Materials of Design and Decoration Flashcards
A tall chest with many drawers
Highboy
It is also known as a torch lamp or floor lamp, is a lamp with a tall stand of wood or metal
Torchières
Any of various techniques intended to imitate natural materials, such as wood graining and marbleizing; the term is often used for any decorative painted finish.
Faux finish
A compound that inhibits, suppresses, or delays the production of flames to prevent the spread of fire
Flame retardant chemical
A plain weave cotton textile with a decorative printed pattern, usually glazed.
Chintz
The panes or sheets of glass or other transparent material made to be set in frames, as in windows, doors, or mirrors.
Glazing
Annealed glass reheated and cooled to increase its resistance to impact and thermal stresses; it breaks into small cubical pieces.
Tempered Glass
A short, ornamental piece of drapery placed across the top of a window; also a horizontal board or band used to conceal lighting.
Valance
Invented by Louis Comfort Tiffany of New York who is internationally recognized as one of the greatest forces of the Art Nouveau style. It is an iridescent glass of great brilliance and luster with flowing shapes. Stained glass windows.
Tiffany Glass
Resembling glass in transparency, hardness, brittleness, luster, or imperviousness.
Vitreous
A cross composed of four equal L-shaped arms at right angles to each other. It is an ancient symbol of good luck. It was often used in the classic Greek and Roman times as part of a fret or Greek key design.
Swastika
A crosspiece separating a doorway from a window or fanlight above it.
Transom
Any printed fabric, usually cotton, similar to chintz but has a dull finish
Cretonne
Interior paneling in general and, more specifically, paneling that covers only the lower portion of an interior wall or partition.
Wainscot
These are some of the most colourful and best-made textiles produced by North American Indians. They introduced geometric shapes, diamonds, lozenges, and zig-zags.
Navajo
Metal and tortoise-shell inlay work as developed in France by Charles Boulle.
Boulle
in Japanese traditional architecture, it is a sliding outer partition doors and windows made of a latticework wooden frame and covered with a tough, translucent white paper.
Shoji
Windows or openings in the upper part of a wall.
Clerestory
Tooth-like projecting decorative details used in Ionic and Corinthian classical architecture
Dentils
Lead-glazed earthenware imitating metal jugs and tankard from Germany
Hafner ware
Historic pottery brand that originated in the late 18th century. It is famous for its blue and white transferware designs, particularly the “Blue Italian” pattern featuring pastoral scenes. It is also credited with perfecting the formula for bone china.
Spode
Flexible sliding door formed of parallel thin strips glued to a canvas back.
Tambour door
Formed by 2 silk worms that spun their cocoons together in an interlocking manner.
Duppion
This fabric has a short, dense pile, used in clothing and upholstery. It is characterized by a soft, downy surface formed by clipped yarns. The wrong side of the fabric is smooth and shows the weave employed.
Velvet
A firm, glossy Jacquard patterned fabric similar to brocade but flatter and reversible, featuring elaborate woven patterns, often with a tone-on-tone effect.
Damask
Wood joint with interlocking projecting teeth.
Box (finger) Joint
Woven fabric with a velvety texture, created by weaving short lengths of yarn between two core yarns. It has a fuzzy pile that looks hairy. Named from the French word meaning caterpillar.
Chenille
It is a luxurious fabric made from the hair of Angora goats. It is known for its high sheen, durability, and resistance to wrinkling. Mohair upholstery adds a touch of elegance and sophistication to furniture.
Mohair
Tin-enameled earthenwares coming from Faenza, Italy.
Faience
A protective covering thrown over the back of a chair or the head or cushions of a sofa.
Antimacassar
Woven fibers of rattan, bamboo, or other materials used to form furniture.
Wicker
The tile first appeared sometime in the 10th century, originally handmaid in Morocco. It means “little polished stone” in Arabic and is characterized by glazed tiles with irregular surfaces generally used to create mosaics with geometric patterns.
Zellij or Zellige
It is a cotton or linen printed with designs of landscapes and figures for which an18th-century factory near Versailles was famous for.
Toile de Jouy
It is also called Florentine mosaic, technique of fashioning pictures with thin, cut-to shape pieces of brightly coloured semiprecious stones, developed in Florence in the late 16th century.
Commesso
These matches repeat at regular intervals across papers. On installation, the pattern is cut at the same height from the ceiling line to assure alignment.
Straight Match
A tin-glazed earthenware first made early in the 17th century in Holland
Delftware
From a Turkish word that translates to “napkin,” or “towel”. It is made by knotting cords or thick threads in a geometric pattern. It was a specialty of Genoa, where, in the 19th century, towels decorated with knotted cord were popular.
Macrame
Pottery that has not been fired to the point of vitrification and is thus slightly porous and coarser than stoneware and porcelain.
Earthenware
This rough finish is achieved by heating the stone to a high temperature and then rapidly cooling it. Its slip-resistant surface is ideal for bathrooms and other wet areas where stone may be used for flooring.
Flamed or thermal finish
Japanese porcelain made primarily during the Tokugawa period by the Sakaida family, who established kilns at Arita. Typical dishes, bowls, and vases have octagonal, hexagonal, or square shapes,
Kakiemon ware
Traditional Japanese technique of repairing ceramics with lacquer and a metal powder that is usually made from gold or silver.
Kintsugi
These are ceramics manufactured in Seto by one of the so-called Six Ancient Kilns of Japan. It was first produced in the later Kamakura period toward the close of the 13th century.
Seto Ware
Originated in the province of Fujian. Soft, creamy white glazes on a white delicate porcelain body.
Blanc de Chine
It one of the most iconic types of Chinese ceramics. It features intricate cobalt blue designs painted onto a white porcelain background. This style became popular during the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) and reached its peak during the Ming Dynasty
Blue and White Porcelain
A process by which a fabric akin to lace is made of thread with a small hand shuttle and the fingers. It was once a widely practiced craft, known in Italy as occhi and in France as la frivolité. The resulting product appears to be quite fragile but is indeed both strong and durable.
Tatting
Most iconic types of Chinese ceramics. It features intricate cobalt blue designs painted onto a white porcelain background. This style became popular during the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) and reached its peak during the Ming Dynasty.
Blue and White Porcelain
The three-colored ware chinese ceramic marked with great power and prosperity. Important stage in development of Chinese ceramics
T’ang Dynasty
This highly reflective, glossy finish is achieved through successive polishing with increasingly fine materials. It brings depth and color to a stone but is also prone to slipping unless appropriately sealed.
Polished Finish
This smooth satin finish is achieved by stopping the polishing process early. It provides a softer looking surface that is less prone to showing damage.
Honed Finish
One of the most famous of the chinese ceramics, with a subtle bluish-green glaze and are characterized by their simple and elegant shapes. This style originated during the Song Dynasty.
Celadon
Black lacquer and eggshell thin pottery. Named after Lunghsan, Shatung province. Undecorated and metallic in form.
Longshan
It is a unit expressing the relative pressure or intensity of sounds on a uniform scale, from 0 for the least perceptible sound to about 130 for the average threshold of pain.
Decibel (dB)
Emerged during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) and is characterized by its vibrant and richly colored enamel decoration. It often showcases scenes of flowers, birds, and figures, incorporating pink, green, and yellow tones.
Famille rose porcelain
Fired at 1000-1500 degrees Celsius. Beautifully excavated pottery in Yangshao Village, northwest Hunan province. Used geometric patterns and the art of painting designs with a brush.
Yangshao Ware
An ornamental element of four lobes
Quatrefoil
English stoneware renowned for its Jasper Ware, Black Basalt, and Queen’s Ware.
Also agateware
Wedgwood Ware
Identifiable from an area in England that became synonymous with pottery production during the 18th and 19th centuries. It produced a wide range of ceramic wares, including colorful and highly collectible figurines, which depicted animals, historical figures, and famous personalities of the time
Staffordshire Ware
These matches have the most potential for waste, as the pattern does not match at the same distance from the ceiling, but rather at regular diagonal intervals.
Drop Match
It is composted of gypsum or lime, water, sand, and sometimes another fiber. It is applied in a pasty form to the surfaces of walls or ceilings and allowed to harden and dry.
Plaster
A painting done on wet or damp plaster using tempera colors.
Fresco
It is the first coat in three-coat plaster. It must adhere firmly to the lath and provide a better bond for the second or brown coat
Scratch coat
Classification of light distribution that is:
10%–40% upward
60%–90% downward
Semidirect
The French term for exposed reinforced concrete.
Beton brut
It is a roughly finished, leveling coat of plaster—either the second coat in three-coat plaster or the base coat applied over a gypsum lath or masonry.
Brown coat
Glazed and enameled earthenware was introduced into Italy from Moorish Spain.
Majolica
Pottery that has been treated, in one way or another, with semiliquid clay, or slip, sometimes called barbotine.
Slip Ware
It is a style of Japanese porcelain, with overglaze decoration called “enameled” ceramics.
Kakiemon
It is often called drywall or plasterboard— consists of a gypsum core surfaced with paper or other covering material. It may be finished by painting or by the application of ceramic tile or a flexible wall covering.
Gypsum board
The large round window, usually in the façade of a Gothic cathedral or church.
Rose Window
It is a mixture of a solid pigment suspended in a liquid vehicle and applied as a thin, usually opaque coating.
Paint
Classification of light distribution that is:
0%–10% upward
90%–100% downward
Direct-Concentrating or Direct-Spread
A type of loom developed in France, capable of weaving elaborate patterns; also a fabric
Jacquard Loom
Chair with a back using several horizontal slats
Ladderback Chair
A black porcelain pottery, invented by Josiah Wedgwood in 18th century England.
Solid black stoneware of great hardness. Unglazed. Named from a black Egyptian rock. Made of native clay, ground ironstone, ocher and oxide of manganese.
Basaltware
A woven carpet named after a town in England. It is constructed on a modified Jacquard loom. It is used to produce carpets with up to 5 colors.
Wilton
Generally made of 100 percent wool or 80 percent wool and 20 percent nylon, are the most durable and long-wearing carpet type. Resemble hand-knotted carpets, but their pile yarn is mechanically inserted and bound, and not knotted; A traditional carpet construction using a cut pile of wool in a wide variety of pattern and color.
The term referred to rugs woven from its origin in England in the mid 18th century.
Axminister
Factory founded in 1744 in St. Petersburg is the first porcelain enterprise and one of the leading brands in Russia.
Imperial Porcelain
It is measure of the performance of a building material or construction assembly in preventing the transmission of airborne sound.
Transmission Loss (TL)
One of their notable achievements is the development of the first Japanese-made Western-style dinnerware, which played a significant role in introducing Japanese ceramics to international markets.
Noritake
It is a liquid consisting of a binder and a solvent in which pigment is dispersed before being applied to a surface to control consistency, adhesion, gloss, and durability.
Vehicle
These paint sheens are used for ceilings, and for walls in rooms with low surface contact. Their low sheen can conceal minor surface imperfections. They can be gently washed, but not scrubbed.
Flat paints
It is a finely ground, insoluble substance suspended in a liquid vehicle to impart color and opacity to a coating.
Pigment
A vertical member dividing the panels or panes of a window or door.
Mullion
Rigid panels, usually of wood, are hinged to open and
close like miniature doors. Panels usually have adjustable louvers so that filtering of light and view can be controlled
Shutters
Type of mosaic glass with colorful flower patterns.
Millefiori
A sacred cloth woven by the T’boli people in communities around Lake Sebu, Mindanao island.
T’nalak
Also referred to as Abel Iloco or simply Abel, is a weaving tradition native to the Ilocano people of Northern Luzon in the Philippines.
Inabel
Hand woven fabric made by the ethnic Higanon tribe in Northern Mindanao
Hinabol
A visual motif used by the Hanunuo Mangyan people of Mindoro in the Philippines
Pakudos
An Indonesian technique of wax-resist dyeing applied to the whole cloth
Batik
A candlestand with a sculptured figure holding a circular tray for the candle.
Gueridon
Triangular form created by the end of a gable. The pediments of classical Greek and Roman architecture are often used as ornamental detail in interiors and furniture.
Pediment
It is a dyeing technique originating from Indonesia used to pattern textiles that employs resist dyeing on the yarns prior to dyeing and weaving the fabric.
Ikat
Maguindanao’s traditional woven cloth and the word literally means “woven” in the Maguindanaoan language.
Inaul
It is the total weight of face yarns measured in ounces per square yard.
Face weight
It refers to the number of ends of yarn in a 27-inch (685-mm) width of woven carpet
Pitch
These wallpaper patterns are the most efficient of the wallpaper or vinyl types. There is no pattern match horizontally, therefore the covering can be cut wherever necessary.
Random Match
Oil paints tend to be more durable and resistant to wear and tear. Made with an alkyd base, they dry much more slowly than latex paints. Consequently, they produce smoother finishes since brush strokes and other discrepancies tend to disappear as the paint layer levels itself.
Alkyd Paints
It is a measure of the amount of pile fiber by weight in a given area of carpet. Increased density generally results in better performance.
Density
A triangular area of masonry used to connect the base of a dome to a square space below.
Pendentive
They are constructed in facing pairs with the pile embedded in the backing on each side, then cut apart to create a cut pile. They are used for heavy foot traffic, such as in airport terminals.
Fusion-Bonded Carpet
It is a single number that combines transmission loss values from many frequencies. This rating provides an estimate of the performance of a partition in certain common sound insulation situations. The higher the STC rating, the greater is the sound isolating value of the material of construction.
Sound transmission class (STC) rating
Most commercial carpet is made by inserting tufts of yarn into a primary backing. A secondary backing may be added as a cushion and for greater dimensional stability.
Tufted Carpet
Fabric passes between rollers which permit caustic solution to contract certain areas of the fabric. This produces the puckered design of the fabric.
Plisse printing
An Asian varnish used as a wood finish, with many coats forming a high-gloss surface. The term is used for modern finishes of similar character made from synthetics.
Lacquer
A decorative candle holder, often a mirror with a candle holder on either side.
Girandole
It refers to the needle spacing across the width of a tufting machine, expressed in fractions of an inch.
Gauge
Common finishing process for linen; fabric is hammered by the impact of wooden mallets giving it a firm, flattened and lustrous appearance.
Beetling
A wool finishing process to prevent creases or uneven shrinkage. A stretching process wherein the cloth passes over rollers in hot water or steam then put in cold water after which it is pressured.
Crabbing
Type of Terrazzo that consists mainly of large stone chips, with smaller chips filling the spaces between.
Venetian terrazzo
Emphasizes the continuous weft yarn with as few interruptions of the warp yarns as possible.
Satin Weave
These dry to an extremely hard and durable finish. This finish is usually made by adding varnishes and other hardeners to a base paint; are used on walls, but also on appliances, signage, and other items that need a waterproof coating.
Enamel Paints
The device used to weave cloth; its purpose is to hold the warp threads under tension to facilitate the interweaving of the weft threads.
Loom
Matting of fibers to form a web by moisture, pressure and heat; has no grain direction
Felting
Silk fabric woven from silk made by wild, uncultivated silkworms; has a rougher texture than cultivated silk. It is used for rougher textiles.
Tussah
Type of Terrazzo that is a ground and polished finish that consists mainly of relatively small stone chips.
Standard terrazzo
A decorative element at the bottom of a furniture leg in which a carved claw grasps a spherical ball element.
Ball and claw foot
Any material made of interlacing fibers. It is a flexible artificial material made up of a network of natural or artificial fibers by weaving or knitting or pressed into felt.
Textile
Brick made of dried earth and straw. Also structures
built of this material.
Adobe
Upholstery trimming of thin braids of fabric wound around a wire or cord.
Gimp
A spiral decorative form used as the major element in the capital of a column of the Ionic order of architecture.
Volute
It is the total weight of face yarns measured in ounces per square yard.
Face weight
Stonework treated with projecting stones and recessed joints to form a strong surface pattern.
Rustication
These paint sheens are used for walls in high-contact areas such as kitchens and bathrooms, and for trim. They are very durable, washable, and scrubbable, and somewhat shiny.
Semigloss paints
These rugs are handknotted, and made with individual knots that will not unravel. Today, digital printing allows manufacturers to collaborate with designers.
Oriental Rugs
A technique of forming strips of wood into curves by applying steam heat and placing the softened wood on molds.
Bentwood
It offers a contrast in brightness that
is directive and creates a sense of depth.
Focal lighting
(Examples include task and accent lighting)
A carved ornamental treatment using alternating elements of semi-spherical and semi-cylindrical form.
Bead and reel
The French term for exposed reinforced concrete.
Beton Brut
A pediment with a central opening.
Broken Pediment
Elaborate surface decoration using inlay in wood veneering.
Marquetry
A joint between two pieces,
with each cut at an angle to fi t at a
corner of the (usually right-angle)
intersection.
Miter
Gilded bronze used as decorative detail on furniture of the Neoclassical period.
Ormolu
Gilded Bronze in French is “Bronze Dore”
A three-part window composed of a large, arched central section flanked by two narrower, shorter sections having square tops.
Palladian Window
Curtain hung at the sides(s) of a doorway or other opening and then drawn across.
Portière
Arrangement of parallel, horizontal blades, slats, laths, slips of glass, wood, or other material designed to regulate airflow or light penetration.
Louvers
Parallel thin semicircular moldings used decoratively.
Reeding
Carved parallel grooves as used on the shafts of classical columns
Fluting
A chair back using a wide vertical element of wood at its center.
Splat back
A carved decorative element having three leaf forms.
Trefoil
A decorative repeat of interlacing curved bands, sometimes forming circles.
Guilloche
These are made by bonding two or three layers of polyester fabric with an insulating layer of air. They offer limited thermal insulating properties and varying degrees of translucence. May stack compactly.
Cellular or honeycomb Shades
These are made with a synthetic polyvinyl material that is water soluble, allowing for easy clean up. These paints dry more quickly than oil-based paints and release less off-gassing odor as they dry. Their fast-drying properties permit quicker recoating, are also more elastic than oil-based paints, and, as such, are less prone to substrate cracking.
Latex paints
Raised form that projects from a surface.
Relief Sculpture
Sculptural relief where projecting figure is closer to the surface.
Low relief / Bas relief /basso relievo
Sculptural relief where figure may almost be detached from the surface, at least half their depth.
High relief / Haut relief / Alto relievo
Sculptural relief intermediate between low and high relief.
Half-relief/ Demi relief / Mezzo relievo
Crushed relief; Lowest relief in which the projection barely exceeds the thickness of a sheet of paper.
Relievo sticciato
A relief in reverse, the carving lies in a hollowed-out area; highest points of the modeled forms are below or level with the original surface.
Hollow or sunk relief /Cavo-relievo
A form of focal lighting that creates
focal points or rhythmic patterns of light and dark
within a space
Accent lighting
A sculpture constructed from found objects.
Assemblage
East Pediment. Named after Lord Elgin. Reveals each curve of the body. Bought by the London Museum.
Elgin Marbles
Removed the figure of Christ from the gates of the Imperial Palace and replaced it with a cross as a protest against the literal worship of images. During the reign of Emperor Leo III.
Iconoclasm
He did the life size bronze statue of Juliet Capulet in 1969
Nereo Costantini
Father of Philippine Sculpture
Guillermo Tolentino
Lighting that provides a general, shadowless light level that is restful and minimizes interest in objects and people.
Ambient lighting
1st Modern Filipino Sculptor. Father of Modern Philippine Sculpture.
Napoleon Abueva
Multi-faceted reflector bulb for tungsten-halogen lamps. Highly polished reflectors arranged in discrete segments to provide the desired beam spread.
MR Bulb
A cylindrical glass tube sealed at both ends that contains a mixture of inert gases. Cathode is placed at each end that supplies the electrons to start the mercury discharge. Requires a ballast to regulate the flow of power.
Fluorescent Lamp
The threadlike conductor of an electric lamp that is heated to incandescence by the passage of an electric current.
Filament lamp
It is caused by the brightness of light sources within a person’s normal field of vision.
Direct glare
Consisting of metal channels or wood strips, it is used to support board, sheet, and panel materials when applied over masonry and concrete walls or when the framing of a stud wall is not flush and true.
Furring
It consists of tongue-and-groove strips of wood
grooved to look like two thin strips; it is used as wainscots on walls and on ceilings.
Beadboard
It is caused by a task or viewing surface reflecting light from a light source into the viewer’s eyes. It is most severe when the task or viewing surface is shiny and has a high specular reflectance value.
Indirect glare
It is sometimes used to describe a type of indirect glare when the reflection of the light source creates a veiling of the image on the task surface and a resultant loss of contrast necessary for seeing the image.
Veiling reflection
It is a measure of a light’s direction and
dispersion as it emanates from its source.
Diffuseness
Proposed new color rendering metrics more
attuned to the unique characteristics of LEDs
Illuminating Engineering Society
(IES)
The appearance of a specific light source when lighted, measured in kelvins (K)
Color temperature
An exterior horizontal construction located
below the head of a window opening and typically just above eye level. It shades the lower portion of the window from direct sunlight and reflects daylight onto the ceiling of the room, diffusing light deeper into the space.
Light shelf
It is a wood panel product made by bonding veneers together under heat and pressure, usually with the grain of adjacent plies at right angles to each other.
Plywood
These paint sheens have a high sheen, and are the most durable for doors, trim, and cabinets. These washable and scrubbable surfaces will show imperfections.
Gloss paints
These collect sunlight through a small, clear acrylic dome on the roof, transmit it though a cylindrical shaft, and disperse it through a translucent diffuser lens into interior spaces.
Tubular skylights (light tubes)
A measure of a lamp’s ability to render color accurately when compared with a reference light source of similar color temperature.
Color rendering index (CRI) rating
A measure of the efficiency of a light source,
measured in lumens per watt
Efficacy
They provide an economical, dense, nonabsorbent flooring surface with relatively good durability and ease of maintenance. Their degree of resilience enables them to resist permanent indentation while contributing to their quietness and comfort underfoot.
Resilient flooring materials
This consists of adding dye to synthetic carpet fiber material before the yarn is extruded. This technique is the most colorfast and resistant to chemicals, gasses, bleaches, and sunlight; color is embedded within the fiber.
Solution dyeing
A measure of the amount of light emitted by a light source or falling onto a surface, regardless of directionality.
Lumen
A measure of energy use, and are not used to determine the brightness of LEDs
Watts
They are low-intensity discharge lamps that produce light by generating an electric arc that passes through the mercury vapor sealed within their tubes.
Fluorescent Lamps
Fluorescent tamp with 1” diameter
T8 Lamp
Fluorescent lamp with 5/8” diameter
T5 Lamp
It involves applying dye to the open face of a carpet and setting it by steam injection. This is the least expensive dyeing method, but it is less colorfast and uniform.
Continuous dyeing
Fluorescent lamp with 11/2” diameter
T12 lamp
Fluorescent lamp with 1/2” Dia.
T4 Lamp
It is a multipored device through which viscous plastic polymer is extruded into cool air or liquid to cool and form fibers.
Spinneret
It is required in fluorescent lampst to regulate electric current through the lamp.
Ballast
They are incandescent lamps with a small amount of halogen gas sealed inside the bulb. They maintain close to their full output over time.
Tungsten-halogen lamps (also known as halogen or quartz lamps)
Its optical glass or plastic fibers transmit light from one end to the other by reflecting light rays back and forth inside their cores in a zigzag pattern.
Fiber-optic Lighting
They are a series of circular ridges that reduce the brightness of a light source at the aperture of the housing.
Ridged Baffles
Housing of fixtures are hidden above the finished ceiling and shine light through an aperture in the ceiling plane. They preserve the flat plane of the ceiling.
Recessed lighting fixtures
The housings of some light fixtures are partially recessed into the ceiling or wall construction, while part of their housing, reflectors, or lenses projects beyond the ceiling or wall surface.
Semirecessed fixtures
It consists of running white carpet with primary backing (called greige goods) through a large, shallow dye vat before the secondary backing is applied; color is embedded outside the fiber
Piece or beck dyeing
Classification of light distribution that is:
40%–60% upward
40%–60% downward
General Diffuse or Direct-Indirect
Lighting fixtures are mounted on the finished ceiling or wall and are usually attached to a recessed junction box
Surface-mounted light fixtures
Lighting that directs its light upward from an interior cornice at the edge of a ceiling.
Cove lighting
Classification of light distribution that is:
60%–90% upward
10%–40% downward
Semi-Indirect
It directs the light downward from an interior cornice at the edge of a ceiling.
Cornice lighting
It illuminates a room in a fairly uniform, generally diffuse manner.
Ambient or general lighting
Classification of light distribution that is:
90%–100% upward
0%–10% downward
Indirect
It is a multipored device through which viscous plastic polymer is extruded into cool air or liquid to cool and form fibers.
Spinneret
It is a measure of the amount of pile fiber by weight in a given area of carpet. Increased density generally results in better performance.
Density
These are translucent or transparent solutions of dyes or pigments applied to penetrate and color a wood surface. They typically do not provide a protective finish.
Stains
Carpet is made by mechanically stitching pile yarn through a primary fabric backing and bonding the yarn with latex to a secondary backing.
Tufted carpet
Carpet is made by simultaneously interweaving the backing and pile yarns on a loom. It is longer-wearing and more stable than tufted carpet, but it is more expensive to produce.
Woven carpet
This carpet is made by looping the backing, stitching, and
pile yarns with three sets of needles.
Knitted carpet
Carpet is made by heat-fusing face yarns
to a vinyl backing supported by other materials.
Fusion-bonded
_carpet is made by propelling short strands of pile fiber
electrostatically against an adhesive-coated backing.
Flocked
This carpet is made by punching carpet fibers back and forth through a woven polypropylene sheet with barbed needles to form a felted fiber mat.
Needle-punched carpet
_ is the foundation material
securing the pile yarns of a carpet and
providing it with stiffness, strength, and
dimensional stability.
Backing
These are louvered devices for shielding a light source from view at certain angles. They may consist of a series of parallel fins or form an egg-crate pattern.
Baffles
It is the ability of a material to deform under stress bend, stretch, or compress—and return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. Every material has its elastic limit beyond which it will permanently deform or break.
Elasticity
It is a planographic printmaking process in which a design is drawn onto a flat stone (or prepared metal plate, usually zinc or aluminum) and affixed by means of a chemical reaction; makes use of the immiscibility of grease and water
Lithography
It is a type of iridescent art glass designed by Louis Comfort Tiffany. It was patented in 1894 and first produced in 1896. It differs from most iridescent glasses because the color is ingrained in the glass itself, as well as having distinctive coloring.
Favrile glass
Low fired, opaque, non-vitreous ceramic
Earthenware
High fired, opaque, vitrified, ceramic ware
Stoneware
A hard vitreous translucent ceramic material, consisting essentially of kaolin, feldspar and quartz, fired at a very high temperature
Porcelain
A translucent ceramic material bisque fired at a high temperature and glaze fired at a lower temperature
China
Vitreous usually opaque, decorative or protective coating applied by fusion to the surface of a metal glass or pottery
Enamel
Any of various pasty substances used as a sealant adhesive or protective coating
Mastic
A resilient floor covering formed by coating burlap or canvas with heated linseed oil, powdered cork and resin, and adding pigments to achieve that desired colors and patterns. This should only be used on a sub floor, suspended above grade.
Linoleum
Any of various floor coverings capable of springing back to the original form, after being bent or compressed, available in either tile or sheet form, and set in mastic over a suitable underlayment
Resilient flooring
Resilient floor covering, composed principally of polyvinyl chloride in combination with mineral fillers, pigment, and a fiber, felt or foam backing.
Vinyl sheet/vinyl tile
Resilient floor tile, composed of granulated, cork, and synthetic resin, binders finished with a protective coat of wax, or a film of clear polyvinyl chloride. This tile should be used only on a subfloor suspended above grade.
Cork tile
A resilient floor tile composed of natural or synthetic rubber with mineral fillers
Rubber tile
A pad of cellular rubber or felted animal hair over which carpet is installed to increase resilience, improve durability, and reduce the impact sound transmission
Carpet pad, also called carpet cushion
The foundation material securing the pile yarns of a carpet and providing it with stiffness, strength and dimensional stability
Backing
The upright tufts of yarn forming the surface of a carpet or fabric
Pile
A carpet texture created by weaving, tufting, or knitting the pile yarn into loops
Loop pile
The carpet texture created by cutting each loop of pile yarn, producing a range of textures from informal shags to short, dense velvets
Cut pile
Flooring tile made of carpeting material
Carpet tile
A carpet made by looping the backing, stitching and pile yarns with three sets of needles
Knitted carpet
Carpet made by heat-fusing face yarns to a vinyl backing, supported by other materials
Fusion bonded carpet
Material such as plywood or hard board laid over a subfloor to provide a smooth, even base for resilient, flooring, carpet, or other non-structural flooring
Underlayment
The average weight of pile yarn in a carpet stated in ounces per square yard
Pile weight
The weight of pile yarn per unit volume of carpet stated in ounces per cubic yard
Pile density
The crosswise number of tuft forming pile yarns in a 27 inch width of woven carpet
Pitch
The spacing of tufts across the width of a tufted or knitted carpet, expressed in fractions of an inch
Gauge
A glazing system in which sheet of tempered glass are suspended from special clamps, stabilized by perpendicular stiffeners of tempered glass, and joined by a structural silicone sealant, and sometimes by metal patch plates
Glass mullion system
A glazing system in which the glass panes or units are supported at the head and sill in a conventional manner with their vertical edges being joined with a structural silicone sealant, without millions.
Butt joint glazing
Indirect lighting, directed upward from an interior cornice at the edge of a ceiling
Cove lighting
Indirect lighting, directed upward or downward from a light source, concealed by a horizontal board or band
Valance lighting
Indirect lighting, directed downward from an interior cornice at the edge of a ceiling
Cornice lighting
A luminaire having a trough-shaped reflector, holding one or more fluorescent lamps
Troffer
A decorative lighting fixture suspended from the ceiling, usually having branched supports for a number of lamps
Chandelier
Lighting that calls attention to a particular object or feature in the visual field, or that forms a decorative pattern on a surface
Accent lighting
Lighting design to provide strong illumination for a visually demanding activity, such as reading or sewing
Task lighting
Lighting designed to provide a uniform level of illumination throughout an area
General lighting
Lighting from luminaires that cement in approximately equal distribution of light upward and downward
General diffuse lighting
Glare resulting from a high brightness ratio or an Insufficiently shielded light source In the visual field.
Direct glare
Glare resulting from the specular reflection of a light source within the visual field
Reflected glare, also indirect glare
These collect sunlight through a small, clear acrylic dome on the roof, transmit it though a cylindrical shaft, and disperse it through a translucent diffuser lens into interior spaces.
Tubular skylights (light tubes)
It is a measure of a lamp’s ability to render color accurately when compared with a reference light source of similar color temperature.
Color rendering index (CRI) rating
0%–10% upward
90%–100% downward
Direct-Concentrating
0%–10% upward
90%–100% downward
Direct-Spread
10%–40% upward
60%–90% downward
Semidirect
40%–60% upward
40%–60% downward
General Diffuse, or Direct-Indirect
60%–90% upward
10%–40% downward
Semi-Indirect
90%–100% upward
0%–10% downward
Indirect
A measure of the actual amount of energy flow or current in an electric circuit.
ampere
The decorative design or ornamentation of a surface that is almost always based on the repetition of a design motif.
Pattern
Heat energy emitted by a warm body, transmitted through an intervening space, and absorbed by a cooler body, without being affected by air motion or temperature.
Radiation
Measure of the potential electrical energy flow through a conductor, in response to a difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit.
Volt
Reflected glare on a task surface that reduces the contrast necessary for seeing details.
Veiling Reflection
A drawing or painting that uses perspective and shadow to create the illusion of three-dimensional objects.
trompe l’oeil
It is a parapet with alternating openings (__) and raised sections (__), used here on castle towers for defense purposes.
Battlement; embrasures; merlons
A globular motif often used in concave moldings of English Gothic architecture. It looks like a flower with three (or sometimes four) petals nearly closed over a central ball.
Ballflower
An ornamental motif resembling a bird’s head with a prominent beak. It was common in English Romanesque architectural decoration.
beak-head
It is a molding composed wholly or in part of a series of billets (small cubes, cylinders or prisms) placed at regular intervals, so that their axis and that of the entire series is parallel to the general direction of the molding.
billet molding
A row of decorative arches applied to a wall.
Blind arcade
An arch applied to a wall.
blind arch
An ornament at the tip of a pinnacle, spire or other tapering vertical architectural element.
Finial
Stylized lily which served as symbol for the French monarchy.
Fleur-de-lis
Shallow, concave grooves running vertically on a column, pilaster, or other surface.
Fluting
An arch which has, or seems to have, no vertical supports
hanging arch
A decorative motif in the form of a folded piece of linen cloth. usually carved in low relief.
Linenfold
A minor rib in a complex rib vault. They do not spring from the main springers.
Liernes
A slender, pointed window. They are often separated by mullions. These are especially characteristic of Gothic architecture.
Lancet
An almond-shaped motif in which Christ sits; sometimes used also for the Virgin Mary
Mandorla
A projecting ornamental molding resembling the head of a nail like small pyramids, used in early Gothic architecture.
Nail head
A plate on which the eucharistic wafer was placed.
Paten
Tracery which uses thick areas of stone to separate glazed areas. The window may look as if it had been filled in with stone, then small openings cut through for the glass. The stone rather than the glass dominates the window.
Plate tracery
(bar tracery is where the glass dominates the window than the bar; refinement of plate tracery)
A rib vault which is divided into four sections by two diagonal ribs.
Quadripartite rib vault
A dining room in a monastery.
Refectory
The vertical distance between the spring line of an arch or vault and the keystone or boss.
Rise (of an arch or a vault)
A low projecting base for a wall or statue.
Socle
A major rib in a complex rib vault. These spring from the main springers or a point of support on either side of the ogives or transverse ribs of a rib vault.
Tierceron
Also called intermediate rib.
A board skirting the lower edge of a wall, covering the junction of the wall and the floor.
Baseboard
Material placed under carpet to provide resiliency, support, insulation qualities and noise reduction; also referred to as carpet lining, padding, or underlay
Carpet cushion
This is an installation method where carpet is adhered to the substrate using the proper adhesive.
Direct glue down
This is an installation method where carpet cushion is first adhered to the substrate, and the carpet is then adhered to the cushion using the proper adhesives.
Double glue down
A separation of the carpet’s primary and secondary backing.
Delamination
A device used in carpet installation to provide a point of resistance for facilitating stretching procedures. Construction is a board with strips of tack strip attached to the bottom side.
Dead man
The process of allowing the substrate, carpet, cushion and sundries to relax or acclimate to the proper environment into which it is to be installed as described in the text.
Conditioning
Carpet manufactured in a roll format, by the sq ft, cut to fit.
Broadloom carpet
The distance between the tack strip and the wall. It should always be slightly less than the thickness of the carpet and not exceeding 3/8 inch.
Gully
Hand device used for aligning patterns where a power stretcher cannot be used; also used for removing fullness at seams and closing gaps at seams
Double-headed mini-stretcher (crab stretcher)
The joints or interface of two pieces of carpet by the use of various securing techniques.
Seam
The lengthwise, factory-finished edge portion of a carpet.
Selvage
Wood or plastic strip with one corner edge rounded slightly. Used to conceal the floor/wall line junction or between larger moldings and floors.
Shoe molding
Woven or non-woven fabric reinforcement laminated to the back of tufted carpet, usually with an adhesive, to enhance dimensional stability, strength, stretch resistance, and ease of handling.
Secondary backing
Wood strip fastened to the floor near the walls of a room, containing either two or three rows of pins angled toward the walls on which the carpet is stretched and secured in a stretch-in installation.
Tack strip (Also referred to as “tackless strip”)
Installation method whereby carpet is placed over separate carpet cushion and is secured in place, under tension, using a power stretcher (mechanical stretching device).
Stretch-in
Carpet manufactured by the process of inserting pile yarns into a primary backing fabric through needles.
Tufted carpet
Carpet produced on a loom. The lengthwise (warp) yarns and widthwise (weft or filling) yarns are interlaced to form the fabric.
Woven carpet
Ps. Carpet weaves, such as Wilton, Axminster and velvet, are complex, often involving several sets of warp and fill yarns for the pile and backing.
These are used to turn any painted surface into a dry erase board.
Dry erase coatings
Having color that will not fade or run with washing, age, or exposure to light, especially sunlight.
Colorfast
Any of the various thermoplastic or thermosetting resins used in flexible and rigid foams, elastomers, and resins for sealants, adhesives, and coatings.
Polyurethane
A method of shaping a fully or partially cured, thermosetting laminate over a mold by heat and pressure
Postforming
A hard surfacing material consisting of superposed layers of paper impregnated with melamine and phenolic resins, fused together under heat and pressure
Plastic laminate
A synthetic rubber characterized by superior resistance to oils and sunlight, and used in paint, roofing membranes, flashing, gaskets, and bearings
Neoprene
Any of various thermosetting resins capable of forming tight cross-linked polymer structures characterized by toughness, strong adhesion, and high corrosion and chemical resistance, used esp. in surface coatings and adhesives.
Epoxy resin
Any of a group of thermosetting resins used in the manufacture of plastics and textile fibers.
Polyesters
A polyester reinforced with glass fibers and used in translucent roofs and skylights, facings for sandwich panels, and molded plumbing fixtures.
Fiberglass-reinforced plastic
Trademark for a brand of strong, wrinkle-resistant polyester fiber.
Dacron
Trademark for a brand of strong, thin polyester film used in photography, recording tapes, and electrical insulation.
Mylar
Any of a class of thermosetting resins formed by the interaction of melamine and formaldehyde and used for molded products, adhesives, and surface coatings.
Melamine resin
Any of a class of hard, heat-resistant thermosetting resins formed by the condensation of phenol with formaldehyde and used for molded products, adhesives, and surface coatings. Also called phenoplast.
Phenolic resin
Trademark for a brand of dark phenolic resin, invented by Dr. Leo Baekeland in 1916, and used for telephone receivers, radio cabinets, electric insulators, and molded plastic hardware. Commonly used during the Art Deco period.
Bakelite
Any of various thermosetting synthetic resin made by condensing urea with formaldehyde and used in appliance housings, electrical devices, adhesives, and surface coatings.
Urea-formaldehyde resin
A vertical panel of waterproof material attached to the wall behind a countertop or stovetop to protect against splashed liquids.
Backsplash
A turning that resembles the fruit of the oak tree, used as a finial, drop pendant, or furniture foot in Jacobean furniture of the early 17thC England.
Acorn
Greek for “summit” or “extremity”. In classic architecture, the blocks or flat pedestals at the apex and the lowest ends of a pediment. They were often used to hold carved ornaments or statues. The term is also applied to the carved ornament itself.
Acroterion
Plural: acroteria
Partial upholstery on the wood arm supports
French: Manchettes, or arm pad
Goodyear’s trademark name for rubber foam latex material which is used for cushions and padding
Airfoam
Design produced by piercing holes in a definite set pattern in ceramics wood, metal, etc. It is decoratively used today on dark parchment lampshades, the pierced design, having a brilliant, jewel-like effect when the lamp is lit
Ajouré
A fine textured, compact variety of sulfate of lime or gypsum. A milky, white, or semi translucent marble-like material used for ornaments and sculpture.
Alabaster
A decorative wall bracket holding candles or light bulbs
Sconce
A fine-grained, massive gypsum that has been used for centuries for statuary, carvings, and other ornaments. It normally is snow-white and translucent but can be artificially dyed; it may be made opaque and similar in appearance to marble by heat treatment
Alabaster
Philippine wood used for veneer, its color varies from tan to a soft reddish tone and it usually has an interrupted stripe figure.
Almon
Also sold as, White Luaun
A wine-red or dark violet mahogany of Central and South America. It’s brilliant, exotic coloring is apt to fade when exposed to light. It is a hard strong word, and is also called violet wood, purple heart, and bois violet. It was popular during the latter part of the 18th century in France for veneering and marquetry.
Amaranth
An extremely light, yet strong silvery blue metal which resists oxidation and tarnishing. It is as hard as zinc, yet it is malleable can be made into threadlike wires and is a good heat conductor. Also used for furniture frames and decorative outdoor furniture.
Aluminum
Italian word for “little love.” a small Cupid or Chereb used as a carved or painted decoration in the Italian renaissance, and again in Louis XV ornament. The Adam brothers used this in wall panel designs.
Amorino
Plural: amorini
One of a pair of metal stands used to support logs in an open fireplace
Andiron
French plural: Chenets
Silk like fabric from Angora goat, is also called diamond fiber
Mohair
The process of coating metal with a hard protect oxide film by means of electro chemical treatment
Anodizing
Carpets and rugs must’ve been made before ___ are to be considered antique.
1700
The complicated ornamental designs based on plant growth, fancifully intertwined with lines and geometric patterns, used by the Moors, who were prohibited by their religion from representing animal forms
Arabesque
A rug with no pile. It is woven like a tapestry, and the motives are usually French floral and scroll designs. The name referred to where a famous French tapestry works originated back in the 15th century.
“2nd most expensive rug; its weave resembles needlepoint”
Aubusson
A shirred fabric treatment for windows which gives the effect of vertical rows of swags from top to bottom. The bottom edge then makes a horizontal band of semi circular scallops
Austrian Drape
Spanish or Portuguese wall tiles, decorated with sports or bullfight scenes. They were usually done in blue on white, and the styles were used in the late Gothic period to cover the walls in place of tapestries. It also refers to Spanish pottery of the same theme.
Azulejos
A ribbon-like motif, carved or painted, often the flat part of the ribbon was filled with an inscription. It is a Renaissance decoration
Banderole
The term usually describes the split turned splat that make up the back of a late 17th century chair.
Banister
Spiral turning that resembles a twisted rope. It was much used in the mid and late 17th century for furniture, legs, and stretchers
Barley sugar turning
Carded cotton, which is prepared in sheets or rolls that is used for stuffing and padding upholstered pieces
Batting
A French Romanesque embroidered tapestry commemorating the victory of the Normans in England, Battle of Hastings
Bayeux Tapestry
Fabric covering for the top and sides of the bed. It can be made of a variety of fabrics and in assorted styles: a coverlet with dust ruffles, a fitted top, a loose throw which falls to the floor at the side, etc..
Bedspread
The edge of a flat surface has been cut on an angle
Bevel
A method of tying back upholstery and padding to create plump, square tufts on chair backs and seats. Buttons are usually sewn back taut in a regular square or diamond pattern.
Biscuit tufting
A particular technique of embroidery of the English Tudor during the 16th century. Patterns were picked out in black and silver thread, and these designs inspired many printed lining and wallpapers of the period.
Blackwork
French for lead white; some Louis XV furniture for Petit Trianon was originally white but dust and time grayed them to “gris Trianon”, a soft gray color
Blanc de Plomb
A mixture of different fibers in the same yarn or fabric
Blend
The running off or together of excess dye from a dyed fabric during washing
Bleeding
A cube-shaped foot usually used with a square or under tapered leg
Block foot
Also marlborough foot
Fabric printed by hand, using carved wooden blocks or plate. The dye is rolled over the raised pattern on the block, which is then press down, usually under pressure on the fabric.
Block print
A sheer mesh-like a curtain fabric
Bobbinet
A socket with a wide rim for a candle or electric bulb. It was originally used to catch the wax drippings, but today is used as a decorative top to a candlestick.
Bobeche
Ebony folding screen with panels of incised black lacquer, often painted gold or other colours and frequently decorated by the application of jade and other semiprecious stones, shell, or porcelain. These screens, having as many as 12 leaves, were of considerable size.
Coromandel screen
A long usually cylindrical stuffed pillow or cushion that was popular in the late 18th century and early 19th century. It is also an oversize pillow or back wrist and may be wedge shaped or rectangular.
Bolster
Contemporary light fixture with a metal pipe shaft, so constructed as to be flexible and bendable. It is possible to alter the direction of the beam light by twisting the corrugated pipe, right or left up or down
Gooseneck lamp
A square or rectangular reinforcement at the furniture base created by a turned or squared stretchers, which are found between the legs of a table, chair or cabinet
Box stretcher
Furniture: a shaped support between the leg and seat of a chair, or the leg and top of a table.
Materials: It is also a decorative wall-hung shelf, and a sconce or wall fixture.
Architecture: supporting wall projection at a right angle
Bracket
In cabinetry, it is a popular furniture leg in the 18th century English and American designs. The foot has a straight corner edge and a curved inner edge. The leg is usually longer than it is high.
Bracket foot
Also, console leg
A narrow strip made by intertwining several strands of silk, cotton or other fabric; also used as a trimming, binding or finishing edge
Braid
A cresting like an ornamented, or pierced parapet. A decorative leaf design used as a cresting device on top of English Tudor screens or paneling
Brattishing
Also, Tudor Flower
A curved or elliptical arch, which is not completed or joined at the Apex. The open center section is sometimes filled with a decorative device, such as an urn or finial.
Broken arch
A growth in the bole or root of a tree. The wart-like protuberance, which is sliced to obtain veneer wood, contains dark pith centers and many undeveloped buds which produce a pitted little eye, or knotted effect on the surface
Burl
A plain weave of cotton, jute, or hemp, which is coarse and loosely woven. It is used to cover springs in upholstered furniture, and also used as webbing
Burlap
Italian for “Arbor”; a balcony or lattice framework, covered with vines or shrub; a lattice structure, used as a summer house or shade area
Pergola
.he twisting, spiraling “horn of plenty” of mythology. It is often represented with fruits and/or flowers pouring forth. As a decorative motif, it was popular in the Renaissance, Empire, and Victorian periods. Arms and legs of sofas were sometimes cornucopia-shaped in 19th-century furni-ture.
CORNUCOPIA
A Chinese lacquered screen often decorated with an allover pattern in low relief, or executed with a landscape design. These screens were originally introduced into Europe by the East India Company in the middle of the 17th century. The finest were first made in Peking and Soochow.
Coromandel screen
