rotavirus and pneumococcal.

Question 22

Care of infants?

Answer 22

Breast feeding: protects from illnesses, long-term benefits both, supplements Vit. D & K.