Building Construction Flashcards
Standard height and length of CHB
200 x 400mm (HxL)
Wood joint in which two pieces are overlapped and held together with a peg or pin passing through both pieces.
Pegged Lap Joint
__ is a molded projection that crowns a wall or divides it horizontally for compositional purposes. It may be formed simply with a crown molding or be built up with a number of moldings.
Cornice
__ is a decorative band along the top of an interior wall, immediately below the cornice.
Frieze
That portion of the foundation of a structure which spreads and transmits loads directly to the soil or the pile.
Footing
_refers to the wood paneling covering the lower portion of an interior wall.
Wainscot
A system of dimensioning and proportion developed by Le Corbusier.
Modulor
__ arranges veneers from the same flitch alternately face up and face down to produce symmetrical mirror images about the joints between adjacent sheets.
Book matching
Portion of the foundation of a structure which spreads and transmits load directly to soil or pile.
Footing
__arranges adjacent sheets of veneer from the same flitch side by side without turning so as to repeat the figure.
Slip matching
The main room of an ancient Greek house.
Oecus
__ is a hard surfacing material consisting of superposed layers of kraft paper, foil, printed paper, wood veneer, or fabric impregnated with melamine and phenolic resins, fused together under heat and pressure.
Plastic laminate
Decorative carving of furniture leg using grotesque head and body tapered to a single foot.
Monopodia
The communal space within Medieval homes given huge importance and significance.
Great Hall
All the portions of the building or structure below the footings, the earth upon which the structure rests.
Foundation
A circular barrel-vaulted passage which runs between the central space and exterior walls in a Byzantine architecture.
Ambulatory
Any wall used to resist the lateral displacement of any material; a subsurface wall built to resist the lateral pressure of adjoining earth, or enclosing wall to resist the lateral pressure of internal loads.
Retaining Wall
That portion of an inclosing wall below the first tier of floor joists.
Foundation Wall
Any wall which subdivides a building so as to resist the spread of fire, by starting at the foundation and extending continuously through all stories to, or above, the roof. Extension above the roof is 1.00 meter.
Firewall
A wall without openings.
Dead Wall
A wood joint in which a projecting tongue is inserted into a fi tted opening
Mortise and Tenon
A horizontal projecting beam or other structure supported only at its inward end.
Cantilever
A force tending to squeeze or compress materials to which it applies stress.
Compression
A post or column supporting a handrail
baluster
That which is built or constructed, an edifice or building of any kind, or any piece of work artificially built up or composed of parts joined together in some definite manner.
Structure
Filipino homes evolved into this architectural system during the American era
Tsalet
The enclosing wall of an iron or steel framework or the nonbearing portion of an enclosing wall between piers.
Curtain Wall
The framing system including the columns and the girders, beams, trusses, and spandrels having direct connections to the columns and all other members which are essential to the stability of the building as a whole. The members of floor or roof panels which have no connection to the columns shall be considered secondary members.
Structural Frame
A masonry vault of semicircular form. Also called a tunnel vault.
barrel vault
Continuous passageway for the transmission of air.
Duct
Structural element of wood or steel spanning open spaces through use of triangulation.
Truss
A measure of incident light on a surface; measured in footcandles or lux.
Illuminance
__is a panel on which are mounted switches, overcurrent devices, metering instruments, and busbars for controlling, distributing, and protecting a number of electric circuits. It should be located as close as possible to the service connection to minimize voltage drop and for wiring economy.
The main switchboard
__control, distribute, and protect a number of similar branch circuits in an electrical system. In large buildings, they are located in electrical closets close to the load ends of circuits. In residences and small installations, it is combined with the switchboard to form a service panel.
Panelboards
__are switches that automatically interrupt an electric circuit to prevent excess current from damaging apparatus in the circuit or from causing a fire. It may be reclosed and reused without replacement of any components.
Circuit breakers
__provides support for wires and cables and
protects them against physical damage and corrosion
Conduit
A unit of illuminance derived from the light produced by a candle at the distance of one foot, equal to one lumen incident per square foot.
Footcandles
The measure of incident light on a surface per square meter.
Lux
Two or more plies of glass bonded to an interlayer that retains the fragments if the glass is broken.
Laminated glass
*Security glass is laminated glass that has
exceptional tensile and impact strength.
The design and placement of windows in a building.
Fenestration
A measure of the actual amount of energy flow or current in an electric circuit
Ampere
A rigid structural member designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across space to supporting elements.
Beam
A concave surface at the edge of a ceiling that eliminates the interior angle between the wall and ceiling planes; concave molding or trim
Cove
These are loads acting vertically downward on a structure, including the weight of the structure itself and the weight of building elements, fixtures, and equipment permanently attached to it.
Dead loads
Loads applied suddenly to a structure, often with rapid changes in the size of the force and the point to which it is applied, including earthquakes and the loads caused by winds.
Dynamic loads
Loads that change over time, but generally gradually, including the weight of a building’s occupants, any mobile equipment and furnishings, and any collected snow and water.
Live Loads
A rapid succession of echoes with sufficient time between each reflection for the listener to be aware of separate, discrete signals, produced by repetitive reflections off hard surfaces arriving at different times, and perceived as a buzzing or clicking sound.
Flutter
The substructure that forms the base of a building, anchors it to the ground, and supports the building elements and spaces above.
Foundation
Wood strips or metal channels attached to a wall to provide a base for lath or a finish material, or to add an air space to composite construction.
Furring
The triangular portion of wall enclosing the end of a pitched roof.
Gable
A circular vault derived from rotation of an arch; may be hemispherical, flattened (saucer dome), or elliptical in plan.
Dome
Deterioration of a metal caused by an electrical current flowing between dissimilar metals through a liquid that conducts electricity.
Galvanic Corrosion
A large primary beam designed to support concentrated loads at isolated points along its length.
Girder
A groove cut into the edges of a material, such as an acoustical tile, to receive a supporting grid.
Kerf
A series of small, parallel beams for supporting floors, ceilings, or flat roofs
Joists
A bowl or basin with running water for washing the face and hands.
Lavatory
The space between a suspended ceiling and the floor structure above, or the space below a raised access floor, especially when used for distributing or returning conditioned air.
Plenum
These systems control and safely distribute power for lighting, equipment, security, communication, and vertical transportation.
Electrical systems
A windowed structure rising above the top of a dome or roof.
Lantern
A continuous recess that visually separates the meeting of two planes and articulates their edges by the shadow lines they create.
Reveal
A horizontal, rigid, usually monolithic plate, such as a reinforced concrete slab.
Slab
The horizontal distance between the outermost building/structure line of a lower floor and that of a higher floor, wherein the outermost building line of a higher floor is farther from the property line.
Incremental Setback
A structural member used to resist lateral forces, that is, parallel to the plane of the wall.
Shear Wall
A thin leveling or finish coat of plaster.
Skim Coat
These systems provide essential services to a building, such as the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning of interior spaces.
Mechanical
Inward slope of a vertical wall surface; a relieving wall
batter
The underside of an architectural element, such as an arch, beam, cornice, or staircase.
Soffit
A single-number rating of the performance of a building material or construction assembly in preventing the transmission of airborne sound.
Sound Transmission Class
The projecting part of a doorframe against which a door closes.
Stop
The structural frame of a building, consisting of columns, beams, and load-bearing walls that support the floor and roof structures.
Superstructure
A woodworking joint using interlocking elements of tapered form.
Dovetail
A measure of the performance of a building material or construction assembly in preventing the transmission of airborne sound.
Transmission Loss
AVERAGE STATURE OF STANDING FILIPINO (DI AKO SUMISIGAW)
1680 MM
A wedge-shaped tread used in circular, spiral, and turning stairs.
Winder
A measure of the power required to keep an electric current flowing.
Watt
Temporary wood structure used in building an arch or vault.
Centering
A fixture consisting of a ceramic bowl with a detachable, hinged seat and lid and a device for flushing with water; also called a toilet.
Water Closet
The horizontal upper surface of a step in a stair, on which the foot is placed.
Baytang
An arched structure forming a ceiling or roof over an enclosed space.
Vault
A document that amends or changes a contract.
Addendum
These systems supply water suitable for human consumption and firefighting and dispose of sanitary waste.
Plumbing
Abutment
A power driven, inclined, continuous stairway for raising or lowering passengers.
Escalator
It is manufactured by pouring molten glass onto a surface of molten tin and allowing it to cool slowly. The resulting flat, parallel surfaces minimize distortion and eliminate the need for grinding and polishing.
Float Glass
A ratio or proportion in which the smaller number is to the larger as the larger is to the sum of the two, or A:B = B:A + B
Golden Mean
An intermediate partial floor above a principal level of a building.
Mezzanine
A circular opening or window at the top of a dome.
Oculus
A colonnade supporting a roof to form a porch, usually at the entrance to a building.
Portico
A reinforced masonry or reinforced concrete separator with the appropriate fire-resistive rating and which shall be positioned between dwelling units or between buildings/structures to maintain the fire integrity of each building/structure.
Firewall
The total floor space within the perimeter of the permanent external building walls (inclusive of main and auxiliary buildings) such as office areas, residential areas, corridors, lobbies and mezzanine level/s.
Gross Floor Area
A low-density residential use or occupancy, characterized mainly as a low-rise single-detached building/structure for exclusive use as a single (nuclear) family dwelling. This includes structures within exclusive subdivisions and relatively exclusive residential communities which are not subdivisions.
R1
The horizontal distance measured 90º from the outermost face of the building/structure to the property lines.
Setback
A non-structural facing facing of brick, concrete, tile, metal, plastic, glass, or the like attached to a backing or structural components of the building for the purpose of ornamentation, protection, or enclosure that may be adhered, integrated, or anchored either on the interior or exterior of the building/structure.
Veneer
This serves to conceal the unfinished construction joints and gaps between materials and to embellish architectural surfaces.
Trimwork
This refers to the panes or sheets of glass or other transparent material made to be set in frames, as in windows, doors, or mirrors.
Glazing
It is a hard, brittle, chemically inert substance produced by fusing silica together with a flux and a stabilizer into a mass that cools to a rigid condition without crystallization. It is used in building construction in various forms.
Glass
A type of window hinged at the bottom to swing outward.
Hopper
Consists of hinged smaller door panels that slide on an overhead track. Used to subdivide large spaces into smaller rooms.
Accordion
The reveal of a window or door opening from the frame to the inner face of the wall.
Sconcheon
Safety glass with a plastic film of 1.5 mm minimum thickness for bullet resistant and burglar resistant glass. Bullet resistant glass consists of three to five plies of glass and in some cases, high performance plastics, with an overall ¾ “(20mm) to 3” (75mm) thickness.
Security Glass
The part of a jamb of a window or door opening that is visible between the outer wall surface and the window or door frame.
Reveal
It includes the design, selection, specification, color coordination and procurement documentation of the required items necessary to meet the functional, operational, sustainability, and aesthetic needs of the facility.
Furniture, Furnishings and Equipment
It interrupts a stair run and enable it to change direction.
Landings
They close off the stair space and help make the construction rigid.
Riser
They are the inclined members supporting the treads and risers of a flight of stairs.
Carriages
A movable shelter supported entirely from an exterior wall of a building and of a type which can be retracted, folded, or collapsed against the face of a supporting building.
Awning
A truncated angle at a corner.
Chaflan
Maximum length of louvered windows.
1.2m
Masonry of solid units built without hollow spaces.
Solid Masonry
A form of construction composed of stone, brick, concrete, gypsum, hollow clay tile, concrete block or tile, or other similar building units or materials or combination of these materials laid up unit by unit and set in mortar.
Masonry
A bar which extends across at least one-half the width of each door leaf, which will open the door if subjected to pressure.
Panic Hardware
An interior subdividing wall.
Partitions
A masonry construction in which one or more arch forms are used to cover an open space.
Vault
Roof opening covered with translucent or transparent glass or plastic designed to admit daylight.
Skylight
A system of construction in which steel reinforcing rods are embedded in concrete to absorb tensile stresses.
Reinforced concrete
A thin slice of wood used to form external covering of buildings; Architectural style of the late Victorian era in America
Shingle
The outward force exercised by arches, vaults, and domes, requiring restraint from solid masonry or from buttressing.
Thrust
A building, such as a prison, hospital, or library, arranged so that all parts of the interior are visible from a single point.
Panopticon
Know also as rolled or figured glass. It is made by passing molten glass through rollers that are etched to produce the appropriate design. Most often only one side of the glass is imprinted with a pattern although it is possible to imprint both sides.
Patterned Glass
Available as clear polished glass or in various patterns, most commonly with embedded welded square or diamond wire. Some distortion, wire discoloration, and misalignment are inherent.
Wire Glass
Transparent flat glass is ground and polished after rolling. Within limits, cylindrical and conic shapes can be bent to desired curvature.
Plate Glass
Generally accepted as the successor to polished plate glass, it has become the quality standard of the glass industry in architectural, mirror and specialty applications. It is manufactured by pouring molten glass on a surface of molten tin, then annealing slowly to produce a transparent flat glass, thus eliminating grinding and polishing.
Float Glass
Manufactured by a horizontally flat or vertical draw process, then annealed slowly to produce flat fired, high gloss surfaces. Inherent surface waves are noticeable in sizes larger than 4 sq.ft. For minimum distortion, larger sizes are installed with the wave running horizontally. The width is listed first when specifying.
Sheet glass
Known also as art glass, stained glass or opalescent glass. It is produced in many colors, textures and patterns, is usually 3 mm thick and is used primarily in decorating leaded glass windows.
Cathedral glass
The entire surface on one, or both sides of the glass are sand blasted, acid etched or both to obscure a view or create a design. When a glass surface is altered by any of these methods, glass is weakened and may be difficult to clean.
Obscure Glass
The glass absorbs a portion of the sun’s energy because of admixture contents and thickness. It then dissipates the heat to both the exterior and interior. The exterior glass surface reflects a portion of energy depending on the sun’s position. It has a higher temperature when exposed to the sun than clear glass does, thus the central area expands more than the cooler edges, causing edges tensile stress.
Heat Absorbing or Tinted Glass
It may be applied to float plate, heat strengthened, tempered, laminated, insulated, or spandrel glass. They can be either
a.) single glazing with a coating on one surface,
b.) laminated glass coated between the glass plies or on the exterior surface,
c.) insulating glass units with coating on the exteriors surface or on either of the interior surfaces.
Reflective glass coatings
Produced by re-heating and rapidly cooling annealed glass.
Heat Strengthened and Tempered Glass
All portions of the building or structure below the footing. The earth upon which the structure rests.
Foundation
A horizontal structure piece which supports the end of the floor beams, joists or walls over opening.
Girder
Lowest point ofelevation of the finished surface of the ground between the exterior wall of a building.
Grade
A corridor or passageway used in common by all the occupants within a building.
Common Hall
The beam or girder placed over an opening in a wall which supports the wall construction above.
Lintel
A form of construction composed of stone, brick, concrete, gypsum, hollow clay tile, concrete block or tile set in mortar.
Masonry
Brick, block, tile, stone or other similar building unit made to be bounded together by a cementation agent.
Masonry Unit
An assembly made of incombustible material installed on openings and exhaust ducts to prevent the spread of fire.
Shutter
A blighted area, eyesore; an area where the value of real estate tend to deteriorate because of unsanitary condition of the building.
Slum
A concrete finish that is produced by sandblasting, etching with an acid, or scrubbing a concrete surface after the initial set in order to remove the outer layer of cement paste and expose the aggregate.
Exposed aggregate finishes
It refers to concrete that is left in its natural state after formwork is removed, especially when the concrete surface reflects the texture, joints, and fasteners of a board form.
Beton Brut
It is a method of casting reinforced concrete wall panels on site in a horizontal position, then tilting them up into their final position.
Tilt-up construction
These consist of modular building blocks bonded together with mortar to form walls that are durable, fire-resistant, and structurally efficient in compression.
Masonry walls
A __ refers to a continuous vertical section of a wall that is one masonry unit in thickness.
Wythe
This wall system utilize steel reinforcing bars embedded in grout-filled joints and cavities to aid the masonry in resisting
stresses.
Reinforced masonry walls
These are rectangular columns embedded in and
projecting slightly from one or both faces of a wall. These stiffen masonry walls against lateral forces and buckling, and provide support for large concentrated loads.
Pilasters
It is a plastic mixture of cement or lime, or a combination of both, with sand and water, used as a bonding agent in masonry construction.
Mortar
Two prime ingredients of mortar.
Sand and Water
It may be constructed of either solid or hollow masonry units laid contiguously with all joints solidly filled with mortar.
Solid masonry walls
__ are constructed of a facing and a backing
wythe of either solid or hollow masonry units, completely
separated by a continuous air space and bonded with
metal wall ties or horizontal joint reinforcement
Cavity walls
_ refers to the triangular-shaped area between the extrados of two adjoining arches, or between the left or right extrados of an arch and the rectangular framework surrounding it.
Spandrel
An arch that has a semicircular intrados.
Roman arch
This is a pointed arch having two centers and usually equal radii.
Gothic arch
__ is a stone or course of masonry having a sloping face against which the end of a segmental arch rests.
Skewback
__ is the wedge-shaped, often embellished voussoir at the crown of an arch, serving to lock the other voussoirs in place.
Keystone
__ are any of the wedge-shaped units in a masonry arch, having side cuts converging at one of the arch centers.
Voussoirs
__ is the exterior curve or boundary of the visible face of an arch.
Extrados
__ is the inner curve of the visible face of an arch; soffit refers to the inner surface of an arch forming the concave underside
Intrados
__ is the point at which an arch, vault, or dome rises from its support.
Spring
__is a masonry unit laid horizontally with the
longer edge exposed or parallel to the surface.
Stretcher
__ is a masonry unit laid horizontally with the
shorter end exposed or parallel to the surface.
Header
__is a brick laid horizontally on the longer edge
with the shorter end exposed.
Rowlock
__is a brick laid vertically with the longer edge
face exposed.
Soldier
It is annealed glass that is reheated to just below the softening point and then rapidly cooled to induce compressive stresses in the surfaces and edges of the glass and tensile stresses in the interior. It has three to five times the resistance of annealed glass to impact and thermal stresses but cannot be altered after fabrication. When fractured, it breaks into relatively harmless pebblesized particles.
Tempered glass
__is the horizontal joint
between two masonry courses.
The term bed may refer to the
underside of a masonry unit, or
to the layer of mortar in which a
masonry unit is laid.
Bed joint
It is a translucent, hollow block of glass with clear, textured, or patterned faces, made by fusing two halves together with a partial vacuum inside.
Glass block
It is a form of glass that is used as rigid, vaporproof thermal insulation.
Foamed or cellular glass
A form of glass that is used in textiles and for material reinforcement.
Glass fiber
__ is the vertical joint between two masonry units,
perpendicular to the face of a wall.
Head joint
Any of the various arrangements of masonry units, having a regular recognisable, usually overlapping pattern to increase the strength and enhance the appearance of the construction
 Bond
Brickwork or masonry bond, composed of overlapping stretchers
 Running bond or stretcher Bond
A brickwork or masonry bond, having successive courses of stretchers with all head joints aligned vertically.
Stack bond
This glass transmits visible light while selectively reflecting the longer wavelengths of radiant heat, produced by depositing a low-e coating either on the glass itself or over a transparent plastic film suspended in the sealed air space of insulating glass.
Low-emissivity (low-e) glass
Brickwork bond having a course of headers between every five or six courses of stretcher
Common bond or American bond
Brickwork bond, having alternate courses of headers and stretchers, in which the headers are centered on stretchers and joints between stretchers lineup vertically in all courses
English bond
Brickwork bond having alternating headers and stretchers in each course, each header being centred above and below a stretcher
Flemish bond
A brick or other masonry unit laid horizontally in a wall with the longer edge, exposed or parallel to the surface
Stretcher
A brick or masonry unit lead horizontally in the wall with the shorter end exposed or parallel to the surface
Header
 A brick laid horizontally on the longer edge with a shorter end exposed
Rowlock
__is sun-dried clay masonry, traditionally used in countries with little rainfall
Adobe
A brick laid vertically with the longer face edge exposed
Soldier
A brick laid vertically with the broad face exposed
Sailor
A brick laid horizontally on the longer edge with the broad face exposed
Shiner or bull stretcher
__ is a masonry wall of broken stones having discontinuous but approximately level beds or courses. The mortar joints are usually held back of the stone faces to emphasize the natural stone shapes.
Random rubble
__ is a masonry wall of
broken stones having approximately level
bed joints and brought at intervals to
continuous level courses.
Coursed rubble
__ is a masonry wall built of
squared stones of varying sizes and coursed at
every third or fourth stone.
Squared rubble
__ is built with stones in
discontinuous courses.
Random ashlar
It is an opaque glass for concealing the structural elements in curtain wall construction, produced by fusing a ceramic frit to the interior surface of tempered or heat-strengthened glass.
Spandrel glass
__is built of stones having the
same height within each course, but with
each course varying in height
Coursed ashlar
These are glass fibers in spun form which is used
for acoustical and thermal insulation.
Glass wool
__is masonry having the visible faces
of the dressed stones raised or otherwise
contrasted with the horizontal and usually
the vertical joints, which may be rabbeted,
chamfered, or beveled.
Rustication
__ refers to squared building stone
finely dressed on all faces adjacent to those
of other stones so as to permit very thin
mortar joints.
Ashlar
__is a horizontal masonry course
flush with or projecting beyond the face of a
building, often molded to mark a division in
the wall.
Stringcourse
__refers to an exterior angle of
a masonry wall, or one of the stones
or bricks forming such an angle,
usually differentiated from adjoining
surfaces by material, texture, color,
size, or projection
Quoin
This wall system is manufactured by cold-forming
sheet or strip steel. The cold-formed steel studs can be easily cut and assembled with simple tools into a wall structure that is lightweight, noncombustible, and dampproof.
Light-gauge steel system
This wall framing system utilizes studs that rise the full height of the frame from the sill plate to the roof plate, with joists nailed to the studs and supported by sills or by ribbons let into the studs.
Balloon framing
__refers to thin continuous pieces of sheet metal or other impervious material installed to prevent the passage of water into a structure from an angle or joint.
Flashing
__ is an exterior wall supported wholly by the steel or concrete structural frame of a building and carrying no loads other than its own weight and wind loads. It may consist of metal framing holding either vision glass or opaque spandrel units, or of thin veneer panels of concrete, stone, masonry, or metal.
Curtain wall
__ is a coarse plaster composed of portland or masonry cement, sand, and hydrated lime, mixed with water and applied in a plastic state to form a hard covering for exterior walls.
Stucco
This stucco finish is a fine-textured
finish produced with a carpet or
rubber-faced float.
Float finish
This stucco finish is first
stippled with a broom; the high
spots are then troweled.
Stipple-troweled finish
This stucco finish is produced by
machine-spraying small pebbles
onto unset stucco.
Rock-dash finish
__ is the projecting part of a doorframe
against which a door closes
Stop
__ is the trim that finishes the
joint between a doorframe and its rough
opening.
Casing
__ is the sill of a doorway, covering
the joint between two flooring materials
or providing weather protection at an
exterior door.
Threshold
__ is a raised piece of flooring
between the jambs of a doorway, to which
a door fits closely so as to prevent its
binding when opened.
Saddle
This type of door operation slides on an overhead track into and out of a recess within the width of a wall. Doorway has a finished appearance when fully open.
Pocket Sliding
This type of door operation slides on overhead track and along guides or a track on the floor. Requires no operating space but is difficult to seal against weather and sound. Offers access only through 50% of doorway width.
Bypass Sliding
Type of door operation where door is surface-hung on an exposed overhead track. Provides access
through full width of doorway
Surface Sliding
Door construction with no visible seams on face
Flush Door
__ are manufactured assemblies of parts
making up a complete locking system, including knobs,
plates, and a locking mechanism
Locksets
__ is a door-latching assembly that disengages when pressure is applied on a horizontal bar that spans the interior of an emergency exit door at waist height.
Panic hardware
These are hydraulic or pneumatic devices that
automatically close doors quickly but quietly. They help
reduce the shock a large, heavy, or heavily used door would
otherwise transmit upon closing to its frame, hardware,
and surrounding wall.
Door closers
__ is the horizontal member
beneath a door or window opening,
having an upper surface sloped to
shed rainwater
Sill
__ refers to the finishing trimwork around
a window opening, consisting of head and jamb casings, window sills, and aprons
Casing
__ refers to the fixed or movable framework of a
window in which panes of glass are set.
Sash
__ is one of the divisions of a window, consisting
of a single unit of glass set in a frame
Pane
These are hydraulic or pneumatic devices that
automatically close doors quickly but quietly. They help
reduce the shock a large, heavy, or heavily used door would
otherwise transmit upon closing to its frame, hardware,
and surrounding wall.
Door closers
__is one of the divisions of a window, consisting of a single unit of glass set in a frame.
Pane
__are the vertical members holding the
edges of windowpanes within a sash.
Muntins
__are the upright members framing a
window sash or paneled door.
Stiles
__ is a vertical member separating a series
of windows or doorways.
Mullion
These windows consist of a frame and stationary sash; 0% ventilating
Fixed
These windows have operating sashes that are side hinged and usually swing outward. When open, the sash is able to direct 100% ventilation. The inner end of the sash may slide along a track on the sill or jamb as the sash swings outward.
Casement
These windows have two sashes, of which only one is movable.
Single-hung windows
These windows have two vertically sliding sashes, each in separate grooves or tracks, closing different parts of the window.
Double-hung window
It is a glass unit that consists of two or more sheets of glass separated by a hermetically sealed air space to provide increased thermal insulation andrestrict condensation.
Insulating glass
It is a glass-enclosed porch or room adjoining another living space and oriented to admit large amounts of sunlight.
Sunspace
A __ stair extends from one level to another without turns or winders.
Straight-run
A __ stair makes a right-angled turn in the path of travel.
Quarter-turn or L-shaped
A __ stair turns 180° or through two
right angles at an intervening landing. It is more compact than a single straight-run stair.
Half-turn stair
A __ consists of wedge-shaped
treads winding around and supported by a
central post. These stairs occupy a minimum amount of floor space, but building codes permit their use only as private stairs in individual dwelling units.
Spiral stairs
__ are the sloping finish members running alongside a staircase, against which the risers and treads terminate.
Stringers
__ are the footways that span the distance between the supporting carriages.
Treads
_ are the vertical boards that close off the stair space and help make the construction rigid.
Risers
__ are the principal inclined beams supporting the treads and risers of a flight of stairs; may be attached to their supporting beam, header, or wall framing with metal hangers or a ledger.
Carriages or rough stringers
__ refers to any of various mixtures applied in a pasty form to the surfaces of walls or ceilings in a plastic state and allowed to harden and dry.
Plaster
__ is a plaster base fabricated of expanded metal or of wire fabric, galvanized or coated with a rust-inhibiting paint for corrosion resistance.
Metal lath
A series of arches superimposed on a wall for decoration
Blind arcade
__ are preformed strips of synthetic rubber or plastic compressed between a glass pane or unit and a window frame to form a watertight seal and cushion for the glass.
Compression gaskets
__, which is German for “sea foam,” is a light, chalky stone. It is often used to make pipes.
Meerschaum
source: Britannica
__ is the vertical enclosed space for the travel of one or more elevators.
Hoistway
__ are power-driven stairways consisting of steps attached to a continuously circulating belt. They can move a large number of people efficiently and comfortably between a limited number of floors; six floors are a practical limit
Escalators
It refers to any of various mixtures applied in a pasty form to the surfaces of walls or ceilings in a plastic state and allowed to harden and dry.
Plaster
This is the most common type of plaster used in construction which is made by mixing calcined gypsum with water, fine sand or lightweight aggregate, and various additives to control its setting and working qualities. It is durable, relatively lightweight, and fire-resistant material that can be used on any wall or ceiling surface that is not subject to moist or wet conditions.
Gypsum plaster (DK Ching)
It is a panel having an air entrained core of hardened gypsum plaster faced with fibrous, absorbent paper to which plaster adheres.
Gypsum lath
It is a sheet material used for covering walls or as lath. It consists of a gypsum core that is surfaced and edged. It has good fire resistance and
dimensional stability. This wallboard is often referred to as drywall because of its low moisture content, and little or no water is used in its application to interior walls or ceilings. Sheetrock is a trademark brand.
Gypsum board
__ carries the discharge from water closets or urinals to the building drain or building sewer.
Soil stack
__ carries the discharge from plumbing fixtures other than water closets or urinals
Waste stack
__ is an extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain connected to the stack; extend 12” (305) above roof surface and keep away from vertical surfaces, operable skylights, and roof windows.
Stack vent
This removes the accumulations of liquid from a sump pit. It is required for fixtures located below the street sewer.
Sump Pump
This system permits septic gases to escape to the outside and supplies a flow of fresh air into the drainage system to protect trap seals from siphonage and back pressure.
Vent system
It is a covered watertight tank for receiving the discharge from a building sewer, separating out the solid organic matter, which is decomposed and purified by anaerobic bacteria, and allowing the clarified liquid to discharge for final disposal.
Septic Tank
Receptacles in wet locations, such as in bathrooms,
should be protected by a __. This is a circuit breaker that senses currents caused by ground faults and instantaneously shuts off power before damage or injury can occur.
Ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)
This switch is a single-pole, double-throw switch used in conjunction with another to control lights from two locations.
Three-way Switch
This switch is used in conjunction with two three-way switches to control lights from three locations.
Four-way switch
These receptacles contain one outlet that is always energized and a second outlet that is controlled by a wall switch.
Split-wired receptacles
These receptacles are usually mounted on a wall and house one or more receptacles for portable lamps or appliances.
Duplex receptacles, also called convenience outlets
These are doughnut-shaped fluorescent lamp for circular luminaires.
Circline lamp
It is also commonly called a lighting fixture, consists of one or more electric lamps with all of the necessary parts and wiring for positioning and protecting the lamps, connecting the lamps to a power supply, and distributing the light.
Luminaire
The physical property of a material that determines its resistance to wear and abrasion, its durability in use, and the costs required to maintain it.
Density or hardness
The physical property of a material to deform under stress—bend, stretch, or compress—and return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed.
Elasticity
Materials that undergo plastic deformation before actually breaking are termed __.
Ductile
The internal resistance or reaction of an elastic body to external forces applied to it.
Stress
It is the deformation of a body under the action of an applied force, equal to the ratio of the change in size or shape to the original size or shape of a stressed element.
Strain
__ materials, on the other hand, have low elastic limits and rupture under loads with little visible deformation. Because brittle materials have less reserve strength than ductile materials, they are not as suitable for structural purposes.
Brittle
It is a measure of the extent to which an elastic body resists deformation.
Stiffness
This examination encompasses the extraction and processing of raw materials, the manufacturing, packaging, and transportation of the finished product to the point of use, maintaining the material in use, the possible recycling and reuse of the material, and its final disposal.
Life-cycle assessment
It is made by mixing cement and various mineral aggregates with sufficient water to cause the cement to set and bind the entire mass.
Concrete
It refers to any of various inert mineral materials, as sand and gravel, added to a cement paste to make concrete. It should be hard, dimensionally stable, and free of clay, silt, and organic matter that can prevent the cement matrix from binding the particles together.
Aggregate
This type of aggregate consists of sand having a particle size smaller than 1/4” (6).
Fine aggregate
This aggregate consists of crushed stone, gravel, or blast-furnace slag having a particle size larger than 1/4” (6).
Coarse aggregate
These may be added to a concrete mix to alter its properties or those of the hardened product.
Admixtures
These disperse microscopic, spherical air bubbles in a concrete mix to increase workability, improve resistance of the cured product to the cracking induced by free-thaw cycles or the scaling caused by deicing chemicals, and in larger amounts, to produce lightweight, insulating concrete.
Air-entraining agents
These hasten the setting and strength development of a concrete mix.
Accelerators
These slow the setting of a concrete mix in
order to allow more time for placing and working the mix.
Retarders
These reduce the surface tension of the mixing water in a concrete mix, thereby facilitating the wetting and penetrating action of the water or aiding in the emulsifying and dispersion of other additives in the mix.
Surface-active agents, or surfactants
These reduce the amount of mixing water required for the desired workability of a concrete or mortar mix. Lowering the water-cement ratio in this manner generally results in increased strength.
Water-reducing agents, or superplasticizers
These are pigments or dyes added to a concrete mix to alter or control its color.
Coloring agents
It is a mixture of cement and water for coating, setting, and binding the aggregate particles together in a concrete mix.
Cement paste
It is a hydraulic cement made by burning a mixture of clay and limestone in a rotary kiln and pulverizing the resulting clinker into a very fine powder.
Portland cement
This type of cement is used for general construction, having none of the distinguishing qualities of the other types.
Type I normal portland cement
This type of cement is used in general construction where resistance to moderate sulfate action is required or where heat buildup can be damaging, as in the construction of large piers and heavy retaining walls.
Type II moderate portland cement
This type of cement cures faster and gains strength earlier than normal portland cement; it is used when the early removal of formwork is desired, or in cold-weather construction to reduce the time required for protection from low temperatures.
Type III high-early-strength portland cement
This type of cement generates less heat of hydration than normal portland cement; it is used in the construction of massive concrete structures, as in gravity dams, where a large buildup in heat can be damaging.
Type IV low-heat portland cement
This type of cement is used where resistance to severe sulfate action is required.
Type V sulfate-resisting portland cement
It is a Type I, Type II, or Type III portland cement to which a small quantity of an air-entraining agent has been interground during manufacture.
Air-entraining portland cement
It is a method for determining the consistency and workability of freshly mixed concrete by measuring the slump of a test specimen, expressed as the vertical settling of a specimen after it has been placed in a slump cone, tamped in a prescribed manner, and the cone is lifted.
Slump test
Because concrete is relatively weak in tension, this is required to absorb tensile, shearing, and sometimes the compressive stresses in a concrete member or structure. It is also required to tie vertical and horizontal elements, reinforce the edges around openings, minimize shrinkage cracking, and control thermal expansion and contraction.
Steel reinforcement
Also called building brick; is made for general building purposes and not specially treated for color and texture.
Common Brick
It is a masonry unit of clay, formed into a rectangular prism while plastic and hardened by firing in a kiln or drying in the sun.
Brick
It is made of special clays for facing a wall, often treated to produce the desired color and surface texture.
Face brick
It is a white, powdery deposit that forms on an exposed masonry or concrete surface, caused by the leaching and crystallization of soluble salts from within the material. Reducing moisture absorption is the best assurance against this.
Efflorescence
These are precast of portland cement, fine aggregate, and water, molded into various shapes to satisfy various construction conditions.
Concrete masonry units (CMU)
It is a solid rectangular concrete masonry unit usually identical in size to a modular clay brick.
Concrete brick
These concrete masonry units, used especially in tropical architecture, have a decorative pattern of transverse openings for admitting air and excluding sunlight.
Screen blocks
It refers to any of various iron-based alloys having a carbon content less than that of cast iron and more than that of wrought iron, and having qualities of strength, hardness, and elasticity varying according to composition and heat treatment.
Steel
It is unalloyed steel in which the residual elements, such as carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon, are controlled. Any increase in carbon content increases the strength and hardness of the steel but reduces its ductility and weldability.
Carbon steel
It refers to a carbon steel to which various elements, such as chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, tungsten, or vanadium, have been added in a sufficient amount to obtain particular physical or chemical properties.
Alloy steel
It is a low-carbon steel containing from 0.15% to 0.25% carbon.
Mild or soft steel
It is a carbon steel containing from 0.25% to 0.45% carbon; most structural steel is of this kind.
Medium steel
It is a high-carbon steel containing from 0.45% to 0.85% carbon.
Hard steel
This steel is an alloy that contains a minimum of 12% chromium, sometimes with nickel, manganese, or molybdenum as additional alloying elements, so as to be highly resistant to corrosion.
Stainless steel
This alloy steell is a low-carbon steel containing less than 2% alloys in a chemical composition specifically developed for increased strength, ductility, and resistance to corrosion.
High-strength low-alloy steel
It is a high-strength, low-alloy steel that forms an oxide coating when exposed to rain or moisture in the atmosphere; this coating adheres firmly to the base metal and protects it from further corrosion. Structures using weathering steel should be detailed to prevent the small amounts of oxide carried off by rainwater from staining adjoining materials.
Weathering steel
It is an alloy steel containing 10% to 20% tungsten for increased hardness and heat retention at high temperatures.
Tungsten steel
It is a hard, brittle, nonmalleable iron-based alloy containing 2.0% to 4.5% carbon and 0.5% to 3% silicon, cast in a sand mold and machined to make many building products, such as piping, grating, and ornamental work.
Cast iron
It is a tough, malleable, relatively soft iron that is readily forged and welded, having a fibrous structure containing approximately 0.2% carbon and a small amount of uniformly distributed slag.
Wrought iron
It is a ferrous metal which is coated with zinc to prevent rust.
Galvanized Iron
These metals contain no iron.
Nonferrous metals
These are nonferrous metals commonly used in building construction.
Aluminum, copper, and lead
It is a ductile, malleable, silver-white metallic element that is used in forming many hard, light alloys. Its natural resistance to corrosion is due to the transparent film of oxide that forms on its surface.
Aluminum
The electrical and chemical process by which the oxide coating formed on a metal surface is thickened to increase corrosion resistance.
Anodizing
It is a ductile, malleable metallic element that is widely used for electrical wiring, water piping, and in the manufacture of alloys. Its color and resistance to corrosion also make it an excellent roofing and flashing material.
Copper
It refers to any of various alloys consisting essentially of copper and zinc, used for windows, railings, trim, and finish hardware.
Brass
Any of the various alloys consisting essentially of copper and tin; also any various alloys having a large copper content with little or no tin.
Bronze
Any of the various alloys consisting essentially of copper and tin; also any various alloys having a large copper content with little or no tin.
Bronze
It is a heavy, soft, malleable, bluish-gray metallic element used for flashing, sound isolation, and radiation shielding. Although it is the heaviest of the common metals, its pliability makes it desirable for application over uneven surfaces. Its dust and vapors are toxic.
Lead
A greenish film or encrustation produced by oxidation on the surface of old bronze and copper, and often admired for its ornamental value.
Patina
A hard, silvery white malleable and ductile metallic element, used in steel and cast iron alloys and electroplating metals that require corrosion resistance
Nickel
These are steel sections hotrolled, with ribs or other deformations for better mechanical bonding to concrete.
Reinforcing bars
This consists of a grid of steel wires or bars welded together at all point of intersection. The fabric is typically used to provide temperature reinforcement for slabs, but the heavier gauges can also be used to reinforce concrete walls.
Welded wire fabric/mesh (p. 210, DK)
These are the most noble metals that resist oxidation when heated in air and solution by inorganic acids.
Gold, titanium and silver
These are the least noble metals that are more susceptible to corrosive deterioration.
Aluminium, zinc and magnesium
It is the property of stone that resists the weathering effects of rain, wind, heat, and frost action that is necessary for exteriors to make.
 Durability
It is the property of stone that allows its hardness and grain texture to be quarried, cut and shaped.
Workability
It is the property of stone, wherein its porosity affects its ability to withstand frost action and staining.
Density
It is the property of stone that is most important when it is used for flooring, paving and stair treads.
Hardness .
A class of rock formed by the deposition of sediment by glacial action.
Sedimentary rock
These are the examples of sedimentary rocks:
1 Limestone
2 Travertine
3 Sandstone
4 Dolomite
5 Brownstone
6 Soapstone
7 Oolite
8 Bluestone
“Larry the Turtle Saw Dolphins Bringing Seafood on Oceanside Beaches”
These are the examples of metamorphic rocks:
1 Marble
2 Verd antique
3 Slate
4 Quartzite
5 Gneiss
These are examples of igneous rocks:
1 Granite
2 Obsidian
3 Malachite
4 Serpentine
This is a rock or a piece of rock quarried and worked into a specific size and shape for a particular purpose
Stone
Solid mineral matter naturally formed by the action of heat or water, and occurring in fragments are large masses
Rock
It is a metamorphic rock of crystallised limestone, consisting mainly of calcite, or dolomite, capable of taking a high polish and used, especially in architecture and sculpture
Marble
This is a very hard -course grained, igneous, rock composed, mainly of quartz, feldspar, and mica, or other coloured minerals
 Granite
A sedimentary rock formed, chiefly by the accumulation of organic, remains such as shells and coral, consisting mainly of calcium carbonate and used as a building stone
Limestone
A variety of limestone deposited by spring water, especially hot spring, sold as marble in the building trade
 Travertine
A sedimentary rock, consisting of sand, usually quartz cemented together by various substances, such as silica, clay, or calcium carbonate
Sandstone
A dense, fine-grained metamorphic rock formed by the compression of various elements, such as clay, or shale, having a good cleavage along parallel lines
Slate
A textured stone finish produced by superheating the surface so as to cause small chips to split off, also called thermal finish
Flame finish
Smooth stone finish, having little or no gloss obtained by rubbing with an abrasive
Honed finish
A stone face of crystalline texture, as of marble, or granite, ground and buffed to form a glasslike surface
Polished work
Noting a pebbled or rippled stone finish produced by using a slurry of water and hardened steel pellets in the sawing process
Shot-sawn
A loose, unfinished stone found on the surface or in the soil, esp when used for building, as in dry masonry
Fieldstone
A line or border chiseled at the edge of a stone to guide the stonecutter in levelling the surfaces
Draft
An aluminum product clad with an aluminum alloy that is anodic to the core alloy, thus protecting it physically and electrolytically against corrosion.
Alclad
A heavy, soft, malleable, bluish gray metallic element used in solder and radiation shielding.
Lead
Form of stone used in construction that consists of rough fragments of broken stone that have
at least one good face for exposure in a wall.
Rubble stone
Form of stone used in construction that is quarried and squared 2’ (610) or more in length and width and of specified thickness, used commonly for wall panels, cornices, copings, lintels, and flooring.
Dimension stone
Form of stone used in construction that refers to flat stone slabs used for flooring and horizontal surfacing.
Flagstone
Form of stone used in construction as aggregate in concrete products.
Crushed stone
It is the major determining factor in the use of wood as a structural material.
Grain direction
-DK Ching
Manner of cutting a squared log into boards with evenly spaced parallel cuts that results in flat grain lumber.
Plainsawing
Manner of cutting a log approximately at right angles to the annual rings that results in edge or vertical, more even grain lumber.
Quartersawing
These are hard nodes of wood that occur where branches join the trunk of a tree, appearing as circular, cross-grained masses in a piece of sawn lumber.
Knots
These are separations along the grain of a wood piece, usually between the annual rings, caused by stresses on a tree while standing or during felling.
Shakes
These are well-defined openings between
the annual rings of a softwood, containing or having
once contained solid or liquid pitch.
Pitch pockets
These are lengthwise separations of wood across
the annual rings, caused by uneven or rapid
shrinkage during the seasoning process.
Checks
It is the presence of bark or absence of wood at a corner or along an edge of a piece.
Wane
A wood defect that is any variation from a plain or true surface of a board or panel usually caused by uneven drying during the seasoning process or by a change in moisture content.
Warping
__ is a curvature across the face of a wood piece.
__ is a curvature along the length of a wood piece.
__ is a curvature along the edge of a wood piece.
__ results from the turning of the edges of a
wood piece in opposite directions.
*Cup
*Bow
*Crook or Springing
*Twist
It is a nonveneered wood panel product made by bonding small wood particles under heat and pressure, commonly used as a core material for decorative panels and cabinetwork, and as underlayment for floors.
Particleboard
These plastics go through a pliable stage, but once they are set or cured, they become permanently rigid and cannot be softened again by reheating.
Thermosetting plastics
These plastics are capable of softening or fusing when heated without a change in any inherent properties, and of hardening again when cooled.
Thermoplastics
These are straight, slender pieces of metal having one end pointed and the other enlarged and flattened for hammering into wood or other building materials as a fastener.
Nails
These are metal fasteners having tapered, helically threaded shanks and slotted heads, designed to be driven into wood or the like by turning.
Screws
These are threaded metal pins or rods, usually having a head at one end, designed to be inserted through holes in assembled parts and secured by a mating nut.
Bolts
These are perforated disks of metal, rubber, or plastic, used under the head of a nut or bolt or at a joint to distribute pressure, prevent leakage, relieve friction, or insulate incompatible materials.
Washers
These are anchor bolts having a split casing that expands mechanically to engage the sides of a hole drilled in masonry or concrete.
Expansion bolts
These are lead or plastic sleeves inserted into a predrilled hole and expanded by driving a bolt or screw into it.
Expansion shields, also Expansion sleeves
It is the putty or glazing compound formed on the exterior side of a glass pane.
Face Putty
This is the type of glazing is the setting of glass in a window frame with glazing tape or liquid sealant.
Wet glazing
This is the setting of glass in the window frame with a compression gasket (instead of glazing tape or a liquid sealant)
Dry Glazing
These are preformed of synthetic rubber or other elastomeric material to secure a glass pane or unit in a window frame or opening.
Structural Gaskets(dk ching, bldg const book)
Ps guess same with compression gaskets?
It is a preformed ribbon of synthetic rubber such as butyl or polyisobutylene, having adhesive properties and used in glazing to form a watertight seal between glass and frame.
Glazing tape
This is the stile from which the door is hung.
Hinge Stile
The stile that receives the lockset is called __.
Lock stile
This rail meets the shutting stile at the level of the lockset.
Lock rail
These doors have a framework of stiles and rails encasing an expanded honeycomb core of corrugated fiberboard or a grid of interlocking horizontal and vertical wood strips. They are lightweight but have little inherent thermal or acoustic insulation value.
Hollow Core Doors
These doors have a core of bonded lumber blocks, particleboard, or a mineral compostiion.
Solid Core Doors
These are manufactured assemblies of parts making up a complete locking system, including knobs, plates, and a locking mechanism
Locksets
These hinges are composed of two plates or leaves joined by a pin and secured to the abutting surfaces of wood and hollow metal doors and door jambs.
Butt hinges
It is an adhesive compound for glazing, used as putty, formulated so as not to become brittle with age.
Glazing Compound
This glass responds to voltage to control the opacity or light transmission properties of glazing.
Electrochromic glass
A compound of whiting and linseed oil, of dough-like consistency when fresh, used in securing windowpanes or patching woodwork defects.
Putty
It holds a glass pane in a sash until the face putty has hardened.
Glazier’s Point
It is the putty or glazing compound formed on the exterior side of a glass pane.
Face putty
Small glass panes may be set in a rabbeted frame held in place with glazier’s points, and sealed with a beveled bead of putty or glazing compound.
Face Glazing
This glass responds directly to the heat from direct sunlight by darkening, similar to the way self-tinting glasses work.
Thermochromic glass
These are used to fasten materials to plaster, gypsum board, and other thin wall materials. They have two hinged wings that close against a spring when passing through a predrilled hole and open as they emerge to engage the inner surface of a hollow wall.
Toggle Bolts
These are metal pins that are used for permanently joining two or more structural steel members by passing a headed shank through a hole in each piece and hammering down the plain end to form a second head. Their use has been largely superseded by the less labor-intensive techniques of bolting or welding.
Rivets
These are used to secure the surfaces of two materials together. Numerous types are available, many of them being tailor-made for use with specific materials and under specified conditions. They may be supplied in the form of a solid, liquid, powder, or film; some require a catalyst to activate their adhesive properties.
Adhesives
This type of adhesive resins is extremely strong and may be used to secure both porous and nonporous materials; they may dissolve some plastics. Unlike other adhesives, it will set at low temperatures and under wet conditions.
Epoxy Resins
This type of adhesive forms a bond on contact and therefore does not require clamping. It is generally used to secure large sheet materials such as plastic laminate.
Contact Cement
These have one leaf mortised into the edge of a door and the other surface-mounted to the doorframe.
Half-mortise hinges
These have one leaf mortised into a
doorframe and the other surface-mounted to the face of
the door.
Half-surface hinges
These hinges have two leaves surface-mounted to the adjacent faces of a door and doorframe.
Full-surface hinges, or Flap hinge, or Backflap hinge
__ hinges are mortise hinges manufactured to fit the recess and match the arrangement of holes of hollow metal doors and frames; __ hinges are used for wood doors.
Template; non-template
These hinges have T-shaped leaves and a protruding knuckle so that a door can stand away from the wall when fully opened.
Parliament hinges
These hinges have a single, pivoting joint and an oval-shaped knuckle.
Olive knuckle hinges
These hinges contain coiled springs in their barrels for closing a door automatically.
Spring hinges
These hinges are long, narrow hinges that run the full length of the two surfaces to which their leaves are joined.
Piano hinges
These hinges consist of a number of flat plates rotating about a central pin, with shoulders mortised into the door edge and doorframe so as to be concealed when closed.
Invisible hinges
These hinges are used with a mortise pivot at door head to enable a door to swing in either direction; may be provided with a closer mechanism.
Floor hinges
This lockset is housed within two holes bored at right angles to each other, one through the lock stile of a door and the other in the door edge. These are relatively inexpensive and easy to install.
Cylinder lock
This lockset is housed within a rectangular notch cut into the edge of a door. It fits into a mortise cut into the edge of a door. These combine the security advantages of a mortise lock with the economy of a cylinder lock.
Unit and integral lock
This lockset is housed within a mortise cut into a door edge so that the lock mechanism is covered on both sides. The lock is concealed except for a faceplate at the door edge, knobs or levers, a cylinder, and operating trim.
Mortise lock
This coating is a mixture of a solid pigment suspended in a liquid vehicle and applied as a thin, usually opaque coating to a surface for protection and decoration.
Paint
This is a basecoat applied to a surface to improve the adhesion of subsequent coats of paint or varnish.
Primers
These are basecoats applied to a surface to reduce the absorption of subsequent coats of paint or varnish, or to prevent bleeding through the finish coat.
Sealers
These paints use a drying oil that oxidizes and hardens to form a tough elastic film when exposed in a thin layer to air.
Oil paints
These paints have as a binder an alkyd resin, such as a chemically modified soy or linseed oil.
Alkyd paints
These paints have as a binder an acrylic resin that coalesces as water evaporates from the emulsion.
Latex paints
These paints have an epoxy resin as a binder for increased resistance to abrasion, corrosion, and chemicals.
Epoxy paints
These are coatings, when exposed to the heat of a fire, swell to form a thick insulating layer of inert foam that retards flame spread and combustion.
Intumescent coatings
A finely ground, insoluble substance suspended in a liquid vehicle to impart color and opacity to the coating;
Pigment
This a liquid in which pigment is dispersed before being applied to a surface in order to control consistency, adhesion, gloss, and durability.
Vehicle
It is the nonvolatile part of a paint vehicle that bonds particles of pigment into a cohesive film during the drying process.
Binder
It is the volatile part of a paint vehicle that ensures the desired consistency for application by brush, roller, or spray.
Solvent or thinner
___ is a liquid preparation consisting of a resin dissolved in an oil (__) or in alcohol (__), that when spread and allowed to dry forms a hard, lustrous, usually transparent coating.
Varnish; oil varnish; spirit varnish
This varnish is a durable, weather-resistant varnish made from durable resins and linseed or tung oil.
Spar or marine
This varnish is an exceptionally hard, abrasion resistant, and chemical-resistant varnish made from a plastic resin of the same name.
Polyurethane
It is a solution of dye or suspension of pigment in a vehicle, applied to penetrate and color a wood surface without obscuring the grain.
Stain
These stains permeate a wood surface, leaving a very thin film on the surface.
Penetrating
This stain is a penetrating stain made by dissolving dye in a water vehicle.
Water stain
This stain is a penetrating stain made by dissolving dye in an alcohol or spirit vehicle.
Spirit stain
It is an oil stain containing pigments capable of obscuring the grain and texture of a wood surface.
Pigmented or opaque stain
This stain is made by dissolving dye or suspending pigment in a drying oil or oil varnish vehicle.
Oil stain
These are series of wood core strips, glued together, side-by-side to form a slab sandwiched between outrr layers of veneer, thin plywood.
Plyboard
This is a wood panel product made by bonding veneers together under heat and pressure
Plywood
An air conditioning system that treats air at a central location and distributes the conditioned air to an entire building by means of fans and ductwork.
Central air conditioning
A system or process for simultaneously controlling the temperature, humidity, purity, distribution, and motion of the air in an interior space, especially one capable of cooling
Air conditioning
A factory assembled air conditioner, having a fan, filters, compressor, condenser and evaporator coils for cooling
Packaged air conditioner (localized AC)
The component of a refrigeration system, in which the refrigerant absorbs heat from a cooling medium and changes from a liquid to a gas.
Evaporator
A pump or other machine in an air conditioning system for reducing the volume and increasing the pressure of a gas
Compressor
A device for reducing a vapor or gas to liquid or solid form
Condenser
A valve that reduces the pressure and evaporation temperature of a refrigerant as it flows to the evaporator.
Expansion valve
Advice for maintaining, or increasing the amount of water vapor in the air of a room or building.
Humidifier
The conditioned air delivered by an air conditioning system to the served spaces.
Supply air
The air conveyed from an air-conditioned space back to the central planned for processing and recirculation.
Return air
It is the conduit through which a public or community water system conveys water to all service connections.
Water main
A machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
Generator
An electric device consisting of two or more windings wound on the same core, which employs the principle of mutual induction to convert variations of alternating current in a primary circuit into variations of voltage and current in a secondary circuit
Transformer
Any of the conductors, extending from the service equipment to various distribution points in a building
Feeder
Standard voltage in the Philippines
220 to 240V
It is a rheostat or similar device for regulating the intensity of an electric light without appreciably affecting spatial distribution
Dimmer switch
These receptacles, that are designed to serve a specific type of appliance, will be polarized and have a specific configuration, so that only attachments from that appliance will fit the receptacle.
Special receptacles
The English system of measuring wires
American wire gauge
The metric system for measuring wires
Cross-sectional area of the conductor
The amount of current that can be carried by a conductor is called ___
Ampacity
The law states that these auxiliary plans are to be under the responsibility of ___, municipalities all over the country now requires these drawings as part of the building permit application
Electronics communication engineers, or ECEs
Materials required to be flame spread proofed shall be treated with a flame retardant having a flame spread of __ as determined by the tunnel test
50 or less
Meaning of CATV
Community antenna television
Meaning of FDAS
Fire detection alarm system
What are included in interior auxiliary plans, also known as extra low-voltage plans or layout?
CCTV
CATV
SD
FDAS
PA speakers
Telephone outlets
Data or Internet hotspot location and outlets
Information technology or server systems
A female fitting connected to a power supply and equipped to receive a plug
Receptacle also called socket
A male fitting for making an electrical connection to a circuit insertion in a receptacle
Plug
A junction box designated to facilitate connecting an electric device or receptacle to a wiring system
Outlet box
A system of delivering television programming to consumers via radio frequency signals transmitted through coaxial cables
Community antenna television
Recent system that follows the CATVs where light pulses through
Fiber optic cables
A digital technology for creating managing, coordinating and optimizing building data using a database of project information in 3-dimensional dynamic modeling software to facilitate the exchange and Intero operability of building information including building geometry, spatial relationships, lighting analysis, geographic information, and quantities and properties of building materials and components
Building information modeling or BIM
It is an over arching control system that is responsible for the automatic regulation and control of the facility subsystems
Building management system, or BMS
Any of a series of columns, supporting a building above an open ground level
Piloti
written order calling for a clarification or minor change in the construction work and not involving any adjustment to the terms of contract
Field order (patrick uy quizlet)
A trowel having a long curved lip for rounding the edges of a fresh concrete slab is it begins to set
Edger
Voids on a formed concrete surface caused by segregation during placement or by insufficient consolidation
Honeycomb
The temporary framework for supporting a structure under construction that is not yet capable of supporting itself
Falsework
A temporary structure or platform for supporting workers and materials at a height above the floor or ground during the construction or repair of a building
Scaffold, also staging
 A formal acceptance of a bid or a negotiated proposal
Award
A single insulated conductor, or a bound or sheathed combination of conductors insulated from one another
Cable
A pliable, metallic strand, or a twisted or woven assembly of such strands, often insulated with a dielectric material and used as a conductor of electricity
Wire
A material that is a poor conductor of electricity used for separating or supporting conductors to prevent the undesired flow of current
Insulator
A protective plate surrounding an electric outlet or light switch
Face plate
A device for making, breaking, or directing an electric current
Switch
A point on a wiring system, at which current is taken to supply an electric device or apparatus
Outlet
An outlet having an additional contact for a ground connection
Grounding outlet
A male fitting for making an electrical connection to a circuit by insertion in a receptacle
Plug
Designed so that a plug and receptacle can fit together and only one way
Polarized
A chair or platform mounted on a steel guide rail and driven by an electric motor used for raising or lowering a person or goods along a stairway
Inclined lift, also called stair lift
Signaling apparatus in an elevator car, or at a landing that displays a visual indication of floor landings
Annunciator
A light usually over the entrance to an elevator, on each floor of a multi story building that signals the approach of an elevator
Lantern
A push button for requesting an elevator
Call button
The toothed portion of the threshold plate at both ends of an escalator or moving walk, designed to mesh with a grooved surface of the moving steps or tread way
Combplate
A metal fastener having a tapered helically threaded shank, and a slotted head designed to be driven into wood or the like by turning with a screwdriver
Screw
A U-shaped piece of metal or heavy wire, with pointed ends, driven into a surface to secure sheet material or to hold a hasp, pin, or bolt
Staple
A nut having two flat projecting pieces that provide a grip for tightening with the thumb and forefinger
Wing nut
A square, or hexagonally metal block perforated with a threaded hole to fit around and secure a bolt or screw
Nut
The distance from the edge of a timber and the center of the nearest bolt hole
Edge distance
The distance between the end of a timber and the center of the nearest bolt hole
End distance
The center to center distance between two or more rows of bolts
Row spacing
Any of the various U-shaped metal brackets for supporting the end of a beam, joist, purlin, or truss at a girder.
Hanger
A cylindrical pin fitting snuggly into holes into adjacent pieces to prevent their slipping or to align them
Dowel, or dowel pin
To unite two pieces of metal by applying any of various nonferrous solders, usually a tin-lead alloy, at a temperature below 800°F
Solder
To unite or fuse two pieces of metal by heating and allowing the metals to flow together, sometimes with pressure in the addition of an intermediate or filler metal
Weld
To unite two pieces of metal by applying any of the various non-ferrous solders, usually a copper-zinc alloy, at a temperature above 800°F
Braze
Any fusible alloy applied in molten state to the joint between two metal parts to unite them without heating to the melting point.
Solder
A coating that when exposed to the heat of a fire swells to form a thick, insulating layer of inert gas bubbles that retards flame spread and combustion
Intumescent paint
A foundation system placed directly below the lowest part of a sub structure and transferring building loads directly to the supporting soil by vertical pressure
Shallow foundation
A gradual subsiding of a structure as the soil beneath its foundation consolidates under loading
Settlement
The relative movement of different parts of a structure caused by uneven settlement or failure of its foundation
Differential settlement
A reinforced concrete slab or mat joining the heads of a cluster of piles to distribute the load from a column or grade beam equally among the piles
Pile cap
A material for covering a roof, such as straw rushes or palm leaves fastened together, so as to shed water, and sometimes to provide thermal insulation
Thatch, also thatching
The glazing system in which the framing members are set entirely behind the glass panes or units to form a flush exterior surface, the glass adhering to the frame with a structural silicone sealant
Flush glazing
The metal tools, fastenings, and fittings used in construction
Hardware
Bolts, screws, nails, and other metal fittings that are concealed in any finished construction
Rough hardware
Exposed hardware, serving a decorative as well as a utilitarian purpose, as the locks hinges and other accessories for doors, windows, and cabinet work
Finish hardware, also called architectural hardware
A projecting rim, guard, pad or disc for absorbing shock, or preventing damage from door bumping
Bumper
A device for holding a door open as a wedge or a small weight
Doorstop
A butt hinge mortised into the abutting faces of a door and door jamb
Mortised hinge, also called full-mortise hinge
A strap hinge having leaves that are narrower at their junction, than at their other extremities
Dovetail hinge
A hinge having a knuckle formed from half of each leaf with the upper half removable from the pin
Loose joint hinge also called lift off hinge
Hinge having a nonremovable pin
Fast pin hinge
A hinge having a removable pin, so that a door can be unhung by separating the two leaves
Loose-pin hinge
A hinge containing a coiled spring in its barrel for closing a door automatically
Spring hinge
A hinge that closes automatically by means of gravity
Gravity hinge
A protective or ornamental plate as around a keyhole, doorknob, drawer pull or light switch
Escutcheon or scutcheon
An ornamental plate surrounding the shaft of a door knob at the face of a door
Rose
It is a lock fastened to the face of a door, as opposed to one built into its edge
Rim lock
A device for holding a door closed, consisting essentially of a bar that falls or slides into a groove or hole
Latch
A plate on a door jamb having a hole for receiving the end of a lock bolt when the door is closed
Strike also called strike plate
A fluid agent, for reducing the temperature of a system below a specified value, by conducting away the heat produced in the operation of the system
Coolant
A medium or environment for the absorption or dissipation of unwanted heat
Heat sink
Heat transfer due to the circulatory motion of the heated parts of a liquid or gas
Convection
Direct transfer of heat from the warmer to the cooler particles of a medium or of two bodies in direct contact
conduction
Fluorescent lamp with integral ballast, available in many forms
compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs)
A rigid, relatively slender structural member designed primarily to support loads applied at its ends along its axis.
column
Heat loss due to the process of converting moisture into a vapor.
evaporation
Any force acting horizontally on a structure.
lateral force
To embed small stone chips in the mortar joints of rough masonry to wedge, larger stones in position, or add detail to the appearance
Gallet, also garret
To embed small stone chips in the mortar joints of rough masonry to wedge, larger stones in position, or add detail to the appearance
Gallet, also garret
A large stone, passing through the entire thickness of a wall and exposed on both faces
Perpend, also called through stone
Ashlar masonry laid in horizontal courses of varying heights, any one of which may be broken at intervals into two or more courses
Broken rangework
A splayed enlargement of a door or window opening toward the inner face of a wall
Embrasure
A finely granular form of pure gypsum, often white and translucent, used for ornamental obiects and work.
Alabaster
Calcined gypsum in white, powdery form, containing no additives to control the set, used as a base for gypsum plaster, as an additive in lime plaster, and as a material for making omamental casts.
Plaster of Paris
Gypsum heated to drive off most of its chemically combined water.
Calcined gypsum
A stucco used in ancient times, made from powdered marble and lime mortar and often polished.
Albarium
A finish coat of plaster made with white marble dust to receive a fresco.
Intonaco
Plasterwork imitating granite or marble.
Scagliola
A textured finish coat of plaster containing sand, leveled and smoothed with a float.
Sand-float finish
Fine ornamental plasterwork, esp. exterior plasterwork bearing designs in low relief.
Pargeting. Also, parget.
A stucco finish produced by dragging a serrated tool across the stucco surface before it sets.
Combed finish, also dragged.
A stucco finish produced by troweling the high spots of a dashed stucco surface before it sets.
Dash-troweled finish
A stucco finish produced by troweling the high spots of a stippled stucco surface before it sets.
Stipple-troweled finish
The process of giving a wall a rough finish by throwing plaster against it.
Daubing
An exterior wall finish produced by throwing and pressing small pebbles into unset stucco.
Pebble dash
An exterior wall finish composed of a stucco mixed with fine pebbles and dashed against a wall.
Roughcast, also called spatter dash.
A preformed metal strip installed to relieve Shrinkage, temperature, or structural stresses within a large plastered or stuccoed area.
Control joint
A preformed metal screed applied over joints in gypsum lath to control cracking.
Expansion screed
A strip of wood, plaster, or metal applied to a surface to be plastered to serve as a guide for making a true surface and plastering to a given thickness
Screed
A preformed metal screed for separating a plastered surface from another material along the base of a wall.
Base screed
A preformed metal strip having two expanded or perforated flange and variously shaped projecting noses, used as a ground and to strengthen and protect an external angle in plasterwork or a gypsum board surface.
.
Corner bead, also angle bead
A corner bead having a rounded edge.
Bullnose corner bead
A flexible corner bead for forming and reinforcing the curved portion of an arched opening.
Arch corner bead
A preformed metal strip having an expanded or perforated flange and variously shaped ends, used as a ground and to strengthen and reinforce the edges of plasterwork or a gypsum board surface
Casing bead
A strip of paper, paper-faced cotton or plastic mesh, used with joint compound to cover the joints between sheets of gypsum board
Joint tape
A pasty compound for embedding joint tape, filling indentations, and finishing the joints in a gypsum board surface
Joint compound
A main pipe or conduit through which a public or community water system conveys water to all service connections.
Water main
A pipe connecting a building to a water or gas main, usually installed by or under the jurisdiction of a public utility.
Service pipe
A device for measuring and recording the quantity of water that passes through a pipe.
Water meter
Any valve for shutting off the flow of water or gas from a supply pipe.
Shutoff valve
A water supply system in which water is distributed from a water main or an enclosed storage tank under pressure from compressed air.
Pneumatic water supply, also called upfeed distribution system
A water supply and distribution system in which the water source is set at a height sufficient to maintain adequate supply pressure throughout the water distribution svstem
Gravity water system
A device for controlling the flow of a liquid from a pipe by opening or closing an orifice.
Faucet, also called spigot, tap.
A threaded exterior faucet for attaching a garden hose, often attached to the side of a house at about the height of a sill.
Hose bibb, also called hosecock, sillcock.
A faucet having a single outlet for water from separately controlled hot-water and cold-water taps.
Mixing faucet. Also called mixer.
A sievelike device for mixing air with the water flowing from the end of a spigot.
Aerator
A faucet having a thermostatically controlled valve for maintaining the desired water temperature regardless of pressure or flow.
Anti-scald faucet
A principal pipe, conduit, or duct in a utility system.
Main
A vertical pipe, conduit, or duct in a utility system.
Riser
Any member of a piping system other than a main, riser, or stack.
Branch
A U- or S-shaped section of drainpipe in which liquid remains and forms a seal for preventing the passage of sewer gas without affecting the normal flow of waste water or sewage through it.
Trap. Also called air trap.
A bowl or basin with running water for washing the face and hands.
Lavatory
A basin, as in a kitchen or laundry, connected with a water supply and drainage system for washing.
Sink
An electrical device in the drain of a sink, for grinding food wastes to be washed down the drain.
Disposal or disposer
A deep sink for washing clothes.
Laundry tray
A deep sink used in janitorial work.
Service/slop sink
A basinlike fixture designed to be straddled for bathing the genitals and posterior parts of the body.
Bidet
The clear vertical distance between the spout of a faucet or other outlet of a supply pipe and the flood level of a receptacle.
Air gap
A device for regulating the supply of water in a flush tank by means of a hollow floating ball, which by its rise or fall shuts or opens a supply valve.
Ball cock, also called float valve.
Any of various receptacles for receiving water from a water system and discharging the liquid waste into a drainage system.
Plumbing fixture
Plumbing fixtures, such as sinks and toilet bowls, made of vitreous china, porcelain enamel, or enameled metal.
Sanitary ware
A toilet bowl in which the flushing water enters through the rim and siphonic action initiated by a water jet draws the contents of the bowl through the trapway.
Siphon-jet
A toilet bowl having the flushing water directed through the rim to create a vortex that scours the bowl.
Siphon-vortex
A basinlike fixture designed to be straddled for bathing the genitals and posterior parts of the body.
Bidet
A flushable fixture used by men for urinating.
Urinal
A cylindrical trap closed on the bottom and having a cover plate for access, usually installed on the drain line from a bathtub.
Drum trap
A pipe joint made by fitting the end (spigot) of one pipe into the enlarged end (bell) of another pipe and sealing with a caulking compound or a compressible ring.
Bell-and-spigot
A rubber or metal ring inserted between two mating surfaces to make the joint watertight.
Gasket
A valve permitting a liquid or gas to flow in one
direction only.
Check valve
A globe valve having an outlet at a right angle to the inlet.
Angle valve
A shutoff valve closed by lowering a wedge-shaped gate across the passage.
Gate valve
A valve with a globular body, closed by a disk seating on an opening in an internal wall.
Globe valve
Any device for controlling or stopping the flow of a liquid or gas by a movable part that opens, partially obstructs, or shuts a passage, pipe, inlet, or outlet.
Valve
The act or process of installing all parts of a plumbing system that will later be concealed, usually to the fixture connections.
Roughing-in
A wall or partition containing vertical space for a plumbing stack.
Plumbing wall. Also called stack partition.
A hollow cylinder of metal or plastic used for the conveyance of water, steam, gas, or other fluid material.
Pipe
A standard part, such as an elbow, union, or tee, for connecting two or more pipes.
Pipe fitting
A drain connecting a building drain to a public sewer or private treatment facility.
Building sewer. Also called house sewer
A pipe or other artificial conduit, usually underground, for carrying off sewage and other liquid waste to a treatment plant or other point of disposal.
Sewer
A sewer conveying only the sewage from plumbing fixtures and excluding storm water.
Sanitary sewer
The liquid waste containing animal or vegetable matter in suspension or solution that passes through a sewer.
Sewage
A vertical waste pipe or vent pipe serving a number of floors.
Stack
A pipe fitting with a removable plug giving access to a soil or waste pipe for inspection or cleaning.
Cleanout
A system of pipes, traps, and other apparatus for conveying sewage, waste water, or rainwater to a public sewer or a private treatment facility.
Drainage system
Any pipe or channel by which a liquid is drawn off.
Drain
A pipe connecting a drain near one or more
traps to a vent stack or stack vent.
Vent
A channel of metal or wood at the eaves or on the roof of a building, for carrying off rainwater.
Gutter/eaves trough
A vertical pipe for conveying rainwater down from a roof or gutter to the ground.
Downspout
Also called drainspout, leader.
The base of a downspout, curved outward to direct the flow away from the wall.
Shoe
A precast concrete block having a depressed, splayed surface, placed at the base of a downspout to disperse rainwater that would otherwise erode the soil.
Splash block
A projecting structure built out from a sloping roof, usually housing a vertical window or ventilating louver.
Dormer
The inclined, usually projecting edge of a sloping roof.
Rake
The overhanging lower edge of a roof.
Eaves
An opening in the side of a building, as in a parapet, for draining off rainwater.
Scupper
Horizontal timber for connecting to structural members to keep them from spreading apart, such as the beam connecting the feet of two principal rafters in a roof truss
Tie beam
A longitudinal member of a roof frame for supporting common rafters between the ridge and the eaves.
Purlin
Also, purline. Also called binding rafter
A horizontal line of intersection at the top between two sloping planes of a roof.
Ridge
An intersection of two inclined roof surfaces toward which rainwater flows.
Valley
The inclined projecting angle formed by the junction of two adjacent sloping sides of a roof.
Hip
Any of a series of small parallel beams for supporting the sheathing, and covering of a pitched roof
Rafter
A beam for supporting the ends of rafters at the edge of the roof
Ridge beam
Horizontal timber at the ridge of a roof, to which the upper end of the rafters are fastened
Ridge board
Also ridgepole, ridge piece
A thin, usually oblong piece of wood, asphaltic material, slate, metal, or concrete, laid in overlapping rows to cover the roof and walls of buildings.
Shingle
The overlapping of shingles or roofing tiles with break joints to form a weathertight covering.
Imbrication
Boards, plywood, or structural panels fastened to the frame of a wall or roof as a base for cladding or roofing.
Sheathing
Any broad, flat, horizontal surface, such as the outer edge of a cornice or roof.
Fascia
A wide board set vertically to cover the lower ends of rafters or the joint between the top of a wall and the projecting eaves.
Fascia board
A vertical shaft or opening containing a stairway
Stairwell
One of the crosspieces, usually rounded, forming the steps of a ladder
Rung
A curved ramp
Helicline
A half-return stair consisting of two straight flights immediately side-by-side and connected by an intervening landing
U-shape or dog-leg stair
Also a half turn stair
A stair having one wide flight from the main floor to an intermediate landing, and two side flights from that landing to the floor above.
Double-return stair
One of the steps in a straight flight of stairs.
Flier
Any of a number of closely spaced supports for a railing.
Baluster
Also called banister
A barrier composed of one or more horizontal rails supported by spaced uprights or balusters.
Railing
An upright post or support, as in a window or railing.
Stanchion
A horizontal, spiral termination to the lower end of a stair rail.
Curtail
Also, volute
The terminal feature of a newel post, often molded or turned in a decorative manner.
Newel cap
A post supporting one end of a handrail at the top or bottom of a flight of stairs.
Newel
Also, newel post
A starting step having a scroll termination to one or both ends of the tread.
Curtail step
Noting a coarse, pebbled stone finish produced by using a slurry of a loose abrasive and water in the sawing process.
Chat-sawn
A metal tie rod, serving as a tension member in a truss or trussed beam
Truss rod
A plate for uniting structural members meeting in a single plane
Gusset
The integral system of members connecting the upper and lower chords of a truss
Web
Either of the two principal members of a truss, extending from end to end, connected by web members
Chord
A bay between two transverse arches in a vaulted structure.
Severy
One of the curved lines or edges along which two intersecting vaults meet.
Groin
Any of several archlike members supporting a vault at the groins, defining its distinct surfaces or dividing these surfaces into panels.
Ribs
A vault having a semicircular cross section.
Barrel vault
Also called cradle vault, tunnel vault, wagon vault.
A compound vault formed by the perpendicular intersection of two vaults, forming arched diagonal arrises.
Groin vault
Also called cross vault.
A surface framed by the ribs of a ribbed vault.
Web
A finishing or protective cap or course to an exterior wall usually sloped or curved to shed water
Coping
A low protective wall at the edge of the terrace, balcony, or roof especially that part of an exterior wall, firewall or party wall that rises above the roof
Parapet
A pilaster, or similar feature projecting from a corner of a building
Canton
A column built so as to be truly or seemingly bonded to the wall before which it stands
Engaged column
Short wall perpendicular to the end of a longer wall
Return wall
A supporting beam for a wall over a wide opening. It is similar to a lintel, but this one bears the weight of the whole superstructure of a wall, not only the weight over the opening.
Breastsommer or bressummer
