Materials Of Decoration Flashcards
Any material made through weaving, knitting, crocheting, or bonding
Fabric
Refers to a finished piece of fabric that can be used for various purposes such as bedcover, pillow sheets, etc.
Cloth
Fabrics dating from __________ have been discovered in Egypt
5000 BC
Textiles from early __________ have been discovered in Scandinavia and Switzerland.
Bronze Age
Cotton has been spun and woven in India since __________ and silk has been woven in China since at least __________.
3000 BC and 1000 BC
Basic element of textile; hair like strand that forms the basis of the yarn
Fiber
Formed by twisting fibers together to create a continuous strand
Yarn
Are short fibers that are randomly arranged and loosely twisted; measured in centimeters or inches
Staple Fibers
Long and continuos fibers tightly twisted to produce smooth, strong yarns; measured in meters or yards
Filament fibers
A shower-head-like device that produce filament fibers
Spinneret
Staple fibers twisted together
Spun Yarns
Composed of continuous strands made from either a spinneret generated synthetic fiber or from silk; commonly referred to as BCF
Filament Yarns
What does BCF stand for?
Bulk Continuous Filament
Textiles are evaluated through:
- Durability
- Tenacity
- Elongation
- Absorbency
- Resiliency
The __________ of a textile refers to its flexibility and its resistance to friction.
Durability
The __________ refers to the textile’s tensile strength before ripping.
Tenacity
__________ refers to the textile’s elasticity without breaking.
Elongation
Related to how a textile is hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and hygroscopic.
Absorbency
It is the textile’s ability to return to its original shape
Resiliency
It is also known as fabric or cloth.
It’s a flexible artificial material made up of a network of natural or artificial fibers formed by weaving or knitting, or pressed into felt.
Textile
Is the only filament natural fiber
Silk
What are the 3 products of cotton?
- Egyptian Cotton
- Pima Cotton
- Upland Cotton
A kind of cotton that resembles satin when the processed version of the cotton fiber is made into cloth
Shiny Cotton
Is a kind of cotton that is processed raw - without any synthetic ingredients
Organic
Is a kind of cotton that has no synthetic additives when finished
Green
A process wherein the cotton is readied for spinning; refining process
Carded
It is the process wherein the cotton is combed to remove dirt resulting in a finer, smoother, and stronger yarn
Combed
A process wherein the cotton is made superior so it is less prone to lint and to shedding
Long Staple
A product of cotton described as the most luxurious; it has extra long staple cotton produced in Egypt and has an upper thread count of 1000 square inch at most
Egyptian Cotton
The second best high quality cotton; from the ** tribe in India; trade name so Supima
Pima Cotton
The third best quality cotton
Upland Cotton
First synthetic fiber; began commercial production in 1939
Rayon
Known as the ‘Poor man’s Cotton’; taken from the seed pod of the Java ** tree; too brittle to be spun into fiber but soft enough to use as cushioning; turns into powder over time and can cause asthma
Kapok
Is the oldest fiber ever woven into a fabric; its fiber length is about 300mm to 600mm; it reflects heat better than cotton and it holds its color longer than any other natural fiber
Flax
It’s yarn and fibers are made from flax; it is extremely strong, virtually non-elastic, and it wrinkles and creases easily
Linen
It is the fiber that resembles flax; it is harsh, brittle, and prone to lint limiting its use to carpet and linoleum backing
Has UV protection, sound and heat insulation, and low thermal conduction
Jute
Is made from jute; excellent resistance to microorganisms and insects; used in making sacks
Bulap
Taken from the stems of the Cannabis Sativa plant (marijuana stems); it is a coarse fiber originally used in ropes and sacks
Hemp
Derived from the Musa Textilis plant; used in the manufacture of matting and durable cordage (rope or cords); very strong with great luster and is very resistant to damage caused by salt water
Manila Hemp or Abaca
Fiber from the East Asian plant and often used as substitute for Flax; has a natural luster comparable to that of Silk and an unusual resistance to bacteria and molds; three to five times stronger than cotton and twice as strong as flax
Ramie
Dates from 1920s when it was discovered that latex (liquid rubber) could be extruded into fiber; it is highly elastic, flexible, and impermeable to water
Natural Rubber
Made from banana fibers
Jusi
Made from the leaves of the Pineapple plant and is commonly used in the Philippines; combined with silk and polyester to create fabric (Barong Tagalog)
Piña
Sheared from domesticated animals, primarily sheep; has almost no resistance to alkali (ingredients found in most detergents) so it must always be dry cleaned; it is resistant to retaining odors and is self extinguishing; preferred carpet material for luxurious facilities such as hotels and casinos
Wool (sheep)
Wool from the Shetland sheep; very fine and lustrous wool taken from the soft undercoat; it is warm and light weight and comes in limited quantities and natural colors
Shetland Wool
This wool has a superior shine, incredible softness, and great breathability; it has an excellent warm to weight ratio; it is strong, naturally elastic, soft against the skin, and accepts dyes very well; finer fibers than standard sheep wool
Merino
What are the four grades of wool.
- Virgin Wool
- Ordinary Wool
- Recycled Wool
- Worsted Wool
Taken from the lambs first shearing; softest and finest sheep’s wool
Or
Wool that hasn’t been previously processed (even if it’s taken from an old sheep)
Virgin Wool
Wool from reclaimed scraps from knits or other damaged fibers
Ordinary Wool
Shredded and reused wool
Recycled Wool
Wool manufactured in **, England; spun into compact smoothly twisted yarn before weaving or knitting; it resists wrinkles and creases
Worsted Wool
What are the four classifications of Natural Fibers
- Plant Fibers
- Animal Fibers
- Silk Fibers
- Mineral Fibers
The most widely used plant fiber; vegetable or cellulosic fiber that comes from the balls of the ** plant; it is known for comfort but is used more in the apparel industry than in commercial interiors
Cotton
Cotton’s staple fiber lengths vary from __________ to __________ or 1 1/4 “ to 2 1/2”
6mm to 60mm
Hair fiber that is more luxurious than pashmina; Persian word meaning ‘Pleasure of Kings’; from an endangered antelope called Chiru; illegal to buy and sell
Shatoosh
Another term for Shatoosh; a pure wrap
Ring scarf
A silk like fabric from the Angora Goat; resembles fine human hair; resilient with fewer scale than wool; for carpets and wall fabrics
Mohair
Comes from the hair of the ** rabbit
Angora
2 classifications of fibers
Natural and Synthetic
A kind of fiber that comes from animal, plant, or mineral resources; susceptible to the forces of nature
Natural Fiber
Man-made fiber that is thoroughly modern; most of them are thermoplastic
Synthetic Fiber
Soften and melt when heated
Thermoplastic
What are the three kinds of Cotton?
- Shiny
- Organic
- Green
Grades of Silk
- Organzine or Thrown Silk
- Tram, Spunsilk, or Bourette
- Tussah
- Duppion or Dupioni
- Thai Silk
Finest cultured silk yarn that is made from the strongest filament
Organzine or Thrown Silk
Silk that uses shorter or broken strands that have less luster and sheen
Tram, Spunsilk, or Bourette
Silk fabric woven from silk made by wild uncultivated silkworms; naturally tan in color and cannot be bleached; used for weaving tougher textiles
Tussah
Fiber formed by two silk worms that spun their cocoons together in an interlocking manner
Duppion or Dupioni
Considered one of the finest fabrics in the world; product of a unique manufacturing process, with the end product coming out with unique patterns and colors; yellow is its natural color
Thai Silk
A condition of silk were the fabric swells when damp and shrinks when dry
Hiking
It is synthetic plant based fiber; first synthetic fiber; called the ‘Poor Man’s Silk’ or the ‘Artificial Silk’; can be found as the woven backing of Velvet; it blends well with other fibers but has low resiliency so it wrinkles easily
Rayon
Acetate and Triacetate are both developed by the __________ Corporation.
Celanese
It is a compound of cellulose acetate (derivative of cellulose); it is a fabric with excellent draping qualities and it does not shrink; it also has a ‘luxurious hand’ but it gets easily damaged by heat and is easily wrinkled
Acetate
It is an almost pure cellulose acetate; it has good resiliency as fiber compared to acetate; it also has greater stability and abrasion resistance; permanent pleats can be set because it maintains a crisp finish
Tri-acetate
It is a non-cellulosic fiber developed by DuPont; it is the strongest of all fibers; it is highly elastic and resilient; most popular carpet fiber because it does not absorb most airborne dirt and oil and is washable but deteriorates when exposed to sunlight
Nylon
It requires elements of petroleum, natural gas (carbon), air (nitrogen and oxygen), and water (hydrogen)
Nylon
Developed by DuPont Co. under the trade name Orion; uses staple fibers which are crimped before cutting then mechanically bulked for an insulative, wool like effect; exceptionally light providing a bulk without weight; excellent color fastness
Acrylic
It is derived from elemets of coal, air, water, petroleum, and limestone
Acrylic
Developed by Union Carbide; its fibers are easily dyed, is washable, and the first flame-resistant synthetic fiber; used for draperies and casement cloths
Modacrylic
Derived from elements of natural gas, coal, air, salt, and water
Modacrylic
What are the three processes of making Cotton?
- Carding
- Combed
- Long-staple
Most widely used Olefin fiber
Polypropylene
A chemical fiber with similar makeup to Nylon; it resembles silk but can be ironed at high heat like cotton
Polynude Nylon
Used for outdoor furniture upholstery and screening; it is unaffected by sunlight, easy-to-care, and is abrasion resistant
Saran
Animal fiber taken from camels, goats, mohairs, alpacas, llamas, vicuñas (rarest), and horses
Hair
Also a high temperature- resistant Aramid fiber and is incredibly strong; stronger than a comparably sized steel; used in bullet resistant vest
Kevlar
Used as upholstery for airplane seats
Polyethylene
Researched by DuPont; it has resistance to air and oil borne dirt, low moisture absorbency, wrinkle and crease resistance, and has dimensional stability; it is frequently blended with other fibers to enhance its performance
Polyester
Considered the most beautiful of all fibers due to its marvelous natural luster; it comes from the cocoons of **worms; strongest natural fiber and surpassed only by nylon in strength
Silk Fibers
It was only in the mid 1800s that it was first produced in fiber form; its most important characteristic is that it is inherently resistant to flame; it is strong and does not absorb moisture, and it has a low abrasion resistance
Glass Fiber
Taken from the Kashmiri Goat; it is warmer than wool; expensive and is said to be the ‘Fiber of Kings’; it was said that the Arc of the Covenant was lined and curtained with it
Cashmere
Owen-Coming’s trade name for glass fiber
Fiberglas
A manufactured elastomeric fiber (DuPont) that can be repeatedly stretched over 500% without breaking and will still recover to its original strength; trade name is Lyrca
Spandex
Alkalis, acids, and solvents have virtually no effect on them; marketed under the trade names Nomex and Kevlar
Aramids
High temperature- resistant Aramid fiber used on apparel such as fire fighter’s clothing and space suits
Nomex
Developed by Hercules Inc. and is a by-product of petroleum; it has a resistance to stains and crushing; has a lack of static generating qualities; it is one of the lightest synthetic fibers and has excellent elastic recovery; strong and lightweight and does not absorb moisture or airborne dirt
Olefins (Polypropylene and Polyethylene)
Discovered by Tenjin Ltd.; silk like hand, resistant to bleach, but has less stretch than Spandex; used for fitted furnishings
Elastoester
A mineral fiber sigh fluffy strands which are generally combined with cotton to produce textile; it is the only natural mineral found in fiber form; it is completely fireproof but is no longer legal in most of its applications because it is known to cause cancer and other serious deceases
Asbestos
Threads of gold, silver or copper often woven into film casements or wall hangings; fibers do not tarnish; mainly for decorative purposes
Metal Fibers
Finest wool from the undercoat of the Himalayan Mountain Goat; light, soft, and exceptionally warm
Pashmina
A method of fabric formation; the matting together of fibers to form a web by moisture, pressure, and heat; results in a continuos dense cloth that has no brain or direction; it is firm, slightly fuzzy, and comparatively low in tensile strength (tends to break apart); does not require hemming
Felting
A method of fabric formation that are produced originally in sheet forms through molding or rolling; produced in varied forms that are thick, opaque, leather-like, suede-like softness, embossed
Films
A method of fabric formation where blunt rod or needles are used to form a single continuous yarn into a series of interlocking loops; much faster than weaving and is the second most common method of creating fabric
Knitting
Old English word for knitting
Cnytton
An English man who constructed the first knitting machine
Reverend William Lee
In knitting, the vertical rows of stitches are called __________.
Wales
In knitting, the horizontal rows of stitches are called __________.
Courses
Four kinds of knitting stitches:
- Plain Stitches
- Rib Stitches
- Tuck Stitches
- Purl Stitches
A knitting stitch that produce a smooth-face material; are used in making fine, thin, or sheer fabric
Plain Stitches
A knitting stitch that produce lines of Wales on both sides of the fabric causing the fabric to be very elastic
Rib Stitches
A knitting stitch that are formed by holding one loop on a needle while taking on one or more additional loops and then casting all of them onto another needle
Tuck Stitches
A knitting stitch that have successive courses of stitches drawn to the opposite sides of the fabric making it elastic lengthwise and crosswise
Purl Stitches
4 Kinds of Fabric Construction
- Circular Knit
- Ribbed Fabric
- Flat Outerwear
- Flat Underwear
A kind of knit fabric construction that is made on a circular machine and produced s tubular fabric without seams
Circular Knit
A kind of knit fabric construction that is made with two sets of needles to give a ribbed or corrugated surface to the fabric
Ribbed Fabric
A kind of knit fabric construction where the fabric is made by having the needles arranged in a straight line
Flat Outerwear
A kind of knit fabric construction where the fabric is made on a machine with only one set of needles
Flat Underwear
A type of knitted fabric that is knitted with a double stitch on a double needle frame to provide a double thickness that is the same on both sides; has excellent body and stability
Double Knit
A type of knitted fabric; a special type of eight-lock knight cloth that has a smooth surface on both sides
Interlock Knit
Is a plain stitch knitted fabric
Jersey
A type of knitted fabric; is a fabric produced by silver knitting - aw,tenor of knitting both yarn and fiber into a fabric to provide an exceptionally deep pile effect
Knit Pile
A type of knitted fabric; a fabric that is known for its high gauge, light weight, fine texture, and appeal in hand
Milanese Knit
Is a knit fabric that has one kind of yarn on the face while another type is found on the back of the goods
Plated
Is a knitted fabric that is versatile; can be made form every type of yarn of any type of fiber in any form
Rachel Knit
Is a fabric knitted on a single-knitted machine; less body, substance, and stability than double knit
Single Knit
Is a type of warp-knitted fabric that has a thin texture since it is made from fine yarn; taken from the French verb ‘tricoter’ which means to knit
Tricot
Is a popular knit fabric with properties that are similar to woven velour
Velour
The interweaving or intertwining of three or more strands of yarn or other material so that the strands Passover and under one another
Braiding
Fabrics made by braiding natural plant fibers
Straw
Intertwining and sometimes knotting of yarns that run in two or more directions; the method that is used in making nets, macrame, and laces; also known as tatting or knotting
Twisting
The interacting of warp and filling or weft yarns, usually at right angles; an ancient textile art
Weaving
Are the lengthwise yarns
Warp
Are the crosswise yarns
Weft
Made by the simple interweaving of warp and weft threads; when each warp yarn passes over and under a weft yarn
Plain Weave
A kind of plain weave where one weft thread passes over each warp thread
Plain Single Weave
A type of plain single weave where the weave is balanced in sequence- have the same count per square inch; also known as TABBY or TAFFETA weave; simplest and strongest because it has the maximum possible number of interlacements
Regular Weave
The warp and weft differ because of the different weight and textures of the yarn because novelty yarns vary in appearance; also called th UNBALANCED WEAVE
Irregular Weave
A kind of plain weave; when two or more weft threads are interlaced into the same number of warp threads; when this weave is regular, it is called a BACKED CLOTH
Plain Double or Basket Weave
A kind of plain weave were the weft yarn is heavier than the warp yarn with the result of a diagonal texture becoming more apparent
Rib Weave
Each warp yarn passes over and then under the weft yarns but the sequence is started slightly higher or lower on each successive yarn - offset by one three for the previous weft thread; has the appearance of a predominantly diagonal pattern; it resists soil, wrinkle less, and are more flexible than plain weaves of similar quantity
Twill Weave
A kind of twill weave where the long threads of floats pass over and under the same number of yarns
Regular Twill Weave
A kind of twill weave where the floats pass over and under a different number of threads
Irregular Twill Weave
It is a weave that emphasizes the continuos weft yarns with as few interruptions of warp yarns as possible; the warp yarns skip four to seven weft yarns; snagging is a problem because there are such long lengths of yarn on the surface of the textile
Satin Weave
Is a form of satin weave where there is a variation made of mercerized cotton; the filler yarns dominate the face of the textile; prone to snagging and sagging due to its loose construction
Sateen
The __________ are also known as the unwoven yarns
Float
Refers to fabrics that are woven in such a way as to create loops or piles that stand out from the surface of the fabric; it is woven with three extra fibers: the warp, the weft, and an extra set of either warp or weft fibers
Pile Weave
Created by weaving one of the two sets of warp yarns into a plain weave to create a solid back while lifting the second set of warp yarns by means of a hook to form a loop; the sharp blade on the end of the wire slices the loop
Velvet Pile
Created by weaving one of the two sets of warp yarns into a plain weave to create a solid back while lifting the second set of warp yarns by means of hook to form a loop; the lifted yarns remain uncut
Frise Pile Weave
When the Frise weave is combined with the Velvet pile, it forms a _________ like effect.
Corduroy
A decorative fabric made by weaving colored weft threads alternatively over and under the warp threads to form a pictorial of ornamental design; unlike embroidery, the weft does not pass from selvage to selvage but only as far as the color is required by the pattern; basically it is a plain weave that makes use of a lot of weft yarns
Tapestry
Ancient word for carpets
Tapis
Are this in which extra warp and weft yarn war added to the fabric during weaving; also known as INLAY PATTERN WEAVING
Extra Warp and Weft Pattern Weaves
A well known art in ancient Egypt, China, and Peru; some of the most beautiful fabrics ware made by this type of weaving
Inlay-pattern Weaving
Several classifications of inlay weaves are called __________.
Brocade
__________ account for many of the durable and beautiful fabrics used today (already known by ancient Peruvians); warp-faced pile weave and matelasse are the most common variety of this type
Double-cloth Weave
A kind of lace-like weave; a loose weave in which the warp threads are wound in half twists around each her and around a filler yarn, alternating in position on each row to form a knot to keep the yarn from slipping
Leno
A kind of lace-like weave; a loose weave in which the warp threads are wound in half twists around each her and around a filler yarn, but the warp threads maintain the same position in relation to the weft
Gauze
Are weaves in which uneven tension in either weft of warp yarns produce an uneven surface effect; most commonly used decor of this type is the brocatelle
Tension and Texture-related Weaves
One of the most commonly used decor of the tension and texture-related weave where floated and compactly woven yarns are combined to produce the raised effect
Brocatelle
Fabrics that are at a stage where they are not ready for consumer use because the are still rough and full of blemishes and impurities
Grey or Greige Goods
Is defined as a process done to fabrics, sometimes to fibers and yarns, causing them to change in appearance, texture, and performance
Finish
The kind of finish that lasts until the fabric is washed or dry-cleaned
Temporary Finish
A kind of fabric that lasts longer than temporary but may become unsatisfactory with the passing of time
Durable Finish
The kind of finish that lasts until the garment is of service
Permanent Finish
Include those finishes that affect the texture and appearance of the cloth; common finishes applied to the majority of the fabrics produced; concerned with aesthetics
General Finish
A finish that includes those of which that affect the performance of the cloth; also called FUNCTIONAL FINISH because they give the fabric special service feature which improves its properties and functions
Special Finish
A finish that gives the cloth a firm flattened and lustrous appearance; the fabric is hammered and the yarns are flattened by the impact of wooden mallets; it closes the weave and creates a heavy and compact appearance; it is done to cotton to make firm and lustrous like linen
Beetling
Vernacular: Pinukpok
A finish that makes the fabric white and it where the impurities are removed through the use of chemicals such as peroxide and chlorine; it increases the fabric’s ability to dye well
Bleaching
A finishing process which makes the fabric smooth and glossy; done by passing the fabric between heavily heated steel rollers at a pressure of up to 2,000 pounds per square inch
Calendering
A wool finishing process to prevent creases or other forms of uneven shrinkage in latter stages of finishing; where the cloth passes over roller of hot water or steam then the fabric is put into cold water after which it is pressured
Crabbing
A finishing process that improves the appearance, enhances the luster and hand of the material
Decating or Decatizing
A decating finishing process where the cloth is wound in a perforated drum between layers of blanket then steam passes through from the inside to the outside layers
Dry Decating Process
A decating finishing process where the cloth is wound on a roller and treated in a hot water or steam boiler which also has a vacuum system; help overcome uneven or blotchy dyeing
Wet Decating Process
An important finish applied to wool fabrics; a pre-shrinking process which involves the application of moisture, heat, friction, and pressure; it results in the felting of wool that gives the fabric a fuller, more compact body
Fulling
Discovered by John Mercer; a process where fabrics are grated with a strong caustic soda under tension to hydrate its strength, reduce shrinkage, and give it great absorbency for dyes; fabric swells slightly making it appear rounder, smoother, and mor lustrous
Mercerizing
Process applied to fabrics for the purpose of removing the fuzz of protruding fibers making the surface smooth; accomplished by passing the fabric over jets of flames or white hot metal plates and then immediately immersed in water to prevent the cloth from catching fire
Singeing or Gassing
Other terms for STARCHING; a process where the cloth is filled with starch to increase its strength, smoothness, stiffness, or weight of the fabric
Sizing or Dressing
A process that straightens and restores the cloth to its proper dimensions through stretching, passing through hot air, and heat-setting; it is usually the end finish
Tentering, Stentering, or Heat-Setting
A chemical treatment designed to make a fabric bacteria resistant; it imparts a self-sterilizing quality to the fabric by inhibiting the growth of a broad spectrum bacteria
Antiseptic Finish
The trade name for an antiseptic finish on fabrics and ready-to-wear clothing items in the market today
Sanitized of Sanitized Inc.
A chemical treatment applied to synthetic fabrics to prevent the accumulation of static electricity; it adds a water-attracting chemical to the fabric which will carry off the electrical charges
Anti-static Finish
A finish applied on fabrics that do not have the natural quality of elasticity that makes the fabric resistant to wrinkling or creasing; it treats the fabrics with synthetic resins that fill up the porous openings in the fibers thus making them smoother and crease resistant; it gives the fabric quick recovery from crease and synthetic wrinkles
Crease-resistant Finish
Chemically treated to retard frame so the fabrics will not catch flames or burn actively; it looses it finish after washing or dry-cleaning and it makes the fabric loose its softness and flexibility
Flame Retardant Finish
Among the most effective flame-proofing compound that makes a fabric fire resistant without imparting a harsh quality
Ammonium Sulphonate
Also called the INSULATED FINISH; a type of finish that makes a fabric suitable for either hot or cold weather; metallic particles are bonded to a drapery or garment lining fabric thus providing selective radiation
Heat-reflectant Finish
A chemical finish given mostly to fabrics that are susceptible to attack by mildew in moist and humid climates; it is a finish applied to fabric to prevent the growth of mildew and mold
Mildew-resistant Finish
Sometimes referred to as moth-proofing finish; a chemical finish especially for wool fabrics to make them resistant to moths and carpet beetles
Moth-resistant Finish
A mechanical finish of subjecting the surface of a fabric to a brushing process to raise the fiber ends thus creating a surface fuzziness; creates a soft fabric that provides warmth; FLANNELETTE is a typical example of this fabric
Napping
Relaxation shrinkage is eliminated by over feeding a fabric onto a dyeing frame and applying stretch in the crosswise direction of the fabric or applying controlled compression forces parallel to the surface of the fabric, pushing together warp yarns, thus releasing the weaving strains
Shrink-resistant Finish
A __________ label or mark applied to cotton or linen fabrics indicates a mechanical shrink-resistant finish that has met the standards of less than 1% shrinkage
Sanforized (Cluett, Peabody)
A finish given to loosely constructed fabrics or fabrics with low thread count; it prevents the warp yarns from slipping along the filling yarns; immerses the fabric in synthetic resins then stretched and dried under tension
Slip-resistant Finish
Chemical finish usually given to rug and upholstery fabrics to repel oil and stain through a compound called Silicon that makes the fabric water repellent when treated with it; Fluorocarbon compounds are now used to repel oil-borne stains
Soil and Stain-resistant Finish
A popular trade name of a type of stain repeller
Scotchguard of 3M
Also referred to as the dip-dry finish; causes fabrics to dry smoothly and need little or no ironing after washing
Wash and Wear Finish or Mini-care Finish
A chemical finish which makes a fabric resistant to wetting but not waterproof; it permits a fabric to breath, allowing passage of air, water vapor, and perspiration through it; more comfortable to wear than waterproof fabrics; water-borne stains are prevented from seeping through
Water-repellant Finish
Totally coats the fabric, closing the pores and enabling it to shed water under all pressures; Rubber, lacquer, linseed oil compounds or synthetic resin is applied on the fabric to achieve this finish
Waterproof Finish
Two kinds of colorants:
- Dyes
2. Pigments
Are soluble substances which penetrate into the fabric and are fixed by chemical reaction, heat, or other treatment
Dyes
Are insoluble color particles which are held on the surface of a fabric by a binding agent
Pigments
Any material made of interlacing fibers
Textile
Colored water-soluble organic compounds, mainly salts of sulphuric acid; to make them colorfast, addition of metallic salts, especially chrome to the dyestuff as an after-treatment, is done
Acid Dyes
Oldest among the artificial dyes and they differ from acid dyes because they are basic in character and have the power of neutralizing acids; colored salts of organic bases which are soluble in water; amino groups are present in their molecule
Basic dyes
Basic dyes are of little value in dyeing cotton, linen, and regenerated rayon unless a __________ is used
Mordant
Dyes that form a very important group of coloring materials since they will color both protein and cellulosic fibers
Direct or Salt Dyes
Direct dyes for cotton, linen, viscose, and cuprammonium rayon are known as __________ because they achieve very bright, full colors for those fabric.
Direct Cotton Dyes
Formerly called acetate dyes; originally developed for acetate fibers but are now used for coloring acetate, polyester, and as acrylic and nylon fibers
Disperse Dyes
When disperse dues are used on nylon and polyester, ___________ remains a problem due to exposure to nitrogen in the air
Disperse Dyes
Color is developed by additional treatment which makes the dyes color fast to washing; these dyes do not bleed, also called TUB-FAST colors, and are used for women’s apparel that must withstand frequent washing
Developed Dyes
Water soluble organic dyes that have affinity for cellulose in an alkaline bath; done in two ways: padding and thermosol process
Reactive Dyes
These dyes are made by reaction of sulphur with organic compounds; not soluble in water so they must be put into a solution with sodium sulfide and alkali; they are injurious to protein fibers and can only be used on vegetable materials
Sulphur Dyes
Fastest dyes for cotton, linen, and viscose and cuprammonium rayon; considered the most satisfactory of all dyes
Vat dyes
A basic method of dyeing fabrics where some of the man-made fibers may be dyed in a solution before filament is formed; results in excellent color fastness
Solution Dye
A basic method of dyeing fabric where the fibers are dyed before yarns are spun and woven into a fabric
Fiber Dye or Stock Dye
A basic method in dyeing fabric where the yarns are dyed before they are woven into checks, plaids, stripes, or herringbone designs
Yarn Dye
A basic method of dyeing fabric where the cloth is dyed after fabrication; also known as dip dyeing
Piece Dye
When the open fabric passes back and forth through a stationary dye bath
Jig Dyeing
When the fabric is continuously immersed in dye without strain to the fabric
Winch, Reel, or Beck dyeing
When the fabric is run through the dye bath and then between rollers which squeeze the dye deeper into the yarns of the fabric
Pad Dyeing
A basic method of dyeing fabric where the fabric of two or more fibers is placed in a dye bath containing two or more different dyes; each fiber will be dyed by the dye for which it has an affinity
Cross Dye
A basic method of dyeing fabric where the fabric from one fiber is dyed in one color
Solid
This technique mixes dyes for fabrics made from two or more fibers so that the fibers will dye the same color
Union Dye
These are made possible though yarn type and arrangement, and weaves, knits and variations; knitted or woven fabric using different colored yarns arranged in a pattern, produce beautiful and colorful effects; the use of complex, or novelty yarns such as stub, boucle, ratin, etc., create a variety of structural designed in woven fabric
Structural Designs
Done to add colors and designs to the fabric surface, making the fabric more appealing to the consumers
Printing
Oldest method of printing design on fabrics;
Involves carving design on a wooden, rubber, or metal block; color is applied in past form to the design on the face of the block; the block is then pressed down firmly by hand on the fabric until the color and design are transferred
Block Printing
Method of fabric printing, the design is cut on a cardboard, wood, or metal; color is then applied, penetrating only the cut proportions; usually limited to the application of only one color and often used for printing narrow fabrics
Stencil Printing
Acids are used in this type of printing; one of the fibers used in the fabric is burned, leaving a lacy or shear and heavy design; eyelets can also be made through this process
Burn-out Printing
Method of fabric printing where the color is discharged or removed from the fabric, creating a design; chemicals are used to remove colors; employed were light design is required against a dark background
Discharge or Extract Printing
This type of printing can be considered as the machined counterpart of hand-block printing; where designs are engraved on rollers and as the fabric passes between them, the design is imprinted on the fabric
Roller Printing
Method of fabric printing that creates a design which appears on the face and back of the fabric, simulating a woven pattern
Duplex Printing
Method of fabric printing where a resist paste is stamped on the fabric creating a design; the fabric is then immersed in a dye bath leaving the design unaffected
Resist Printing
A resinous substance used in Resist Printing that cannot be penetrated when the fabric is immersed in a dye bath
Resin Paste
An example of Resist Printing; first used in Indonesia where the fabric is pile-spread with Paraffin or wax; upon dipping in the dye, the waxed areas remain in the original color while the rest of the fabric adopts the color of the dye
Batik Printing
This method of printing is almost the same as developing a photograph; the fabric to be printed is covered with chemical that are sensitive to light
Photo Printing
Method of fabric printing where chemicals are used to produce the puckered design; fabric passes between rollers which permit a caustic solution to contract certain areas of the fabric
Plisse Printing
Method of fabric printing where the warp yarns are printed, usually with the use of rollers before they are woven in to the fabric
Warp Printing
Method of fabric printing where the design is first drawn on silk, nylon, or metal screen; lacquer coating is applied to all parts of the screen where the design does not appear; the screen is put on top of the fabric to be printed and dyed, or printing paste is sprayed, painted, or rubbed back and forth with a squegee
Screen Printing
Method of fabric printing; process of transferring prints from pre-printed release papers to fabrics; the papers are printed with disperse dyes which when heated, transfers their colors to the fabric
Transfer Printing
Is the simplest method of designing fabric where the designs are put in the fabric by painting the color directly to the cloth with the use of a brush
Free Hand Painting
A method of designing fabric where one piece of the fabric is applied to another larger piece; the stitching work is worked around the edges of the motif
Appliqué
A method of designing fabric where there are raised designs found on the surface of the fabric; produced through special machines which press the designs in the fabric while it’s under the conditions of heat, moisture, and steam
Embossed Design
A method of designing fabric where tiny pieces of fiber, called flocks, are made to stick to the fabric by printing adhesive to the fabric first, then dusting it with flocks
Flocked Designs
A method of designing fabric where cut out designs are held to the fabric surface by the use of glue or an adhesive
Glued or Pasted Design
A method of designing fabric often referred to as having a ‘watered appearance’; achieved through the use of a special machine that produces this effect while the fabric is till under heat, pressure, and moisture
Moire Design
Processed animal skin, mostly that of cattle
Leather
A kind of hide described as skin of a fully grown cow; ranges from 4.6 sqm - 5.5 sqm or 50-60 sqft
Cattle Hide
The center portion of a cattle hide that yields the best quality hide
Bend
It is a kind of hide described as hide of a young animal and is considerably smaller; 2.3 sqm to 3.2 sqm or 25 - 35 sqft; characterized by its softness, suppleness, and fine grain
Calfskin
Is defined by the surface imperfections and how it is processed
Categories of Leather
A category of leather sometimes called FULL-TOP-GRAIN leater; possesses the genuine original grain of the hide; has not been altered in any way; has the least amount of surface imperfections but is very difficult to attain and will develop patina over time
Full-Grain Leather
A category of leather considered as the second highest quality; thinner and more pliable than full-grain; finish coat is added to the surface which results in a colder, plastic feel, with less breathability
Top-Grain Leather
A category of leather that has had an artificial grain applied to its surface; solid pigments are added to hide the corrections and imperfections
Corrected-Grain Leather
A category of leather created from the fibrous part of the hide that is left once the top grain has been separated
Split Leather
Another kind of leather that has undone a type of tanning process that uses animal brains, or other fatty materials to alter it; usually smoked to prevent rotting
Buckskin or Brained Leather
A type of leather that has been given a high gloss finish; it is usually black, and is coated with lacquer on the final finishing to give it its glossiness
Patent Leather
Another kind of leather also known as stingray skin/leather; used in furniture production since the Art Deco periods
Shagreen
A kind of leather from the skin of unborn calves; particularly soft and is highly valued
Slink
Also known as ‘reconstituted leather’; not a true leather; composed of 90 - 100% leather fibers bonded together with latex binders to create a look and feel similar to leather; for products not used frequently
Bonded Leather
Not a true leather; split leather with a layer of polyurethane applied to the surface and then embossed; for shoe and furniture industry
Bycast Leather
2 Steps in Transforming a Hide Into a Leather
- Tanning
2. Finishing
Used to preserve the hide; puts life back into a leather by replacing the natural gelatinous material found in the skin with tanning solutions; it makes leather strong, supple, and enduring
Tanning
Three Primary Agents of Tanning
- Mineral
- Vegetable
- Combination
Is the tanning solution based on chromium salts
Mineral Tanning
Tree bark, typically oak, and water form the basis of this tanning solution
Vegetable Tanning
Combines both mineral and vegetable tanning; this tanning method produces a hide that is quit supple, with a limited acceptance of dyes
Combination Tanning
A process where finishes can color the leather and help protect it from hard wear; dyeing, embossing, and water or stain proofing may be part of this process
Finishing
Are comparable to stains for wood that do not contain opaque pigments; translucent; best quality upholstery leathers are dyed with this
Aniline Dyes
Contain some pigments; the use of this dye will help ensure uniformity in color among many hides; comparable to paint
Semi-aniline Dyes
Two Types of Denim Dyeing
- Indigo- blue
2. Sulfur - other colors like black, etc.
The word window is derived from the combined old Norse words, ______________, that is literally translated to ‘an eye of the house through which wind entered’
Vindagua (vindir and agua)
It admits in light and air/ ventilation, provides protection from outside elements, and frames or admits in the room, the visual beauty of the exterior
Window
Is a basic window type that has two sashes, one or both of which slide up and down
Double Hung Window
A basic window type with one or more sashes that are hinged on a vertical edge; opens from the side
Casement Windows
A basic window type that is most often a wide window set high off the floor; usually has sliding sashes and is common to most ranch type houses
Ranch or Strip Windows
A basic window type that has wide, horizontal sashes the open outward to any angle; can be left open when it’s raining
Awning Window
A basic window type identified by narrow, horizontal strips of glass that open by means of a crank to any desired angle
Jalousie Window
A basic window type designed to frame an outside view; consist of one large, fixed pane of glass that cannot be opened or it may also have movable sections one of both sides of a fixed pane- or above and below- which can be opened for ventilation
Picture Window
Usually a small window projecting from the house in an alcove-like extension of the room
Dormer Window
Often called the ‘cathedral’ window; its main characteristic is the angle at the top where the window follows the line of a slanting roof
Slanting Window
A basic window type of three or more windows set at an angle to each other in a recessed area
Bay Windows
A basic window type that is curved and sometime called a circular bay
Bow Window
A basic window type that is side by side; if there are more than one, they are often called multiple windows)
Double Windows
Sometimes called French Windows; come in pairs and often open onto a porch or patio
French Doors
Any window that come together at the corner of a room
Corner Windows
A basic window type that is considered as today’s functional version of French doors; often set into a regular wall, but are sometimes part of a modern “glass wall”
Sliding Glass Doors
A basic window type that is shallow and set near the ceiling
Clerestory Window
An arched top window with straight panes below the arch
Palladian Window
Usually a group of basic window units made to fit together, forming a veritable “wall” of windows
Glass Wall
The major reason for treating windows; the amount of ** needed depends on the window location, and is critical especially when in bedrooms and bathrooms
Privacy
A benefit or use of window treatment where the regional climate will also affect drapery or layering window treatments provides insulation in both hot and cold climates
Energy Conservation
A benefit or use of window treatment where the window direction plays a major role and multilayered treatments help filter out the light and the glare
Light Control
A benefit or use of window treatment where framing a window with curtains and drapes will add to the beautiful view that could be seen outside as well as reduce the harsh, straight lines of the window frames; can also help cover up views
View Enhancement
A benefit or use of window treatment where layering window treatments for insulation helps control house as well as temperature; fabric and wood absorb sounds, reducing noise both inside and outside
Acoustics and Noise Control
A benefit or use of window treatment where the window treatment is used to cover or conceal defects on walls, decorate the wall in a certain style, and relieve the monotony of unbroken wall space
Aesthetics
___________ and ___________ control are important elements to consider when choosing your window treatments
Light and Privacy
Are window treatments used to accent an open, airy feeling; very thin fabric and is nearest to glass; provide maximum amount of light to enter but least amount of privacy
Sheers
Are window treatments that diffuse light for a little privacy; thicker than glass curtain and may be used alone or with draperies; there’s privacy during the day, and none during the night when the interior lights are on
Semi-Sheers
Are window treatments that provide partial blockage of light when the curtains are closed; can only see shadows on the inside from the outside at night
Semi-Opaque
Are window treatments for persons who need privacy and maximum light blocking
Opaques
Is a type to window treatment that includes draperies, curtains, and shades that are purely made of fabric
Soft Window Treatments
A soft window treatment that uses a thick kind of fabric and is made with pleats; decorative and is also used for privacy and elimination of light
Draperies
Stationary draperies used oh either side of a window with other treatments between them
Overdrapes
A kind of drapery that has pleated panels that can be pulled across the window
Draw Draperies
Soft window treatments that are generally shirred or smocked or have headings attached to rods; usually a term for informal window treatments
Curtains
Short in length, each about the length of half the height of the window in which they are to be hung
Tiers
Used to allow seated patrons privacy beside the widow, while allowing passersby a glimpse of the tempting atmosphere within; only the lower portion of the window is covered
Cafe Curtains
Sometimes known as the brise-bise, French roughly translated to “wind screen”; curtain is gathered and hung with two rods (top and bottom)- cannot be drawn or traversed
Stretch or Sash Curtains
Similar to stretch curtains but is permanently tied with a tie back in the middle
Hourglass Curtain
These are curtains that are designed to be gathered at the side of the window and held by a decorative tieback, sleeve, or cord
Tie Back Curtains
Also called CASEMENT CURTAINS; the top, usually shirred, forms a pocket which the fabric is then threaded onto a pole or rod
Rod Pocket Curtains
Rod pocket curtains with extra length so that the sides can be gathered with tiebacks to create multiple poufs and they often puddle on the ground
Bishops Sleeve
Curtains that hang behind the main curtains
Under Curtains
Are soft window treatments that are generally drawn up from the bottom
Fabric Shades
Fabric-covered shades of horizontal panels, may have wooden slats inserted horizontally at intervals down its entire length; raised and lowered via pull cord, it gathers soft folds as it does so
Roman Shades
Curtains that have vertical shirring that transforms the tailored folds of the Roman shade into soft draping scallops
Austrian Shade
Curtains with cords placed vertically among the shade to hold the fabric in place; it has straight sides and a straight lower hem; the cord is pulled to raise it, deep inverted pleats cause the shade to billow out into puffs along the bottom edge
Balloon Shades
Are the finished bottom edges of the drapery
Hems
To stabilize the hems, ___________ is sewn to it
Bead Tape
Are hems at the top of the draperies
Headers
Are loops of separate fabric sewn onto unpleated, flat drapery
Tab Tops
Small strips of fabric attached to the head of the fabric and are used to tie over a curtain rod, holding the curtain in place
Tie Top Curtains
Also known as grommets; similar to tab tops but have metal grommets fixed onto the head of the curtain at regular intervals
Eyelets
Created by a row of gatherings on a pole or rod
Shirring
Uses double or triple rows of puckers created by a line of stitching through the fabric according to a set pattern; starts out looking like pencil pleats before certain points are stitched together to form X or diamond patterns
Smocking
Are folds of cloth sewn or taped into place to create fullness
Pleats
Flat symmetrical pleats formed by folding th fabric to the basic at each side of the pleat; these are deep, inverted, tailored pleats featuring two straight classical boxy look
Box Pleats
Are round, 2” to 2 1/2” pleats, filled in with cotton or paper to hold the shape; 2” or 3” apart
Cartridge Pleats
Also known as PINCH PLEATS; made by dividing one flat pleat into three smaller ones, but not creasing them
French Pleats
Curtain heading formed by a tape which, when drawn up, create a row of narrow, densely packed folds
Pencil Pleate
Made easily with patented devices that allow the creating of neat, even folds that snap on and off a traverse track without hooks; have a uniform exterior and interior appearance
Accordion Pleate
Formed the same way as French Pleats Headings, but instead of making the single tuck into a triple one, it secures only the base of it, forming a short cup
Goblet Pleats
In a Goblet Pleats Heading, the cup is stuffed with a rolled-up piece of inclining or ___________, a synthetic filling fiber, to par out the full shape
Dacron
Takes the form of goblet pleats linked along the base by hand sewn cord
Flemish Headings
Window treatment that includes blinds, shades, and screens that are made of wood, plastic, or strong fabric
Hard Window Treatments
Consists of horizontal panels that open and close at right angle, depending on the privacy needed
Horizontal Blinds
Usually made of lightweight metal, usually aluminum, which is coated with paint; has 2” wide slats held together by a 1” wide cotton braid “ladder” or nylon cord
Venetian Blinds
Same as that of Venetian Blinds only that it has 1” wide slats
Miniblinds
Horizontal blinds with 1/2” slats
Microminiblinds
Horizontal blinds that is same as that of Venetian Blinds only that the strips are made of wood or made to look like wood (PVC)
Wood Blinds
Made of vertically aligned vanes that have all the advantages of horizontal blinds as well as the side-draw operation of draperies; stacks neatly against the wall when not in use
Vertical Blinds
Vertical blinds made of fabric in approx. 4” widths; when closed, these strips fold one in back of the other creating a look of macramé panel on either side of the window
Vertical Woven Blinds
A roll of material attached to a spring-wound tube or roller mechanism that hangs on the window
Roller Blinds
Usually made of narrow horizontal strips connects with thread woven on both sides; made of bamboo, tortoise shells, or woven wood
Wood Shades
Made of accordion-pleated fabric or fibrous paper which is raised and lowered with cords like blinds; permanently pleated so when drawn up it folds neatly into clean pleats
Pleated Shades
Also known as HONEYCOMB SHADES; consists of two or more sheets of accordion-pleated reinforced fabric that are bonded together; multi-layered construction that creates a single, double, or even triple layers of honeycombed air spaces; creates an insulation effect
Cellular Shades
Wooden hinged or solid panels that may be folded across a window to diffuse light and to add privacy; with 1 1/4 “louvers and 8-12” Panels
Shutters
Are shutters with wide louvers (2 1/2 - 4 1/2”) and wide panels (15 - 36”); it provides more ventilation and a clearer view than narrower ones
Plantation Shutters
Are free standing furniture connected by hinges; its practical uses include: (1) prevent drafts, (2) for privacy, and (3) as dividers for spaces
Screens
Chinese wooden folding screens coated in dark lacquer for the Europeans; sometimes decorated with precious stones; appeared in Europe in the late 17th century
Coromandel Screens
Is a traditional Japanese designed panel screens; it is lighter than wood and let’s the light pass; the paper provides privacy and diffuses the light through the room
Shoji Screens
Shoji screens are made out of ___________ paper
Washi Paper
A screen with open framework with crisscrossing and overlapping strips of either wood or metal
Lattice Screens
Are ornately carved screens with pinholes allowing light to penetrate, creating an interesting pattern and exotic background; used extensively in Indian Architecture; also known as JALIS
Pierced Screens
Are used to protect draperies, adding to their durability and longevity; can be used to give weight to light, thinner fabrics, helping them hang better; can also help give uniform appearance to the exterior of a home while allowing those of different fabrics and patterns in the interior
Drapery Liners
A drapery liner either in white or gray/ silver in color; it eliminates inter-lining but is twice the cost of sateen
Milium Sateen
A drapery liner that may have to be inter-lined; most draperies are lined with this
Sateen
Is a drapery liner used for lining but is generally interlinked with white flannel
Glosheen or colored Sateen
Are used to change or enhance the properties of draperies; not generally durable therefore are inserted between the lining and drapery fabrics
Interlining
Lend a nice, airy feeling to a room with drapery hanging just below the pole with rings or drapery fabric fully gated on the pole
Pole Treatments
The size, in diameter, of a brass pole
1 1/2” diameter
The size, in diameter, of a wood pole with 2” rings
1 3/8” diameter
Are soft horizontal treatments mounted across the tops of a window, and are always made entirely of fabric; serve the function of camouflaging the hardware and traverse rods but also give a finished appearance to the framing of a window
Valances
A valance treatment that is arched along the lower edge
Arched Valance
A valance treatment constructed like box pleats, but the pleats are spaced further apart
Kick Pleated Valance
A valance treatment that includes triangularity cut fabric pieces that overlap together
Banner Valance
A long piece of fabric usually designed to drape across the top of a window and hang to the floor on either side, but early customized for unique looks
Scarf
Are stiff paneled headings to curtains; are valances made out of wood, with edges cut either straight or curved; called Valance Board here in the Philippines
Pelmets or Corniceboards
Depth of cornice for Pelmets or Corniceboards usually varies from __________ or _________ depending upon the length and height of the room and material used
4” to 8”
Extends all the way down either side of the window as well as across the top, framing the window on three sides
Lambrequins
Otherwise known as FESTOON; single or double draping of fabric across the top of the window; hung from a foundation cornice
Swag
French term that means ‘bird’s crop’; pleated or draped lengths of fabric hanging down the side of the window
Jabots
Loose hanging ends or tails of Jabots; descending in a zigzag line from the heading or top treatment
Cascades
Its function is to tie back draperies; can be the same fabric as the drapery itself, or in a contrasting fabric, or may have a border, or may be shirred, or may use ornamental pieces or accessories; looks best when placed one-third the distance from either top or bottom
Tie-backs
Are simple ornamental knows or hooks where you attach the tie backs or use them by themselves
Hold Backs
Is defined as decorative cording, braids, or fringes applied to the edges or hems of draperies to match or contrast the panel fabric
Trim
Sewn onto op the edges and hems of curtain panels; often used to decorate pillows, lampshades, and rugs
Fringes
Tassels attached to the bottom edge of curtains; are defined as 8” long bell shaped trims constructed entirely from yarns and are tied together at the neck
Tassel Fringe
Consists of round or elongate wooden turnings that are wound with on or more variety of yarns
Molded Fringes
Fringes that are formed of twisted loops of rope
Bullion Fringe
A woven ribbon used as edging or trimming
Braid
A braid defined as a narrow close-woven band or braid used for trimming draperies and upholstery and commonly made of lace, metallic thread, or embroidery; heavy Gimpe
Galloon
A narrow flat braid or rounded cord of fabric used for trimming
Gimpe or Gimp
Length of cord covered with bias binding and used as a decorative edging; usually bias is used, either same material or contrasting material; aka: WELT
Piping
Strips of material sewn between upholstery seams or drapery seams to give a finished appearance; may be braided or filled with cord
Welting
Strip of pleated material used as a decoration or trim
Ruffles
Are adjustable rods, usually hung by brackets to the wall or the window frame; drawn manually and curtains may be shirred onto the rod or hung by hooks
Flat Curtain Rods
Are flat rods designed for double curtain treatments, such as curtain plus valance; the design of the outside rod is longer than the inside rod
Double Flat Rods
Flat rods are two or three-piece adjustable rods, hinged for use on corner-meeting widows and angled bays
Corner and Bay Window Rods
Small round decorative rod used to mount café curtains that do not have a rod pocket
Cafe Rods
Small rod, either decorating or plain, usually mounted inside a window frame on a sash
Sash Rods
Rods which stay in place inside the window frame through spring tension
Tension Rods
Rods used on windows that have curves; made usually of brass or aluminum
Custom-Bent
Adjustable drapery rods allow the opening and closing of the window treatment by means of a cord and pulley
Traverse Rod
Are traverse rods where curtains and draperies are drawn on both sides; two panels of curtains or draperies; usually overlaps in the middle for a clean look
Conventional Two-way
A traverse Rod that moves only in one panel and in one direction; used on sliding doors; can be made to open on the right or left side
Conventional One-way
May be exposed traversed rods; only available as two way; can be reconfigured as one way
Decorative
An attachment placed at each end of a curtain rod, originally to stop curtain rings from falling off, but is now treated as a decorative addition
Finials
Are attached to ordinary brackets to extend the length of the rod return; needed for multiple tier curtains to hang freely
Extension Brackets
Used to mount brackets bound the window frame; no holes on the walls
Extension Plates
Weights sewn in at the vertical seams and each corner of the drapery panel
Lead Weights
Small beads strung in a line along bottom hemline of sheers, to insure an even hemline and straight hanging
Chain Weights
Grip the curtain with sprint-tension prongs; easily attaches and detaches from curtains but may not be strong enough to bear the width of full length curtains
Clip-on Rings
These are rights that have additional smaller ring on the bottom
Eyelet Rings
Dominates the visual field and can have tremendous impact on the acoustics of a space; subjected to so much wear
Floor
Mark the confines of a room; most conspicuous architectural element; vertical surfaces that contain the doors, windows, and furnishes the background of furniture; also serve as complex systems
Walls
Contain the volume of a space and breathe life into it by shaping the diffusion of sound and light; prominent design element, making a substantial contribution to the ambience of a room; conceal the distribution of conditioned air, artificial light, and the fire suppression system
Ceiling
Space between a finished ceiling and the structure above; serves as the main thoroughfare for the heating, air conditioning, fire suppression, and lighting systems
Plenum
Classification of flooring materials where the flooring closely resemble elements found in nature; durable and practical, it establishes a sense of permanence, and if properly selected, can last the life of the building
Hard Flooring
Classification of flooring materials where the flooring combines the comfort underfoot and the quietness associated with textile floor coverings; resists indentation while providing a dense, relatively easy-to-clean surface
Resilient Flooring
Most often specified type of resilient flooring
Vinyl Composition Tile
Resilient flooring popular for application in which a monolithic surface is required to prevent the penetration of dirt or moisture
Vinyl Sheet Flooring
Classification of flooring materials where the flooring is already waterproof and impervious to most household liquids; putting a seal is not needed; usually the most durable;
Eg: Slate, ceramic tiles, quarry tiles, and glass
Nonporous Floors
Classification of flooring materials where the flooring is waterproof and resistant to oil, grease, and tend to react badly to spirit solvents such as petrol; paraffin and white spirits irreparably damage it
Eg: Marble, terrazzo, rubber, vinyl, asbestos, thermoplastic, and most linoleums
Semi-porous Floors
Classification of flooring materials where the flooring is not waterproof or greaseproof and are likely to stain
Eg: Unsealed wood, cork, concrete, chipboard, some older linoleum
Porous Floors
Is a natural building material made from sand, clay, and water with some kind of fibrous organic material which is shaped into bricks; as wall material, it stores and releases heat very slowly
Adobe
Wall and flooring material defined as a block of ceramic material used in masonry construction and is sized to be laid with only one hand; commonly made from clay
Brick
Brick laid where the side is showing
Stretcher
A brick laid where the end is showing
Header
Brick layout where stretchers, headers, and stretchers are laid in alternate layers; oldest brick pattern
English Bond
Brick layout where headers and stretchers alternate in one layer
Flemish Bond
Brick pattern where only stretchers are laid in one layer
Stretcher Bond
Brick layout where bricks of different colors are used to make a regular pattern
Diapering
Wall material made form clay or a mixture of clay and ceramic materials pressed into tiles and fired at high temperature; natural clay commonly used but porcelain tiles are also available characterized by its fine grained and smooth texture
Ceramic Tile
This principal constituent of compound bodies are usually clays having high bonding power and some fluxing ability
Plastic
This principal constituent of compound bodies reduces shrinkage in drying and firing and imparts to the body a certain rigidity which prevents deformation under heat
Filler
This principal constituent of compound bodies that melts under intense heat and fuses the heat resisting elements into one solid mass
Flux or Solvent
This kind of tile has the lowest absorption level
Impervious
Meaning of glasslike, describes a tile that is slightly more absorptive than impervious tile, but still at a very low rate;
Vitreous
_________ and __________ tiles are appropriate for use in exterior applications exposed to rain and freezing temperatures or in interior applications that require constant exposure to water, such as swimming pools
Impervious and Vitreous
When the tile has an absorption level of more than 3.0% but not more than 7.0%; for indoor use
Semi-vitreous
Is the most absorptive, at a rate of more than 7.0%; for indoor use
Non-vitreous
Ceramic tiles that are made from the dust-press process
Glazed Interior Tiles
Refers to the small size of the tile which has a face area of less than 150sqmm; can be made of either porcelain or natural clay and can be glazed or unglazed
Ceramic Mosaic Tiles
Are essentially large ceramic mosaic tiles; are made of unglazed porcelain or natural clay; generally weatherproof and are especially suitable for heavy floor service
Paver Tiles
Are unglazed, extruded, and made from either natural clay or shale; similar to brick in material, performance, range of colors, and methods of installation; known to be very durable as a flooring material, being impervious to moisture, stains, and dirt, and are resistant to abrasion
Quarry Tiles
Fired at a very high temperature; generally dense and impervious and a more superior chip resistance; extremely difficult to cut and offers the appearance of natural stone without the maintenance
Porcelain Tiles
A kind of ceramic tile that is solid on color throughout
Homogenous
A ceramic tile finish that is composed of the same ingredients throughout and derive their color and texture from the materials of which the body is made
Unglazed Tiles
A finish of ceramic tiles that have the glassy surface of ceramic materials fused upon their face to give them a decorative appearance and to make the surface impervious to moisture
Glazed Tiles
Kind of glazed tile having a highly polished surface and reflects the image clearly
Bright Glaze
Kind of glazed tile that do not reflect an image or are entirely without sheen
Matte Glaze
A production method of ceramic tiles where the tile is double fired; passes through the kiln twice - once for the body and another for the glaze; decorative
Bicottura
A production method of ceramic tile that is single fired; passes through the kiln once at a temperature of 2200 degrees; have denser bodies and harder glazes than Bicottura because the body and glaze is fired simultaneously
Monocottura
Concrete that may be patterned, textured, or embossed; made to resemble brick, slate, flagstone, stone, tile, wood, and various other patterns and textures; commonly used for patios and sidewalks; 3 procedures- (1) add base color and color hardener to concrete, (2) add accent/ secondary color, and (3) stamp patterns
Stamped Concrete
The first brand to supply stamped concrete in the Philippines
Bomanite
Floor and wall material made of cement and aggregate; suitable for patios, terraces, and showers but is now being used in a lot of the interiors such as kitchen and even living rooms
Concrete Tiles
A floor and wall material composed of granulated corks and natural or synthetic resins that act as binders, then compressed and baked; a protective finish coat is applied to the completed tile to give it the qualities of color fastness and stain-resistance; offers excellent acoustic and thermal insulation
Cork Tiles
Cork tiles that are has a laminated top layer of vinyl that makes it tougher and non-porous that can be kept clean by damp mopping
Vinyl Cork Tiles
Is a wall and flooring composite material mad of crushed stone bound together by a polymer resin; used primarily for kitchen countertops; factory made in slabs and assembled at the worksite; typically stronger in flexibility and hardness and is less porous than most natural stone
Engineered Stone
Oldest wall covering; its warmth, richness, and beauty cannot be matched by other wall finishes; not appropriate in applications where wear resistance is a concern
Fabric
When fabrics are back coated to be installed as wall covering to provide a barrier to prevent adhesive from bleeding through and ruining the finish face of the fabric; the baking also provides dimensional stability to withstand the stretching and smoothing of fabric
Backed Fabrics
A kind of backed fabric where the process involves laminating paper to the reverse side of the textile; helps hide the defects of the wall and assumes the properties similar to those of wall paper; shows the high quality look of a fabric wall covering but can be installed with ease of a vinyl-coated paper
Paper-backed Fabrics
A kind of back fabric where the process involves stretching the textile in a frame and applying a latex compound; much less dimensionally stable than paper-backed textiles; improve resistance and slippage
Latex-coated Fabrics
Fabrics that are pre-treated to make them suitable for sticking to the wall; one of the most difficult materials because you have to work carefully to smooth out the fabric as you apply it to the wall
Unbacked Fabrics
A material usually used for floors; it is a superior and less porous kind of concrete made from cement, granite chippings, and granite dust; hard-wearing; very sturdy and for industrial use
Granolithic
A material that can be constructed by uniting two or more layers of material together
Laminates
The process of creating laminates; refers to the placing of something between layers of plastic and gluing them with heat, pressure, and an adhesive
Lamination
Are laminated produced with Kraft papers and decorative papers with a layer of overlay on top of the decorative paper, set before they are heated and pressed together
Plastic Laminate
A plastic laminate molded and cured at pressures not lower than 1,000 lb per sq. in.
High-pressure Laminate
A material that is lightweight, fire resistant, and are virtually damage proof; semi-rigid vinyl plastics laminated under pressure to sheet steel, aluminum, or other nonferrous metals
Metal
Finishing material made from a combination of pigments, oils, resins, solvents, plasticizers, and additives
Paint
Man-made material usually composed of marble dust, bauxite, acrylic, or polyester resins, and pigments; most frequently used for seamless countertop installations; non-porous and low-maintenance countertop surface
Solid Surface
The first brand to produce Solid Surface material
DuPont- Corian
Together with wood and clay, is one of the basic building materials of man; does not lose its beauty with age and like no other flooring, conveys and enduring sense of timelessness
Stone
A class of rock formed by the deposition of sediments
Sedimentary Rocks
A class of rock that have undergone a change in structure, texture, or composition; changes brought about by natural agencies such as heat and pressure making the rock harder and more crystalline
Metamorphic
A class of rocks that are formed by the crystallization of molten magma
Igneous
Classification of stone where the stones are loose, unfinished, and found on their surface of in the soil; used for landscaping and is sometimes structural
Fieldstone
Classification of stone consists of quarried stone of various shapes and sizes but having irregular mortar joints; structural and not for interiors
Rubble Stone
Classification of stone where these are quarried and squared stones, cut into specific sizes, squared to dimensions, and of specific thickness; used for interiors
Dimension Stone
A kind of stone that is hard, durable, and low-maintenance; it is a grainy igneous rock that imparts visual strength; extremely durable and highly resistant to stains, weathering, and corrosion and is not as porous as other cladding stones
Granite
Kind of stone that is a metamorphic rock; considered a luxury material prized for its distinctive variegated (veiny) appearance; it is any stone consisting of crystalline and compact varieties of carbonate lime or carbonate magnesia, and such color and texture that permits a high polish
Marble
Is a type of marble with linear veining that is smaller and finer compared to Calcatta Marble; high quality; type of marble of white/ blue gray; popular for use in sculpture and building decor because it is readily available
Carrara Marble
Is a high end marble what is whiter than Carrara Marble; has bolder and more dramatic veining; rare compared to Carrara
Calcatta Marble
Sedimentary rock chiefly formed by the accumulation of organic remains such as shells and corals; commonly used as exterior cladding for buildings; susceptible to staining and should not be exposed to excessive soil
Limestone
Fine-grained metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash; dense, non-porous stone which varies in color from dark blue (Welsh) to gray green (Westmoreland); has two lines of break ability, cleavage, and grain making it possible to split adios into thin sheets
Slate
The finish of slate resulting from the natural face is referred to as _________
Cleft Finish
Sedimentary rock; natural precipitate of carbonate materials, typically aragonite, deposited from the water of mineral springs; characterized by pitted holes and troughs in its surface
Travertine
Lapis Tiburtinus/ Tiburstone is made of what stone
Travertine
Is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized mineral rock grains; common building and paving material; excellent material from making grindstones because of the hardness of individual grains, uniformity of grain size, and friability of its structure
Sandstone
Is a cryptocrystalline form of Quartz; unique rock tenure made up of crystals from the second most abundant mineral in the Earth’s continental crust; royal stone
Onyx
Is a type of stone material that is brittle and reacts to acid; large pieces are seldom found so small pieces are patched together to make a large slab, making it costly
Onyx
Plastic laminate molded and cured at pressures in general of 400 lbs per square inch
Low-pressure Laminate
The second most abundant mineral in the Earth’s continental crust; as crystal, its luster is glossy to vitreous, but other forms may be waxy to dull; very good workability and used for sculpture as well sad interior forms; used for flooring, wall facing materials, countertops, and furniture
Quartz
Is a composite made-up of 93% Quartz, 7% Polyester Resin and pigment; non-porous, its polished surfaces don’t need to be sealed to keep from staining; practically indestructible and almost maintenance free; does not harbor bacteria and the best material for countertops
Quartz Stone Surface
Derived from the Italian word meaning terrace; made of embedded stone pieces in concrete and polished the surface to a level finish
Terrazzo
Composed of natural rubber, synthetic rubber (styrene butadiene), or both, in combination with mineral fillers and pigments; highly resistant to a wide variety of harsh chemical and solvents; highly durable
Rubber Sheet or Tile
____________ resin is the most important and most expensive ingredient in vinyl flooring. It also gives the flooring its wear resistance and durability.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
An ingredient in vinyl flooring that increase flexibility so that the flooring can be rolled without cracking or breaking
Plasticizers
An ingredient of vinyl flooring that provides color permanence and stabilize the pigments against heat and light deterioration
Stabilizer
Ingredient in vinyl flooring sometimes added to supplement the bulk and thickness of the flooring; mineral **, the most common, also serve to improve the flooring’s resistance
Fillers
Ingredient in vinyl flooring that are required for color because most vinyl is clear
Pigments
Vinyl that allows continuous surface to be formed; popular for applications where spills, dirt, or bacterial growth is of concern
Sheet Vinyl
A kind of vinyl that has lower installation costs and easier replacement for damaged flooring
Vinyl Tile
Is second only to paint as the most popular choice for commercial interior wall surfaces; durable, easy to maintain, and has a wide variety of decorative effects
Vinyl Wallcovering
Term commonly used to distinguishing ordinary lumber and engineered wood; also refers to structures that do not have hollow spaces
Solid Wood
Because of wood’s natural porosity, __________ is often the cause for failure in wood flooring installations.
Moisture
__________ comes in three basic forms: plank, strip, and parquet (all have the nominal thickness of 3/4” or .019mm
Hardwood
Is the widest among the three types of hardwood flooring; 3” to 10” wide; effective when creating a rustic look
Planks
Hardwood flooring type that is the most popular choice; 1 1/2” - 2 1/2” wide
Wood Strip Flooring
A hardwood flooring type that consists of small lengths of wood strips, either individual slats or preconfigured into tiles that are arranged to form patterns; mosaic for wood
Parquet Flooring
Hardwood flooring type composed of square units preassembled at the mill; parquet flooring that are assembled at the mill into one huge block piece
Block Flooring
A type of block flooring made by joining short lights of strip flooring edgewise; t&g
Unit Block
A type of block flooring made by assembling narrow slate into larger units
Slat Block
Thin slices of wood, usually thinner than 3mm; obtained by either peeling the trunk of a tree or by slicing large rectangular blocks of wood that typically are glued onto the core panels to produce flat panels
Wood Veneer
Is a kind of installation/ matching for wood veneer wherein alternating pieces of veneer are flipped over so they face each other as do the pages within a book; creates a symmetrical pattern
Bookmatching
Is a kind of installation/ matching for wood veneer wherein the veneer pieces are joined in sequence without flipping the pattern; if the grain is straight, the joints will not be obvious
Slipmatching
Is a kind of installation/ matching for wood veneer where individual leaves are random matched for effect; knotty veneers are laid this way
Random Match
Is a kind of installation/ matching for wood veneer where the pattern formed is diamond shaped
Diamond Match
The best substrate for veneer is __________
MDF
Includes a range of derivative wood products which are manufactured by binding the strands, particles, fibers, or veneers of wood together with adhesives, to form composite materials; engineered to precise design specifications which are tested to meet national or international standards
Engineered Wood
An engineered/ manufactured wood panel made form thin sheets of wood veneer; flexible, inexpensive, workable, reusable, and is resistant to cracking, shrinkage, splitting, twisting and warping, and has high degree of strength
Plywood
Aka: CHIPBOARD; engineered wood product from wood particles, such as wood chips, sawmill shavings, or even saw dust, and synthetic resin which is pressed and extruded; cheaper, denser, and more uniform than conventional wood and plywood
Particle Board
Is an engineered wood product formed by breaking down hardwood or softwood residuals into wood fibers, combining it with wax and a resin binder, forming pranks by applying high temperature and pressure; stronger than plywood but is not moisture resistant
Medium-density Fiberboard
Is essentially a pattern product, a flattened form seen in two dimensions instead of three
Wallpaper
Are wallpapers that can almost be described as cheap vinyls
Washables
A kind of fabric substrate laminated with a solid vinyl decorative surface; generally considered more “breathable” wallpaper which makes suitable in low moisture rooms like living areas
Try Vinyl
Is the most common type of wall paper made of paper but with a protective coat of vinyl (either acrylic or PVC) that makes it ideal for kitchens, bathrooms, etc.
Vinyl Coated
Wallpaper designed for the do-it-yourself market in mind; backed with adhesive coating and supplied with a plastic trough
Ready-pasted or Pre-pasted
Wallpaper where the adhesive must be applied according to the instructions on the label; the adhesive is usually paled on the wall and not on the paper; steam and water resistant
Unpasted
Are relief wallpapers recognized under the name WOODCHIP; papers which contain small chips of wood
Ingrain Papers
Trade names for wall coverings whose patterns and textures are formed entirely by surface embossing
Anaglypta and Lincrusta
Made from heavy white paper backed with another layer of ordinary wood pulp and embossed while damp so that the pronounced relief patterns remain when hung
Anaglypta
A more rigid material made from a solid paper backing, coated with putty-like mixture of linseed oil and filler; low relief material that is pressed, while still soft, into patterns or textures resembling tiles and wood panelling; invented by Fredrick Walton
Lincrusta
Are papers that have relief pattern which are often color and gold/ silver leafed
Embossed
Wall coverings made to look like many materials other than paper
Fakes and Fantasies
Oldest forms of wallpaper that is part of fakes and fantasies; includes raised pattern in felt, fiber, powdered silk, or wool which looks and feels like the alternate raise and flat pile pattern of velvet
Flock
Fakes and fantasies wallpaper that is clean textured and provides a Scandinavian feeling
Hessian
Fakes and fantasies wallpaper that is subtly shaded to look like watered silk or “shot” taffeta
Moire
Wall paper that has a thin metal coating and is highly reflective; it is made by applying sprayed polyester to a paper backing
Foil Papers
A popular brand name of Foil Paper
Mylar
Natural material for wallpaper where tiny granules or slim strips of cork is applied to paper-baking material
Cork
Natural material for wallpaper where dried grass is woven together before being stuck to a paper backing
Grasscloth or Burlap
A wallpaper that is used to prepare walls and ceilings for painting or papering
Lining
A method of design production for wallpaper where the design is printed directly onto the raw paper, the color of which forms part of the pattern; cheapest types are called PULPS
Machine
A method of design production for wallpaper that uses copper-covered steel rollers, photographically engraved to produce rotogravure patterns; monochromatic color
Rotogravure Printing
A method of design production for wallpaper where designs are applied by individual screens; it utilizes one screen for each color in the design
Silk-screen Printing
A method of design production for wallpaper where each motif in a repeat is imprinted by hand-pressing a separate wooden block engraved with a portion of a pattern in ten proper position
Wood Block
A sealer that is pressed, layered, sprayed, or brushed; resistant to moisture, chemicals, and corrosion; an effective coating and finish that is noted for its flexibility; it can be oil or water based
Polyurethane
Sealer that provides a good base for various finishes but is not a finish itself; seals and protects wood by filling the pores and hardening the fines ends of the grain for smooth sanding
Sanding Sealer
Its main purpose is to cover holes, cracks, and other imperfections in the wood, plaster, or any construction surface before the actual finishing
Fillers
A filler composed of SILEX (stone dust), Japan-drier, linseed oil, turpentine, and sometimes colors group in oil; requires 24 hours before sanding
Paste Fillers
A filler used for filling nails, holes, cracks, and dents; plastic wood putty, stick shellac, etc.
Crack Fillers
Are stains where the pigments are derived from various earth clays; for spreading the color particles over a large surface, the ground oil is thinned with turpentine
Oil Wood Stain
Are stains made from aniline dyes and mineral extracts which have been dissolved in hot water; safest to use because it can be sealed without any chemical reaction
Water Stains
Are stains that are mixed with alcohol-solution aniline powders and warmed alcohol
Spirit or Alcohol Stain
Is made by refining seed lac and denatured alcohol
Shellac
It is a resolution of resin in drying oil or in a volatile solvent such as alcohol or turpentine; contains no pigment and hardens into a smooth, hard, and glossy coat by the oxidation of the oil or by the evaporation of the alcohol
Varnish
A faux painting technique that is undoubtedly the quickest, easiest, and most versatile of all the faux painting technique; adds texture to the walls by adding multiple layers of color in a random pattern, building an intricate dimension that lends visual interest to the walls; use of sea sponge
Spongeing
A faux painting technique that produces a delicate, fabric-like texture with a soft variegated appearance; rag rolling
Ragging
A faux painting technique that creates a feeling of elegant silk fabric of wallpaper; achieved by pulling a dry brush or combing device through wet paint to reveal fine lines or pinstripes of the base color
Dragging
A faux painting technique that provides a rustic country look or the old world charm of an aged fresco
Color Washing
A faux painting technique that creates a striate effect with paint and glaze; produces vertical lines that mimic the sheen of opulent silk
Combing
A faux painting technique that recreates the grains of many wood
Woodgraining
A faux painting technique that offers an alternative solution to costly, genuine marble
Marbling
A faux painting technique that employs the use of stencils to add texture, prints, and designs to the wall
Stenciling
A faux painting technique that is basically a painting on any large surface, be it a wall or ceiling; employs many techniques like fresco, which uses water soluble paints with a damp lime wash
Mural
A faux painting technique that basically means “trick the eye” or Illusionism; these are murals that give the appearance of three-dimensional or photographic realism
Trompe L’oeil
A paint sheen that is non-reflective, with porous surface and a powdery feel; hides surface imperfections but is difficult or impossible to clean; for ceilings or places where it can’t be touched
Flat Paint Finish
A paint sheen with a bare hint of luster with little reflectivity; maintenance friendly and very flattering; can be used for walls; between semi-gloss and flat
Egg Shell or Satin Finish
A paint sheen that provides a harder and glossier finish than eggshell or satin, therefore more stain and wear resistant; a traditional choice for kitchen and bathrooms and woodwork and cabinets; can be unflattering to the walls because it reveals surface imperfections
Semi-gloss
A paint sheen that provides a very hard and shiny finish; it has the highest stain and wear resistance but it reveals all imperfections of the surface and the painter technique
High-gloss
Ceiling that are hung fin the structure above and incorporate such elements as sprinklers, lighting fixtures, and speakers
Suspended Ceiling System
A high-strength, high-density gypsum, reinforced with continuous filament glass fibers or chopped glass fiber strands
Glass Reinforced Gypsum
A grid system defined as suspended square or rectilinear frames that hold attached or loose laid panels; channel or angle shaped sections are attached to the wall to support perimeter panel edges
Exposed Grid Systems
A grid system that is sometimes called concealed spline systems; it provides the traditional look of a uniform ceiling along with increased acoustic performance
Concealed Grid Systems
Also known as access flooring; it is an elevated flooring system comprised of panels which can be removed to give access to the area immediately beneath it
Raised Flooring
Boulle Work is derived from the name
Andre Charles Boulle
General designation for fabric used as floor covering; provides floors with both visual and textural softness, resilience, and warmth in a wide range of colors and patterns
Carpet
A natural fiber used for centuries in the manufacture of carpet; it is the standard against which other carpet fibers are judged; generally the most expensive carpet the fiber and is commonly used in woven carpets
Wool
The wool from this country absorbs dye easily, colors with great clarity and uniformity, staples are lustrous and tough, and the wool’s color is almost white
New Zealand Wool
The wool from this country is noted for its gloss and sheen with natural resistance to soiling; the wool is not as white as New Zealand Wool
Argentinian Wool
The wool from this country is crush resistant
Indian Wool
The wool from this country is among the most luxurious and costly wool; it has high abrasion resistance and durability
Iraqi Wool
** black face sheep bears the finest of all carpet wool; stapes as long as 15 inches
Scottish Wool
A natural fiber used for carpets; it is a natural product that grows like grass and is light cream to oatmeal in color; it is a strong, woody fiber produced form the leaves of the agave plant; used mostly in twine, rugs, floor mats, and rope
Sisal
A natural fiber used to make carpet that comes from corn husks
Maize
Natural fiber used to make carpet; sting and flexible hair like fiber from coconut shells; tough, does not pill, can withstand a great deal of abrasion, and highly resistant and is proven to be unfriendly to insects
Coir or Coconut Plush
A natural fiber used for carpets described as softer than wool but is less durable
Cotton
The softest of all natural grass-based fibers used in making carpets; it may face or darken in color when exposed to sunlight and its fiber disintegrates with prolonged exposure to moisture
Jute
Is a synthetic or man-made fiber that is the most popular and second best carpet fiber used today; versatile and easy to maintain and clean; withstands heavy foot traffic and has excellent durability
Nylon
Is a synthetic or man-made fiber first used successfully in the production of carpet; has many of the characteristics of wool and has the lowest static build-up; commonly used as bath mats and rugs
Acrylic
Is a synthetic or man-made fiber for making carpets that has better heat retention and is flame retardant as compared to acrylic
Modacrylic
Is a synthetic or man-made fiber that is soft and luxurious; it is strong, durable, and with high abrasion resistance; popularly used for residential carpet applications than for commercial ones; used mainly as shags and random sheared carpet
Polyester
The newest and one of the most economical synthetic fibers used in making carpets; it is comparable to Nylon in durability, strength, and wear resistance; it is the lightest commercial carpet fiber commonly used in outdoor carpeting; repels water and impervious to most stains
Polypropylene Olefins
Synthetic or man-made fiber; brand names include Avisco, Celaire, Cromspun, and Estron
Acetate
Is a synthetic or man-made fiber with Vicara as its brand name
Azlons
Is a synthetic or man-made fiber with brand names such as Avicolor, Avicron, Avsio, Corval, Fibro, Kolorbon, Skybloom, Skyloft, Soluran, Spunvis, Staylux, and Tufton
Rayon
Is a synthetic or man-made fiber with brand names like Rovana and Saran
Saran
Is a synthetic or man-made fiber with a brand name like Arnel
Triacetate
Combination of two or more fibers into a single carpet yarn, with each yarn lending to the other its dominant characteristic; its objectives are to improve performance standards, more appealing aesthetic quality, and improved economics
Blends
Is a part of a carpet that is composed of the pile, which is the upright end of yarn whether uncut or looped; forms the wearing surface of carpet or rugs
Face
Is a part of a carpet that is the foundation or canvas on which the yarns are woven (hand tufted); the yarns need a ‘ground’ on which to ‘hook’ themselves
Primary Backing
Is a part of a carpet described as the mixed synthetic natural latex rubber compound used to glue on the ‘roots’ of the yarns on the cotton canvas backing on which they are woven; the composition is formulated to provide superior tuft lock and resilience in stretching
Latex
Is a part of a carpet that is also known as a carpet pad; it is designed to add dimensional stability to the carpet, provide added protection to the yarn at the back of the carpet, and to ensure that the latex adhesive which is applied to the back of the carpet gives the proper binding characteristics required
Secondary Backing
A secondary material that is dimensionally stable and heat resistant; when wet, it tends to shrink and can stain the carpet face fibers
Jute
Is a more popular secondary backing material because it is moisture resistant
Polypropylene
A method of manufacturing carpets that is far less expensive and faster to produce than woven carpet; constructed by punching tufts of yarn into a backing, yarns are threaded through hundreds of individual needles on a device that extends the entire width of the finished carpet
Tufting
A method of manufacturing carpets considered as the traditional way of making carpets on a loom; produced by intertwining the surface pile and the backing simultaneously into an integrated whole; usually does not require backing; slower and more labor-intensive than tufting and more expensive
Weaving
Basic type of weaving process for carpets and rugs that is the least complex and the most inexpensive; used primarily to produce solid color carpets, but variations in color and pattern are possible; all the yarn in this type appears on the back of the carpet and usually has ONE COLOR; made on looms similar to Wilton looms but without the Jacquard mechanism
Velvet
A basic type of weaving process for carpets constructed on a modified jacquard loom; perforated cards control the creation of the pattern; used to produce carpets with as many as FIVE COLORS; produces a carpet that is thick and heavy because yarn of every color used is carried beneath the pile surface
Wilton
A basic type of weaving process where the carpet or the rug designs are often inspired by European and Oriental Patterns; the COLORS are virtually LIMITLESS because the colored yarns are inserted individually as they are required by the design; intricate, multicolored patterns, and backing so heavily ribbed and can only be rolled lengthwise; closest in versatility to handwoven carpets
Axminster
A method of manufacturing carpets that is similar to weaving because the pile and backing are made in single operation and uses three needles to loop the pile backing yarn and the stitching yarns together; known for the plush piles because there is more yarn in the wear surface than tufted carpets
Knitting
A method of manufacturing carpets where the fibers, usually acrylic or polypropylene, are punched into a web of synthetic fiber to form a homogenized layer of fiber
Needle-punched Carpet
A method of manufacturing carpets that uses an electrostatic method; dyed short ends of fiber are electro statically treated and sprayed onto an electrically charged backing sheet which has been treated with adhesive
Flocked Carpet
It is simply the weight of the pile yarn in a given volume of carpet face
Density or Pile Density
Widthwise density measurement for tufted carpets that is the distance between the needles measured in fractions of an inch
Gauge
Widthwise density measurement for woven carpets that is the number of ends/ loops in a 27” width of carpet
Pitch
Lengthwise density measurement for tufted carpets, also referred to as stitches per inch; defines the number of times per inch a stitch occurs, just as a gauge expresses the frequency of tufts across the width
Stitch Rate
The terms _________ in Axminster, and _________ in Wilton and velvet carpets referees to the number of ends/ loops per inch lengthwise
Rows in Axminster
Wires in Wilton and velvet
Lengthwise density measurement that is the length of the tuft from the primary backing to the tip
Pile Height
In woven carpet, the pile height is referred to as ___________, referring to the height of the steel blades in the 100m on which the tufts are formed
Wire Height
Also referred to as pile weight or yarn weight; it is the weight of the pile yarn stated in ounces per square yard of carpet; describes the amount of yarn in the wear surface of the carpet
Face Weight
Also called finished weight; includes the face weight and the weight of backing materials, finished, and coatings
Total weight
Expressed as count which indicates the fineness or coarseness of the finished yarn
Yarn Weight
Refers to the number of running yards in one ounce of finished yarn; refers to a yarn whether woolen or not
Woolen Count
Measurement of weight in grams of a standard 9000 meter length of yarn
Denier
Affects color, surface texture, and feel underfoot; it is the number of strands of a single yarn twisted together to form one pile yarn
Ply
It is the prime visual characteristic of a carpet after color; produced as a result of the pile construction, pile height, and the manner in which the carpet is cut
Texture
Texture of carpet created by cutting each loop of pile
Cut Pile
It is a smooth cut pile where, sometimes, the cut ends of the yarn blend with each other for a consistent surface appearance; it is subject to shading and shows footmarks
Cut Pile Plush
It is the texture between cut pile plush and cut pile shag; it makes use of thicker and twisted yarns which give definition to each tuft; made with head-set yarn, usually in a dense low-pile construction
Saxony Plush
All cut pile surface made from yarns that have been tightly twisted and the twist set by a special heating treatment that imparts a grainy appearance; it has a heavier rougher texture than cut pile plush; hides dirt well
Twist / Frieze
A multi directional, high pile twist, giving an attractive informal look; heavily textured surface created by the long, twisting yarns
Shag
Created by weaving, tufting, or knitting the pile yarn into loops; it is left uncut and is sometimes referred to as “round wire” in woven carpets
Loop Pile
A kind of loop pile where the entire surface is made of uniform uncut loops, which are or the same height; very sturdy and offers little textural variation; pebbled surface texture that conceals spoilage and hides footprints and other indentations; recommended for heavy traffic areas and commercial installations
Level Loop Pile
A loop pile surface that is made of different pile heights, all uncut loops which tend to give a dimensional character to the carpet; capable of producing sculpted patterns
Multi-level Loop
In the loop surface, some of the loops are cut and some remain uncut; adds interest to colors and gives a desirable pattern effect
Level Type Shear
A combination of loop and cut pile where the loops are sheared to different heights, forming a pattern that can be definite or irregular; produces a tonal contrast between the cut and uncut loops of varying heights
Random Shear
The process of incising a design into a carpet or rug which has already been woven
Carving
Type of carving used between colors in a multicolor design carpet in order to accentuate or give a design some dimension
Hairline Carving
It is the process of actually weaving a design into a low level rather than shearing down or carving it into the carpet
Recessing
It is the process of weaving a design, to a carpet, in a higher level
Embossing
The process of rounding off parts of a carpet that have already been carved, recessed, or embossed
Beveling
The most common post dyeing method
Piece Dyeing
A method of coloring fabric that produces about 1,000 yards of dyed fabric; the carpet ends are attached to form a large loop, which is submerged in a dye vat
Open Beck Dyeing
A method of coloring fabric that achieves a very consistent level of color; the carpet is sewn together end to end, forming a continuous loop placed in large circular tubes called jet Becks; the fabric is circulated under a jet of dye liquor
Jet Beck Dyeing
A process of coloring fabric where different colors are ‘printed’ along the length of the yarn before it is manufactured into a carpet, with different color baths for each of the yarns
Space Dyeing
Opposite of differential dying; the yarn is treated to resist additional dyes and produces no discernible pattern and used for shading only
Resist Dyeing
The process of dyeing carpet in a continuous production line rather than piece-dyeing; most often done on Kusters, continuous dyeing equipment, which flows on dyestuff as distinguished from submerging carpet in separate dye becks
Continuous Dyeing
A process of dyeing carpet where spun yarns are wound on large perforated forms; under heat or pressure, dyes are forced through the perforation and onto the yarn
Package Dyeing
A process of dyeing carpet achieved with a random dyer application or a TAK random pattern machine, which disperses regulated amounts of dye on carpet that is already dyed a single ground color or even on undyed goods
Random Multi-color Dyeing
Printing process done on carpet that employs flat templates or screens through which dyes are forced to form the finished pattern on the carpet pile
Screen Printing
Printing process done on carpet that is similar to screening; an electrostatic charge forces the pre-metallize dyes deep into the pile; it puts down all the colors in the design at the same time
Deep-dye Printing
Printing process done on carpet that employs embossed cylinders to deposit the design on the face of the carpet
Roller Printing
Printing process done on carpet that utilizes rows of very closely spaced jets which spray the carpet with color as it passes by; the texture is often preferred because it does not crush the carpet pile
Jet Printing
A separated foundation, otherwise referred to as lining or cushioning, applied to fabric to increase its wearability, give added insulation and provide comfort underfoot; it also prolongs thief or th carpet to as much as 70%
Carpet Cushion or Underlay
Are carpet cushions made by needle punching fibers into a felt like pad; tend to have a firm feel underfoot
Fiber Cushions
Cushions that are flat sponge, ripple sponge, or reinforced rubber foam;
Sponge Rubber Cushion
A polyurethane foam cushion, that is sometimes called rebounded, is manufactured from scraps of foam bonded together through an adhesive ad heat fusion process
Bonded Polyurethane Foam
Polyurethane foam cushion that is manufactured in a continuous sheet and contain fillers
Modified Prime Polyurethane
A polyurethane foam that is denser than modified prime foam and is highly resistant to bottoming out
Densified Foam
A carpet installation method also known as stretch-in installation; traditional installation where by pre-tacked thin strips of plywood are fastened all around the perimeter of the space to be carpets
Tackless Stripping
A carpet installation method usually employed with a bonded fabric; high density foam rubber is used as the secondary backing and is cemented directly to the floor
Glue-down Method
A glue-down method that is the most common method of commercial installation; the carpet is glued directly to the floor without cushion
Direct Glue-down
A glue-down method of installation of fabric that combines the underfoot comfort of stretch-in installation with the stability of the direct-glue down method; the carpet cushion is adhered to the floor and the carped is then glued to the cushion
Double Glue-down
It is the latest development in carpet installation the cheques; a flexible adhesive layer is applied to the carpet backing and covered with a protective plastic film
Self-Stick
A single piece of compact, woven, knitted, or tufted fabric that has borders and are intended as a floor covering; is a separate unit and is meant to cover only a portion of the floor area and not the whole floor
Rugs
The earliest surviving Poe carpet that was excavated by Sergei Voinovich Rodenko in the Alatai Mountains of Siberia; 6’6” x 6’ and framed by a border of Griffins
Pazyryk Carpet
Classification of rugs that are 100 years or more; purists believe that Oriental rugs are ** only if it dates prior to 1856 before synthetic dyes where in use
Antique
Classification of rugs that are between 50 to 100 years old
Semi-antique or Old
The value of oriental rugs depends entirely on the durably of the fabric as a floor covering
Utility Value
The value of oriental rugs depends upon the color and design rather than upon the texture
Art Value
The value of oriental rugs depends upon the rarity of the art value
Collector’s Value
A part of a rug described as the parallel strings stretched from loom beam to look beam upon which rows of knots are tied; strongest part of the rug where the wefts intersect
Warps
A part of a rug described as the filling yarn that are woven through warps, they run across the width of the rug, over and under the warp strings and between rows of knots; help hold rows of knots in place and strengthen the structure of the rug
Wefts
A part of a rug described as the surface yarn that makes up the face of the rug; created by knots
Pile
A part of a rug that are tied by looping yarn around pairs of warps and cutting off the standing end; the ends of it become the pile and nap of the rug
Knots
A part of a rug made by wrapping several warps at the edge of the rug with yarn to reinforce this part of the rug
Edge Bindings
A part of a rug that hold the knots and wefts from working off the rugs’s warp strings; many rugs have a for woven Kilim selvage at both ends
End Finishes
A part of a rug formed by gathering and knotting together bundles of warp strings at both ends of the rug after the rug has been cut from the loom; keep pile knots and end finishes tight at the rug’s ends
Fringes
Part of design of the rug described as the background of the rug inside the borders; may be solid color or patterned
Field
Part of design of the rug that is composed of decorative designs repeated in one direction around the outside of the rug
Border
A border found in a rug’s design that is the widest decorative design sound the outside of the rug
Main Border
A border found in the rug’s design that is described as narrow decorative designs flanking the main border
Guard Borders
Part of design of the rug described as the round, oval, or polygonal design element that sometimes occupies the center of the field
Medallion
Part of design of the rug described as designs which sometimes fill the corners of the field
Corner Brackets or Spandrels
A kind of machine weave for rugs that bear close resemblance to hand-knotted rugs, but are machine made; the pile is woven between two backings and then split down the middle to get two separate rugs
Wilton Loom
It is known to be the most expensive rug-weaving method for rugs as 2 loom operations are required
Chenille
Hand woven method for rugs where the weaver pushes a hooking tool through the foundation or base to the rug, then pulls the yarn to the back leaving a loop on the surface
Hand-hooked
Hand woven method for rugs where an inked-on foundation cloth is stretched over a loom then a manually operated hand-tufting gun pushes the yarn through the back of the cloth; uses the same process as hand joked, the tops of its oops are sheared to expose the thread ends for a softer and plusher pile
Hand Tufted
Hand woven method for rugs where each knot is individually tied by hand; these knots are single strands of yarn that have been looped around two adjacent warp threads; best kind of rug construction
Hand Knotted
A kind of knot (hand knotted) for rugs that is as symmetric and invented by Persians who developed the art of rug making; a short piece of thread is laid across the two warps but on end is carried down outside and up between the two warp threads, the other end passes down between the 2 warp threads and up outside
Persian Knot or Sehna/ Senneh Knot
A kind of knot (hand knotted) for rugs that has a symmetrical structure; a short piece of thread is laid across two warps, and the ends are carried down outside and up between them and pulled tight
Turkish Knot or Ghiordes Knot
A rug type that is woven without knots; constructed without a pile but colored weft yarns are woven through the warps to create the pattern
Flat Weave
The pattern for rugs woven in Turkey are almost all _________
Geometric
The half of the pattern for rugs in Persia and Iran are ________
Floral
Rug pattern described as the rugs of the tribal and primitive village people of Persia
Geometric
Geometric rug woven with sharp reds, blues, and off whites
Kazakh
Geometric rug with bright yellows, greens, and reds predominate
Bachtiari
Geometric woven rugs usually in some shade of red, and until recently, some in ivory
Boukara
Patterned rugs made by educate urban people, sometimes philosophers, poets, and leaders in oriental art and handwork; made of fine quality wool; intricate flowing patterns indicate a sophisticated lifestyle; named after cities that have been a capital in the past (Kirman, Keshan, Kazvin, Meshed, Tabriz, Isfahan, Nain, Qum, Sarouk)
Floral Rugs
Patterned rugs made by townspeople who make their living weaving during the winter months; tend to use repetitive, stylized, conventional rugs; small motifs are repeated again and again; (examples include: Saraband, Herati, Senna, Fereghan, Kandahar, Hamadan, Serab, Bibikebad, Enjelus, and some of the Bijar rugs)
Conventional Rugs
An authentic __________ is a handmade carpet that is either knotted with pile or woven without pile; rugs that come from the orient where people form different cultures, countries, racial groups, and religious faiths are involved in the production
Oriental rugs
An oriental rug that generally has a delicately colored all-over pattern of flower, vines, or leaves, which start from a center medallion and almost completely cover the background color
Persian
Is a Persian Oriental Rug where the entire field is covered with a repeating pattern of Palm leaves with rose or blue ground
Saraband
It is the name of the village in this district where the design had its source, and the trade trade name today of the finest Saraband
Mir
Is a Persian Oriental Rug were the coarse piles are intricately done and stately design on claret ground using Turkish knot
Ispahan Heart
Is a Persian Oriental Rug described as a camel’s hair rug with a coarse weave in light browns, reds, and blues
Hamadan
Is a Persian Oriental Rug described as a fine pile in soft cream, rose, light blue, and other pastel colors
Kerman and Kermanshah
Is a Persian Oriental Rug described as a fine pile in dark reds and blues mixed with lighter colors
Sarouk
Is a Persian Oriental Rug that is as thick as two or three ordinary rugs
Bijar
Is a Persian Oriental Rug that is described as a delicately colored antique silk rug
Polonnaise
Is a Persian Oriental Rug described as a close woven small rug with minute pattern
Sehna
Is a Persian Oriental Rug that is usually produced with a small all-over design of flowers or conventional forms arrayed in rows
Feraghan
Hand woven pile rug of coarse quality characterized by an abstract design that relies upon open fields of color and playfulness with geometry; it is much thicker and coarser than other Persian carpets
Gabbeh
An oriental rug decorated with motifs of flowers, vines, and animals; characterized by more brilliant colors and a more naturalistic style; associated with places like Agra, Lahore, Kashmir, and Srinagar
Indian
An oriental rug closely woven with a short, firm pile, predominantly red with designs including squares, diamonds, octagons, and other simple angular motifs; woven by nomadic tribes of Boukara, Afghanistan, Belouchistan, and Turkestan
Turkoman
Oriental rugs described as small rugs with contrasting, strong colors woven by nomadic tribes with geometric designs, often incorporating stylized people and animals; dyed in different colors other than blood red; principle types include Shirvan, Kuba, Soumak, Daghestan, and Ghendje Rugs
Caucasian
An oriental rug that is sometimes called Asia-Minor; woven in both geometric and floral designs but with smaller patterns than the Persian or Indian rugs, brighter and sharper colors than the Turkoman or Caucasian
Turkish
Oriental rug recognizable by their soft ground colors of yellow, rose, salmon-red, beige, and browns; pattern in one blue color; design are Chinese religious symbols and the finest examples are K’ang Hsi and Ch’ien Lung era
Chinese
Is a colorful hand-woven Navajo rug of wool in the Indian reservations of the Southwest; motifs are primitive, geometric patterns, stripes and borders; weave is flat
American Indian
Handmade, coarse, and heavy rugs originally meant as bed spreads; hand loomed by peasants in **, Spain; bold designs woven in 2-10 colors and includes the tree of life, flowers, and leaves and grapes patterns
Alpujira
Portuguese hand-embroidered accent rugs made in either bright or pastel colors
Arraiolo
Handmade rug where the weave resembles needlepoint; usually had a pale cream ground with floral designs and arabesques in pastel shades of rose, blue, lavender, green, and beige; now refers to any rug resembling this type of heavy tapestry weave
Aubusson
Handmade rugs by Americans in the late 18th Century; consisting of many fabric scraps braided and sewn together into colorful round or oval rugs of various sizes; usually found in Appalachians
Braided
A Tibetan carpet of Kelim weave; Flat woven and reversible rug; old rugs were made by nomadic people with bold geometric designs in bright colors; modern rugs have subdued colors and patterns
Dhurrie
Shaggy wool handmade area rugs made in Greece; solid colors as well as natural off white shade
Flokati
Handwoven rugs with all-over geometric patterns with a center motif; colors are usually strong usually deep red or blue
Kelim, Kilim, or Kelem
Handwoven rug from Morocco with thick, shaggy pile and fringed edges; dominant geometric patterns with strong contrasting colors like black and rust-brown, white or bright orange on red grounds
Moroccan
Handwoven tapestry stick embroidered work with wool yarns on a canvas mesh backing
Needlework (Needlepoint or Gros-point)
Scandinavian rugs of hand-knotted shaggy weave with alternating short and long pile in abstract or contemporary peasant designs
Rya
Handwoven rugs with a high pile, in pastel colors and floral and scroll patterns; designed for the 18th or 19th century houses and palaces
Savonnerie
Grass-like product is twisted together into strands and sewn into squares; squares attached together in any number make up the finished rug
Sisal
Is the art of fashioning figures of wood, Clay, plastics, metal, stones, etc.; three dimensional art form that provides an important visual way of understanding form and space
Sculpture
The Venus de Milo is created from what stone?
Marble
Is a material for sculpting, other than wood or stone, that allows for more dynamism and permits the artist greater liberties with the work composition
Bronze
A process used in the art of sculpting whereby material is added again and again to build up the firm as in clay
Additive Process
A process used in the art of sculpting whereby removal of subtracting of materials to create the form as in carving
Subtractive Process
A process of sculpting in which the artist subtracts or cuts away superfluous material until the desired form is reached; known to date from prehistoric times; the design is generally compact and frequently weighty and is governed by the nature of the material
Carving
A process of sculpting the mainly consists of addition to, or building up of form; the materials used are soft and yelling and can be easily shaped, enabling rapid execution
Modeling
A manufacturing process of sculpting by which a liquid material is poured into a mould which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify; most often used for making complex shapes that would be otherwise difficult or uneconomical to make by other methods
Casting
Two methods employed in the casting process
- Cire Perdue or the Lost-Wax process
2. Sand Casting
A sculpting process employed in a number of modern sculpture and has its origin in collage— a painting technique devised by Picasso and Braque
Construction and Assemblage
A kind of sculpture where the raised form or forms project from a background or a surface; made to be seen only from one side or from an angle
Relief Sculpture
A degree of projection in a relief sculpture where the projecting figure is closer to the surface and no part is entirely detached from the background; aka: Bas a Relief or Basso Relievo
Low Relief
A degree of projection in a relief sculpture where the figure may almost be detached from the surface; aka: Haut Relief or Alto Relievo
High Relief
A degree of projection in a relief sculpture that is between low and high relief; aka: Demi Relief or Mezzo
Half Relief
A degree of projection in a relief sculpture which has the lowest degree of relief in which the projection barely exceeds the thickness of a sheet of paper; aka: Relievo Sticciato
Crushed Relief
A degree of projection in a relief sculpture defined as a relief in reverse in which all the carving lies within a hollowed out area below the surface; aka: Cavo-Relievo
Hollow Relief
A kind of sculpture that is free standing and often on a pedestal or a base; made to be seen from many directions and angles; must be fully developed from all points of view
Sculpture in the Roujd
Representationalist sculpture depicting a specific entity usually a person, event, animal, of object
Statue
A statue that is a representation of a person from the chest up
Bust
A statue typically showing a significant person riding a horse
Equestrian Statue
A kind of sculpture constructed from found objects; tries to show the original objects in a new light or form a figurative sculpture from the collection of shapes
Assemblage
Sculpture were usually in the form of engravings either by scratching or incising on surfaces of stone, bone, or horn, or done in relief; tends to be concentrated on human figures and later giving attention to animals
Primitive Sculpture
Was mere 11.5 cm high and had bulbous promotions and was painted red to resemble blood, signifying life
Venus of Willendorf
Their sculpture was in the from of abstract geometric designs which were enlivened by formal images of elemental gods, usually achieved by the sue of cylinder seal; developed sculpture in the round that showed sophisticated ability to reconcile the human body with abstract forms; favorite motifs were lions, bulls, and human headed winged bulls
Mesopotamian Sculpture
Sculptures from this period generally had large staring eyes and long beards on men; common materials used included basalt, diorite, sandstone, and alabaster
Sumer and Akkad
A bearded head made of diorite is believed to represent _____________
Hammurabi
Sculpture characterized by the extreme simplicity and grandeur that was destined to accompany or adorn the dead; relief decorations on the walls of tombs were intended for the future delectation and maintenance of the dead’s ‘ka’ or spirit in the after life
Egyptian Sculpture
Sculptured works were in the form of:
- Magnificent lions, Bulls of granite
- Seated figures of kings and queens
Egyptian Sculptrue
A sculpture used for mixing eye makeup; portrayed the victory of upper Egypt over lower Egypt
The Palette of King Narmer
Caesar Stone is a brand of what material?
Quartz
The palette of King Narmer is what kind of sculpture
Egyptian
Lion Hunt Reliefs were a form of __________ sculptures
Mesopotamian
A type of Egyptian carving in which the design is made prominent by raising it from the background
Bas Relief
A type of Egyptian carving where the inside of the outline is the one that is carved out
Incised
Statues of deities, in Egypt, with the body and head of an animal or a man; often made to look like a Pharaoh
Sphinxes
This decrees that the body of the figure in the round must not be twisted in any way; the face must look straight ahead and each side must be exactly like the other although the hand and the feet could be in different positions
Law of Frontality
Multi-layer synthetic flooring produced fused together with a lamination process; simulated wood, sometimes stone, with a photographic appliqué layer under clear protective layer; inner layer is made of melamine resin and fiber board materials
Laminated Flooring
Sculptures in this period had a good sense of design but lacked a good sense of proportion
Aegean Sculptures
A kind of Aegean sculpture characterized by the depiction of human figures made of marble and ranging from a few inches in size; usually of nude females with their arms crossed over their abdomen
Cycladic Sculptures
A kind of Aegean sculpture that consist mainly of a few statuettes of goddesses and semi-precious stone seals (usually made of agate); usually connected with their religious rites
Minoan Sculptures
The Snake Goddess (holding a snake in each hand) is an example of what sculpture?
Minoan Sculpture
A kind of Aegean sculpture consisted of small carved ivory deities; they also produced funeral masks
Mycenaean Sculpture
Was the art form most favored by the Greeks
Sculpture
__________ Sculptures were characterized by:
- Make figures have their foot forward and their arms hung down from their sides
- Stiffness from Egyptian counterpart was left behind
- Make form became more engaging, mainly through the balance of its limbs and the treatment of their muscles
Greek Sculpture
The knee of the forward let is lower than the other; right hip is thrust down forward, the left hip up and outward, axis of the body is not straight vertical but a faint s-like curve, weight rests on one leg; twisting of a figure in its own axis; one leg is held back as it supports the weight of the body while the other is loose and free, adding an amount of realism to the statutes
Contrapposto
During this Greek period, they used the Daedalic a Style — a clay molded technique mainly for frontal figures; typified by a front facing head, flat and rectangular in outlined and possessed king formless bodies; movement was implied by the face in a sort of a grimace known as the ** Smile
Archaic Sculpture
A Greek sculpture classical style also known as the “Severe Style”; an attempt to show the body in action; the weight of the sculpture mainly rests on one leg —contrapposto
Early Classical
In tile form, makes for a long-wearing wall material that is resistant to acids and moisture and may be maintained with a minimum of cleaning and waxing
Pigskin
One of the greatest monuments of the Early Classical Style or the Severe Style; 13 meters high seated Zeus made with gold and ivory; one of the seven wonders of the ancient world
Temple of Zeus at Olympia
Greek sculpture classical style that had the primary concern of trying to achieve a harmonious relationship of the various parts of the statue to one another and to the whole; changing attitude towards the display of the female body was illustrated
High Classical
During the High Classical period, he devised a precise numerical scheme to determine the proportions of Doryphoros (spear-bearer), with it, he represented a highly idealized conception of the male figure
Polycleitus of Argos
Discus Thrower
Discobolus
A Greek sculptor during the late classical period; he made the first great female nude of the goddess Aphrodite;
Paraxiteles
A Greek sculptor during the Late Classical period who revised the ideal proportions of High Classical works such as Doryphoros by making the head of his statues smaller in relation to the body
Lyssipus
The great monument of the Late Classical Period was the ___________, which was similar to the Great Pyramids because it was the burial place for an ancient king and is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
The Greek period following the death of Alexander the Great; sculptures gained the intensity of feeling and became more realistic; artists tend to choose subjects that people could really understand and relate to with an increasing and realistic depiction of figures expressing a specific emotional state
Hellenistic Sculpture
A Greek sculptor who was famous for the boldness of why he fixed moments of violent action in bronze; work includes:
Discobolus the discus thrower
Myron
Is the greatest name in Greek sculpture; designed and directed the building of the Parthenon and the statues of the gods which initiated the Greek Classical Style of art; his greatest achievement was the Athena Parthenos in Athens and Zeus at the temple of Olympus; other works include:
- Zeus Chryselephantine
- Athena Promachos
- Elgin Marbles
Phidias
One of the most admired sculptors of the classical period; his aim was to depict people as they were; he used scale of proportions known as the “Canon”; works include:
- Doryphoros the spear bearer
- Diadumenos the fillet binder
Polykleitos
During this period, realistic effects were carried further in relief sculptures with figures carved in varying depth to create the illusion that they are advancing or receding
Roman
The Golden Age of a Roman sculpture came during the reign of ___________; there was a revival of Grecian tastes that stimulated a renewed interest in nude sculpture in the round; the use of drill in sculpture became prominent
Harden
The Romans introduced a ___________, a technique of undercutting with a drill around the figure rather than modeling them in rounded form, producing a strong but flattering contrast of light and darkness
Negative Relief
The Romans introduced the ____________, a method for casting bronze:
- Make a rough mold out of wood formed in clay
- Make a wax mold, cover with a thick layer, then carve to the exact figure
- Stick pegs allover then cover with another layer of clay
- After it cools, break the wax mood
- Polishing and felting
Lost Wax Process
A type of roman sculpture that is a shallow three dimensional carvings on flat surfaces, used for architectural works such as columns, arches, and temples
Relief
A type of Roman sculpture or relief where the coffins of well-to-do Romans, called a sarcophagi, is adorned with elaborate carvings; popular subjects include scenes of gods, battle scenes, or marriage
Funeral Reliefs
A type of Roman sculpture often busts of famous Romans; subjects would include gods, generals, and emperors
Portrait Sculpture
A sculpture period where works stylistically no longer corresponded to the classical ideals of beauty, sculpture had a diminished role because of the biblical prohibition of graven images
Early Christian Sculpture
The sarcophagus of Junius Bassus was part of what period in sculptures?
Early Christian Sculpture
Sculpture period where marble capitals are carved with surprising delicacy with purely oriental or highly stylized vine scrolls and inscrutable animals
Byzantine Sculptrue
Consisted of two ivory panels or plaques tied together with records of the departing consuls office listed on the inner surface
Diptychs
The Byzantine period was also a period of ___________, the representation of Christ, the Virgin, angels, prophets, evangelists, and apostles that came in the form of mosaics, paintings, book illustrations, ivories, enamels, and icons
Iconography
During the reign of Emperor Leo III, the ____________ began; he removed the figure of Christ from the gates of the Imperial Palace and replaced it with a cross as a protest against the literal worship of images
Iconoclastic Age
Christ Pantocrator and The Virgin of Vladimir are examples of _____________ sculptures
Byzantine Sculptures
_____________ sculptures are described as sculptures where the regular and symmetrical cross shape on top of the stone was standard; where the designs were usually in geometric and interlace patterns; were used as an integral part of the architecture like in tympanums and portals
Romanesque Sculptures
Sculptures from this period showed purified cylindrical shapes, elongation, strict frontality, and tectonic mobility
Gothic Sculptures
The __________ Gothic period had sculptures assuming deeper meaning with other religious figures used as subjects; proportions are ideally perfect and more natural but no longer elongated
High Gothic Period
The ____________ Gothic period gave emphasis to individual free standing slater pieces that float on pedestals and were more realistic
Late Gothic Style/ Period
A Gothic sculptor who had classical leanings, continued the Italian tradition of elaborate freestanding carved pulpits, managed crowded figures, merged into broad narrative panels instead of being tightly compartmented in the Romanesque Manner
Nicola Pisano
A Gothic sculptor who surpassed his father’s brilliance in sculpture, and developed free standing sculptures in wood, ivory, and marble
Giovanni Pisano
In ____________ sculpture, full range of human emotions and characters were used, not to serve the spirit but to record the nobility of man; exact knowledge of anatomy and body mechanics, perspective, and laws of dynamics were translated with great flexibility into marble and was freed from its medieval function of architectural decoration
Renaissance
Renaissance sculptor who gave a practical and theoretical lead to painters and sculptors, giving them not only perspective formulas and proportional canons but also principles of style
Leon Battista Alberti
He developed Renaissance sculpture from its previous Gothic styles; showed mastery of the laws of scientific perspective which was discovered only recently; work includes:
- Gates of Paradise
Lorenzo Ghiberti
Said to be the greatest sculptor of early Renaissance; possessed a profound understanding of human psychology; greatest achievement was the BRONZE DAVID, which was the first major work of Renaissance sculpture at the time of its creation and was the first free-standing nude statue since ancient times
Donatello
Influential sculptor, goldsmith, and painter who created an underage and modestly clad version of David
Andrea De Vorrochio
Said to be the towering genius in sculpture, not only in Renaissance period but maybe for all time; carved the first monumental sculptures of the Renaissance era; works include:
- David
- Pieta
Michelangelo
__________ sculpture supplanted the Renaissance style; it made a virtue of complexity, distortion, and artifice; focused on the human form in intricate poses and in exaggerated, and not always realistic setting
Mannerist
A Mannerist sculptor who was said to be an artist of genius who was known to have a terrible character; carried out the works of Leonardo, Michelangelo, Rafael, etc.; work includes:
- Persus
Benvienido Cellini
A Mannerist sculptor who created his own personal style around an elegant and carefully studied formalism with refined and dynamically balanced figures; excelled in the creation of fountains; work includes:
- Mercury
Giambologna or Giovanni de Bologna
___________ sculpture was replete with lively movement and was pictorial in nature; figures moved, flew, or were contorted with agony; figures were made more dramatic by vivid light and dark contrasts produced by pronounced undercutting or deep indentions
Baroque
A Baroque sculptor who was a child prodigy who had a long and prolific career; a strong interplay of light, shadow, and movement characterized all of his works and was typified by the use of illusion, excitement, and spectacular effects; works include:
- The Ecstasy of St. Teresa
- David
- Cathedral Pietri
Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini
This period maintained the theatricality of Baroque with sculptures even more melodramatic and compositions that were more complex; appreciated for its dazzling visual effects and ingenious complexities;
Rococo Sculpture
Said to be the greatest of the Rococo sculptors; worked mostly in Terracotta and his preferred subjects were nymphs, Saturn, ba changes, and other classical figures sensually portrayed
Clodion or Claude Michel
A Rococo sculptor who became the director at the Sevres porcelain factory where many small reproductions of his work were made; his forte were gentle erotic figures such as the Bather; other works include:
- Peter the Great
- Erigone
Etienne Maurice Falconet
A Neo-classic sculptor who is said to be the greatest Italian sculptor of modern times; became famous for his marble sculptures that delicately rendered nude flesh; works include:
- Theseus and the Minotaur
- Cupid and Psyche
Antonio Canova
His works were inspired by the antique and he was so famous in his day for his works that a special museum was but in Copenhagen as a memorial to him; work includes:
- Hebe
Berthel Thorvaldsen
A contemporary/ modern French painter and sculptor with famous works consisting of ballet dancers, women bathing, and racehorses; little interest in landscape, instead concentrated on the human figure; work includes:
- Little 14 Year old Dancer
Hilaire Germaine Edgar Degas
Considered as the towering sculptor of the 19th century; he centered on anatomy; imbued his work with great physical force, through texture and modeling, he had the ability to reveal the inner life of the human being through gestures and attitudes of the body; works include:
- Gates of Hell
- Age of Bronze
Auguste Rodin
He revolutionized the art of sculpture when he began creating his ‘constructions’ which was fashioned by combining disparate objects and materials into one constructed piece of sculpture
Pablo Picasso
Revolutionary mode of sculpture - truth to materials, abandoned modeling in favor of direct carving; had an admiration for ancient and primitive art, and aimed to give the viewer pure joy; works include:
- Sleeping Muse
- The Kiss
Constantin Brancusi
An English sculptor known for his large scale abstract bronzes; considered the greatest modern English artist and perhaps the most eminent of all 20th- century sculptors; influenced by pre-Colombian sculpture; works include:
- Mother and Child
- Reclining Figure
Henry Moore
Created a personal mythology with something of thane elemental, universal quality, though the general public found her work shocking; traditional anatomies are savaged or decomposed in places; work includes:
- Storm
Germaine Richter
A modern sculptor who worked on human figures from life, and then from memory; work includes:
- Man Pointing
Albert Giacometti
Was conceived as an Indian sculpture; as a colossal monolith encrusted with an extraordinary wealth of sculptured forms, both figurative and decorative, carved in stone but originally cloaked in plaster and brightly painted
The Kandarya Mahadeva Temple
The most outstanding sculptors in China were produced in the __________ dynasty where sculptures reached its perfection by naturalism
Tang Dynasty
___________ is based largely on linear paths and geometric designs; introduced a technique of deep relief done in plaster or stucco known as yesseria
Islam or Moorish Sculpture
The most important decorative in Islam or Moorish sculpture was ____________, a serpentine writhing of lines that represent the Arabic tree of life
Arabesque
The father of Philippine sculpture; trained in Rome; works include:
- UP Oblation (symbol of freedom)
- Bonifacio Monument, Caloocan
Guillermo Tolentino
First modern Filipino Sculptor; said to be the father of Modern Philippine Sculpture; utilized all kinds of materials with stylization bordering on the abstract
Napoleon Abueva
Said to be one of Asia’s most progressive and original sculptors; originally started out as a jewelry designer but now specializes in embossed copper as well as constructed and welded brass;
- People Power Monument
Eduardo Castrillo
Best known for his tikbalang series; used blowtorch to weld strips of metal together;
- GOMBURZA Monument in front of Manila Cathedral
Solomon Saprid
The first to carve figures out of glass in the Philippines by using cold method, cuttings grinding, and polishing his works using improvised tools and methods
Ramon Orlina
Filipino sculptor who worked with various material including glass, steel, and stone; best known for her Benevolent Force Exhibition
Impy Pilapil
The production of ___________ is said to be one of the most ancient arts and in all ages, reflect the condition of every art
Pottery
The term ____________ or ___________ refers to artifacts made of heated earth or earthen ware but the usual modern distinction is to apply it to ware that is opaque when in comes from the kiln or oven
Ceramics or Pottery
Ceramics comes from the Greek word ___________, that literally means potter’s clay, which is used to describe a whole body or ware made of clay mixed with water, shaped by the potter, and hardened by fire
Keramos
A stage of pottery wherein the ware is formed but has not gone under firing; the item is often sanded during this stage with fine grade sandpaper to ensure a smooth finish in the completed item
Clay State or Greenware
Term literally means half-baked; A stage of pottery when the ware has undergone a preliminary low range firing through an oven or kiln
Biscuit State or Bisque
A stage of pottery where the ware is covered with glaze and has undergone a second firing; done to make wares sanitary
Glazed State
Mixture of chemicals, mostly silica’ the major component of glass, clay, a melting agent, water, colorants, and a suspension agent allowing the chemicals to stick together and not separate like oil and water
Glaze
Classification of pottery described as the oldest and the most universal; neutral clays fired at temperatures from 900°-1200°C / 1652°-2192° F and are usually porous and opaque; color varies form tan to red and brown, according to the chemistry of a particular deposit
Earthenware
A classification of pottery where the clay contains a high percentage of sand when fired from 1200°-1280°C/ 2191°-2336° F; the body is extremely hard, usually vitrified and impermeable to water
Stoneware
Made by the Chinese in antiquity and became known in Europe after the Renaissance; usually used for pickle and preserve jars
Stoneware
Classification of pottery that is a Chinese invention that appeared when feldspathic material in a fusible state was incorporated in a stoneware composition; it is the aristocrat of the potter’s wheel, contains kaolin as base, plus decayed granite and fired at a very high temperature (1280°-1400°C / 2336°-2552°F); has a clear white color and is extremely hard and translucent
Porcelain
Porcelain was first made by the Chinese potters toward the end of the __________ period; it was first mastered in the occidental world at the German factory in __________
Han Period;
Meissen
A kind of porcelain that is fired below 2300° F; imitation porcelain that is more translucent and does not have the clear ringing tone of true porcelain
Soft Porcelain
A kind of porcelain that is fired between 2390°-2570° F; considered the best kind of porcelain and usually called the “true porcelain”; made of kaolin whose glaze was also feldspathic and fired in one with the body whose fusion resulted in perfection of the surface
Hard Porcelain
A white, hard, and translucent ceramic ware that is usually glazed and requires 2 firings— first at 2760°F and the second at 2475°F; gained whiteness, translucency, and stability through the inclusion of calcium phosphate in the form of calcined ox bones
Bone China
Aka: Engobe; a form of glaze that is a thick semi-solid fluid composed of clay and water into which the ware is dipped when it is dry enough to be fired; various colors are obtained through the use of oxides
Slip
To obtain colors for the slip oxides of these were used \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = red \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = green \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = blue \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = purple brown to black
Iron (red)
Copper (green)
Cobalt (blue)
Manganese (purple-brown to black)
Ware that has been dipped in slip is called
Slip ware
The art of transferring designs from specially prepared paper to wood, glass, or metal surface
Decalcomania
Designs that are drawn with a pointed tool that scratches through the slip to reveal the body
Sgraffito
Glaze that is fired first before applying paint
Overglaze
Glaze that is patterned and painted before glazing or firing
Underglaze
It was in the Early Renaissance that ceramics were first utilized in Italy. It was influenced by the ___________ wares which were tin-glazed earthenware from ** in the neighboring Spain.
Majorca
Florence led the way, in the 15th century, in the production of __________; the greatest contribution of Italy to ceramics; covered with a white slip that is a mixture of clay and water; formed the class known as Mezzo Majolica
Majolica
Majolica had a last flowering at Urbino in the last third of the 16th century, wherein a new, rich decorative style known as __________ reach its zenith; a ceramic that tells a story or a narrative
Istoriato
Lightly decorated white wares made in Faenza continued the tradition of new designs and fine workmanship despite the decline of Istoriato due to economic constraints during the end of the 16th century
Bianchi di Faenza
Italian antiquary of distinction; records the art of pottery making in Italy as early as the 13th Century; he affixes the date 1492 to the introduction of Majolica ware and claims the discovery and introduction of the ware for Pesaro
Passeri
A successful goldsmith and sculptor who discovered the use of stanniferous enamel, the hardest glaze then in use; credited to be the one to raise the production of majolica from a craft to a high art in Italy
Lucca Della Robia
Known to have perfected the luster technique (done in the 3rd firing to simulate gold/ or ruby) to point that he was frequently hired to embellish the work of other workshops
Master Giorgio Andreoli
The first in Europe to make imitations of Chinese porcelain; grand duke of Tuscany, produced an inferior type of soft-paste porcelain in his Florence workshop during the 16th century
Francesco de Medici
In 1720, ____________ established a porcelain factory which produced hard-paste porcelain on a significant scale in Italy
Francesco Vezzi
Principal features of this ware is its admirable imitation of the majolica and successful reproduction of the bas-reliefs of Luca Della Robia; its principal mark is two triangles crossed, forming a six pointed star
Doccia Ware
Factory that developed a formula for a distinctive soft-paste porcelain body that is characterized by a pronounced creamy color and an unusually glossy clear glaze; its mark is an ‘N’ surmounted by a crown in blue
Capo Dii Monte
A type of improvisational street theater that provided seemingly limitless source of subjects for both porcelain modelers and painters in the 18th century
Commedia dell’-arte
Is immediately identifiable by his typical costume of a loose tunic, tall conical hat, and black mask with a prominent hooked nose
Pulcinella
Dutch ceramics that are basically soft-bodied earthenware fired at a relatively low temperature and covered with a tin-based glaze; Chinese blue and white Wan-li porcelain made profound impact on these local wares; emulated Chinese wares using majolica technique
Delft Ware
Delftware factories also began producing polychrome ceramics, copying the Chinese ___________ and the Japanese ________ wares
Kang-hsi and Imari
De Koninklijke Porceleyne Fles founded in 1653 is the only remain original product or Dutch ___________.
Delftware
Delftware made for local consumption; not as intricate as the original delftware
Peasant Delft
Dutch porcelain that started in Weesp, near Amsterdam;produced hard-paste porcelain that had a fine white body and of the best quality; closely resembling the body or Dresden China with landscape and figure decorations
Amstel Porcelain
Dutch hard-paste porcelain made at a factory at **, Holland; identical with Dresden ware in body and glaze; table services were decorated with a beautiful bleu-de’roi or in royal blue color with rich guilding
Hague Porcelain
A favorite earth in the construction of pottery in France was the ___________, its pure whiteness and fineness affording excellent qualities which went far towards perfecting the French style of decoration
Terre de Pipe
French ceramic that had bold and elegant designs, in relief, of natural objects, heraldic ornaments, wreaths, interlacing, Arabesques, and cavities filled with colored pastes; said to be the earliest high quality French pottery; the paste is a true pipe clay, very fine and very white with a glaze of yellowish tint; was made for restricted French clientele from 1520s-1540s
Fayence de Oiron / Herni Deux ware / Saint-Poichaire
Succeeded in producing a widely imitated pottery that is admired for its smooth glazes in richly colored enamels; noted for pieces reproducing scriptural and mythological subjects in low relief, and for his rustic pieces decorated with sharply modeled forms copied from nature- reptiles, insects, and plants
Bernard Palissy
The first porcelains in France were made at ___________ factories.
Faience
First wares produced at ____________ closely imitated Chinese blue and white porcelain but typically with French subject matter; retained the underglaze blue decorative scheme of Chinese porcelain but the subjects are the French vocabulary of foliage, scrollwork, and animals or human heads
Saint Cloud
Louis Henry, the Duc de Bourbon, established a soft-paste porcelain factory on the grounds of his Chateau in **; products of the __________ wares directly copied Japanese pieces, while others are executed in a style reminiscent to Japanese porcelain
Chantilly
Factory, originally from Vincennes, flourished because of its constant innovation; assumed artistic leadership in Europe and continued to set standards for European porcelain production; King Louis XV provided financial backing and bought the first dinner service of this factory
Sèvres
The first hard paste porcelain seas made in __________ due to the fact that Kaolin was discovered in France; made the finest, purest, and whitest porcelain in the world; repeatedly recognized for its quality and innovation in the universal expositions
Limoges
European Stoneware was developed in ___________ at the end of the 14th century; salt-glazed wherein the common salt, used as an alkali, was thrown into the kiln, and soda from the salt created a glassy layer on the surface
Germany
A lead-glazed earthen ware with many vessels imitating metal jugs and tankards
Hafner Ware
A German ceramic style which was exceedingly fine in color, form, and ornament; highest eminence which German pottery reached
Poterie Deluxe
Alchemist who discovered the materials required to produce a white, translucent, high-fired porcelain body; gave Germany the credit for discovering and introducing to Europe the art of making true hard-paste porcelain of the Chinese Type
Johann Friedrich Böttger
Böttger’s experiments with the formula for porcelain included the development of a high-fired ___________, which led to several technological advances ultimately resulting in porcelain
Red Stoneware
Böttger Stoneware was used for both wares and figures, including one depicting ___________, elector of Saxony
Augustus the Strong
Johann Friedrich Böttger established a factory at ___________ that produced a creamy white porcelain now known as Böttger Porcelain (characterized by chinoiseries), becoming the first European manufacture of hard-paste porcelain
Meissen
Meissen ceramics are usually identified by the crossed sword mark of Meissen, these wares came to be known as ___________ wares
Dresden Ware
The second factory to produce hard-paste porcelain, founded in Vienna, by Claudius du Paquier; the factory’s porcelain was quite similar to that produced by Meissen but the forms and styles of decoration at the Viennese factory were entirely original; produced a partial dinner service, possibly composed of tureens
Du Pacquier
Heavy Spanish earthenware usually decorated with crude patterns in green-blue, yellow, white, and lusterware
Hispano-Moresque
Spanish ware that refers to wares with Arabic inscriptions, beautifully executed arabesque, stylized animal forms, characterized by indescribable sheen and iridescence; produced by decorating clay with a thin coat of metal; producers of this ware include: MALAGA, VALENCIA, and TALAVERA
Luster Earthenware or Hispano Mauresque
Spanish ware term generally applied to tin glazed and enameled earthenware; usually consists of glazed floor and wall tiles decorated with flower and abstract motifs showing fusion of Renaissance with Moorish motifs
Majolica
Spanish ware produced in Catalonia, painted with groups of people engaged in sports, amusements, dancing, drinking, etc. or incidents associated with Don Quixote; tiles with a generally bluish hue
Azulejos
Spanish counterpart of Capo di Monte when King Charles transferred it from Naples to Madrid; consists of beautiful figurines in groups of soft-paste porcelain, plaques for walls in the Rococo spirit; most costly and most technically perfect porcelain of the 18th century
Buen Retiro / El Retiro
English ceramics that is milky white with a cool glittering glaze, exceedingly hard and durable, and often decorated in the Chinese manner; produced imitation Delft and Dresden ware; technical short-comings mark much of this work with warping and fire cracks being common, handles are often askew and the glaze often pitted
Bristol Ware
First called New Canton, this is where the first soft-paste porcelain in England was made from a white clay (kaolin) brought from China; subjects included bamboo, plum branches, partridges, and grotesque animals; of the marked pieces of this ware, the anchor and dagger in red are characteristic; groups and figures of this ware are generally composed of soft artificial porcelain similar to Chelsea but coarser, heavier, and more vitreous in appearance
Bow Ware
(English ware) Began making very soft-paste porcelain requiring all decoration to be done at one time as it could not withstand a second firing; the well-known “goat and bee” cream jugs and botanical prints and illustrations marked this ware; the composition of the paste was altered by the addition of calcined bone ash; it’d dark blue ground was never equaled by any other English factory, and the rich claret color was never produced anywhere else
Chelsea Ware
English ware founded by Robert Browne; produced soft-paste porcelain similar to Chelsea ware and Bow ware; one of the most famous names in English porcelain history; usually inscribed with the words “A trifle from **”; decorated mostly after Chinese patterns with blue and white under the glaze, why was of a bluish-green tinge
Lowestoft
Of all the English porcelain ventures of the 18th century, __________ had survived with a recorded of continuous activity down to the present day; imitations of Chinese porcelain with blue decoration on white ground were followed by the more brilliant colors and designs of the Japanese and Meissen motives
Worcester
Earliest China made by Worcester was made of __________ paste, which may be told by its density and by a greenish tint when seen by transmitted light
Frit paste
The best period of old Worcester China and its richest decoration was made from __________ period where the salmon-scale blue ground and superlative quality guilding were the characteristics
Dr. Wall
____________ was introduced at Worcester and their early printed china is the best of its class ever made in England; printing was done in lilac and red, as well as in the usual brown or black or in under-glaze blue
Transfer printing
Discovered by John Sadler; method of transferring a design to paper from an engraved coper plate coated with pigment, and from the paper to the pottery, which was then fired Overglaze producing crude and impermanent lines
Transfer Printed Pottery
In the ___________ Worcester, gilding is the most important feature of the decoration, by means of which great delicacy is produced upon the creamy white lustreless surface for which the Worcester ware is noted
Royal Worcester
Underglaze blue transfer printing was introduced by John Turner and Josiah Spode, and produced the new “___________”, and from that time onward, Staffordshire production was enormous
Willow Pattern
___________ pottery can usually be identified from the design of its border— composed of graceful combinations of sea shells and mosses, roses and scrolls, acorns and oak leaves, grapes and vines or fruit, birds and flowers
Staffordshire
(Staffordshire) transfer-printing was succeeded by the __________, a cheaper process, and the collector’s interest in Staffordshire usually stops at that point
Lithographic Method
English ceramics created by Josiah Wedgwood and is said to be one of the first men to unite art and industry
Wedgwood Ware
(English ware) Fine, hard, unglazed white bisque made by Wedgwood; known as dip jasper, and in blue, colored clear through; called solid jasper, and in white bas-relief used in different colors
Jasperware
(English Ware) Original cream-colored earthenware named for Queen Charlotte, wife of George III; this term applies to all light-colored English earthenware; the body has itself been white, due to the invention of so-called ironstone China
Queen’s Ware or Cream Ware
(English Ware) A solid black stoneware of great hardness, unglazed, which takes its name from a black Egyptian rock
Basalt Ware
(English Ware) Earthenware made either solid or in surface decoration to resemble the veining of agate or other natural stones
Agate Ware
(English Ware) Term derived from the tortoise-shell ware made by Thomas Whieldon, and applied to all classes of ware of a mottled, cloudy, or splashed character
Whieldon Ware
(English Ware) factory produced under-glaze, blue printed cream ware of excellent quality stone China, black, and jasper ware
Spode Ware
(English Ware) Slip decorated pottery made by Ralph and Thomas Toft; material was usually coarse reddish clay with decorations done in a crude manner; glaze was applied before the ware was fired, but after the slip was placed on it– this gave the piece a rich yellow tone
Toft Ware
Chinese Neolithic period ware that exhibit a variety of shapes, sizes, and designs; patterns, mostly geometric, some symmetrical, others contrasting light and dark harmonize with the shapes of the vessels
Yangshao Ware
Named after a place in Shantung province, is of lacquer black shard of at times eggshell thinness; undecorated and almost metallic in form
Lungshan Pottery
Pottery during the Period of Warring Staes that produced utilitarian pottery; the body of the vessels was made of hard grey clay which had no glaze on its surface; consists of hatching and sometimes cross-hatching which produces the effect of a mass of tiny diamond shaped excrescences; the paste is a dark cinder-color
Chou Dynasty/ Zhou Dynasty
Terracotta Army of Shihuangdi, the first emperor of the Qin dynasty, is an imperial legion of more than ____________ life size soldiers
6,000 +
Ware in this Chinese Dynasty has patterns like dragons, tigers, zhucui (legendary bird guarding the west), and the clouds
Han Dynasty
____________ first appeared as early as in the Shang Dynasty, but reached its maturity in the Eastern Han; it had a fine and solid base, embellished with an even and shiny color
Blue Porcelain
(Han Dynasty) What makes ____________ special is the use of iron in the pigment, which after being fired, gives a luster of bluish green or yellow, hence the name
Blue Porcelain
(Han Dynasty) Celadon-glazed stoneware began to appear in Southern China called ____________; it is fine hard stoneware coated thinly with Clive brown glaze that belongs to the family of celadons
Yüeh
Ware in this dynasty is mainly green, yellow, blue, and golden brown, these glazes were either monochrome or splashed and dappled; glazes usually exhibit a fine crackle and often fall short of the vase in an uneven wavy line
Tang Dynasty
Technique used in the Tang Dynasty that includes the use of three-colored glazes with a lead-silicate base
Sancai
The golden age of Chinese culture; the greatest era of Chinese pottery; where the Potters became adept at controlling glazes and vessels were elegantly shaped
Sung/ Song Dynasty
Stoneware from the Sung/ Song Dynasty of high quality; characterized by simple but refined shapes, jade-like glaze, solid substance, and a distinctive style; its Chinese name mean “greenish porcelain”
Celadon or Qingci
Stoneware from the Sung/ Song Dynasty characterized by an underglaze black decoration that occurs on white or glaze porcelain of the highest quality; popular stoneware combining transparent glazes with bold slip painting, sgraffito, carving, etc.
Tzu’ Chou
Buff stoneware from the Sung/ Song Dynasty that is covered with a celadon-like bluish-gray glaze with fine crackle
Ju Yao
White porcelain from the Sung/ Song Dynasty with a slightly bluish or greenish glaze similar to Ch’ing Pai; exported to Southeast Asia
Chi-Chou
Rare stoneware from the Sung/ Song Dynasty that is washed with a brown slip; the glaze varies from pale green to lavender blue with a wide-meshed crackle; “official”
Kuan
Ware from the Sung/ Song Dynasty that is closely related to Kuan ware; dark stoneware body and grayish white glaze with a well marked crackle which was induced for a decorative effect
Ku Yao
Are white and coarser ones are dour-colored; most popular Sung ware with a transparent glaze; usually decorated with various motifs that included dragons, fish, lotuses, and peonies then covered with a smooth ivory glaze
Ting
Ware from the Sung/ Song Dynasty that is most popular in the West; is grayish-white stone ware covered with a thick glaze that ranged from blue to lava dear and suffused with a crimson purple
Chun
Is a dark ware from the Sung/ Song Dynasty with a very dark brown, almost black glaze; the decoration was done by placing a leaf or paper cut decoration on the interior before firing; when placed in a kiln, leaves a dark imprint
Chien Yao or Jian
White ware called ____________, made its appearance in the Yuan Dynasty
Shu Fu
Purely Chinese pictorial and formal design later evolved in this period and characterized by:
- Blue and white wares was painted with power blue under the transparent glaze
- Blue and white wares and red-under-glaze wares were successfully produced and rapidly matured
- Produced colorant glaze
Yuan Dynasty
It was only during this period that the blue-and-white ware of the Yuan Dynasty became a major export item and the staple product was fine white porcelain which mad “China” a household term over the world
Ming Dynasty
New in the Ming dynasty was the delicate ____________, a glassy porcelain with overglaze enamel painting
Tou-ts’ai Ware
During the Ming Dynasty, the palette of underglaze blue, together with green, yellow, and eggplant purple, iron red was known as __________ five-color ware.
Wan Li
Porcelain in the Ming Dynasty was known as the ___________ which originated in the province of Fujian; it had a soft, creamy, white glazes on a white porcelain body, was delicate in scale and modeling
Blanc de Chine
In the Ming Dynasty, a new enamel style, introduced in Europe, was called ___________, its principal color was a delicate opaque pink, the metallic pigment for which was derived from colloidal gold
Famille Rose
A Qing Dynasty popular polychrome enamel style composed of green, yellow, and aubergine purple
Famille Verte
A Qing Dynasty popular polychrome enamel style composed of a black background
Famille Noir
A Qing Dynasty popular polychrome enamel style composed of a yellow ground
Famille Jaune
Oxblood; populated copper red glaze during the Qing Dynasty
Sang de Boeuf
Glaze, used in the Qing Dynasty, of pinkish red mottled with russet stops and tinged with green; has a pure white body and is seen mostly on small items for a scholar’s desk
Peach Bloom
Glaze, used in the Qing Dynasty, that is a greenish opaque
Tea-dust
Glaze, used in the Qing Dynasty, that is a cobalt glaze of palest blue
Claire de Lune
The earliest Japanese ceramics date back to the prehistoric ___________ period; pieces were usually large, cone shaped, and stamped or rolled with rope or cord patterns; formed by the coil method in which successive coils of clay were placed on each other
Jomon (early)
Japanese pots of the ______________ are distinguished for their decoration which include ovals, circles, spirals, and other shapes that resemble human or animal faces; very ornamented and unique
Middle Jomon Period
Succeeded the Japanese Jomon period; saw the development of the use of bronze; ceramics used finer alluvial clays to produce thinner-walked delicate shapes; vessels were unadorned but rendered in graceful shapes and balance of form with firing marks in natural colors of black and red
Yayoi Period
‘Grave mound’ period in Japan
Kofun or Tumulus
During the Kofun and Tumulus period, pottery was found in enormous tombs of Japanese emperors called ___________ that resembled Yayoi pottery
Haji Ware
Truly unique ware during the Kofun or Tumulus period that were delightful, unglazed, reddish earthenware figures that surrounded tombs
Haniwa
Kofun or Tumulus period produced stoneware called __________ which was a gray stoneware fired in a climbing kiln and decorated with a natural ash glaze
Sué
During this period was Japan’s first historical epoch, the full impact of Tang china ware became obvious in Japan’s production of high-fire pottery; the glaze patterns were streaks and spots, hot quite as refined as the Tang Ceramics
Nara Period
During the ____________ period, natural ash glazes were further developed, and celadons were introduced to Japan
Early Heian Period
During the Late Heian or Fujiwara, ______________ was used; it was a rustic type of pottery for everyday use named after the town where it was named
Tokoname
The _____________ period in Japan was marked by the start of the supplanting of court rule by warrior dominance, and decorative forms of ceramics gave way to more simple and austere pieces; reflection of the influence of Zen Buddhism
Kamukara Period
The ______________ period of Japan was influenced by the Chinese tradition of tea ceremony, which began at that time, stimulated the manufacture of beautiful vessels used in this elaborate ritual
Muromachi Period
During the Japanese Kamukara period, ____________ or yellow seto, was influenced by the popular Song celadons; this ware was fired in oxidizing kilns which gave their glazes yellow and Amber hues
Ki-seto
Translated to “hot water for tea”
Cha No Yu
The most characteristic ceramic shape of the Kamukara and Muromachi period is the ___________, which is a narrow mouthed jar for storage of seed
Tsubo
Sought after variety of stoneware tea bowl, during the Momoyama Period in Japan and related to the Chien ware of China, was the ___________, with a thick purplish brown glaze that is still popular
Temmoku
Sought after variety of stoneware tea bowl, during the Momoyama Period; tea ceremony vessels shaped by the hand and admired thought the world for its rugged shapes and softy somber lead glazes that sometimes drip downward in globs
Raku Ware
Sought after variety of stoneware tea bowl, during the Momoyama Period that is typified by the brown, iron-oxide painted design derived from motifs of textile decoration, juxtaposed with an irregular splash of runny, transparent green glaze
Oribe
Momoyama ware that is influenced by the Korean Joseon ware
Karatsu
A picture Karatsu during the Momoyama period that uses freehand geometric patterns, grasses, and wisteria that were painted in iron oxide on a whitish slip
E-Karatsu
A ware that is at its best during the Momoyama period; hard stoneware, basically brick red, but subject to irregular changes of color resulting form alternating oxidation and reduction in the firing; unglazed except for the glaze formed by falling ash or straw packed around the pots in the kiln
Bizen
Master during the Japanese Edo period who made a great range of pieces in many different shapes and styles; his designs included overglaze enamels and underglaze paintings in iron washes; his name became so famous that it is now used to denote a certain kind of high-quality decorative pottery that may or may not have been made by the master
Ogata Kenzan
A type of Japanese porcelain that was named for its port of export; so popular during the 17th century Europe that even the Chinese imitated it; bright colored designs were inspired by ornate Lacquerwork, screens, and textiles
Imari
During the late Edo period in Japan (Imari ware declined); _____________/ persimmon porcelain was far more refined, classically shaped ware, but with motifs similar to Imari
Kakiemon
A ware of high quality, during the Late Edo period, that is similar to silk textiles in its designs and was reserved for the members of that family and their friends
Nabeshima
It was only during the ____________, that Nabeshima ware was commercially sold and imitated; the designs were first drawn on thin tissue, and then in underglaze blue lines; enamel colors were added ash heat-infused after the glaze firing
Meiji Era
___________, or old Kutani were vessels during the Edo period that were grayish in color because of the impurities of the clay; known for its good and imaginative designs which frequently utilize a special range of colors in Overglaze enamels
Ko-Kutani
The forced opening of Japan to the West led to the ___________; it was an era of change throughout most of Japanese Society; influences from Europe became evident, but native folk traditions were still appreciated within the country
Meiji Era
During the ___________, the period as to when the Philippine Manunggul Jar was dated
New Stone Age
Filipino Potter of Phil-American descent who learned his craft in Barcelona, Spain where he worked as an apprentice at a small studio; he makes traditional functional pottery, and his works are mostly one-of-a-kind or extremely limited editions
Jon Pettyjohn
Filipino Potter based in Antipolo City, she specializes in handmade functional stoneware ceramics; began incorporation volcanic ash glazes in some of her works after the erupts of Mt. Pinatubo
Lanuelle Abueva-Fernando
Filipino potter primarily distinguishes his work through his appropriation of bamboo and twinge as additional elements; produced tiles, sculptures, as well as utilitarian pieces
Ugu Bigyan
Filipino stoneware potter, works with a fearless and audacious search for the unusual and indigenous forms which include expressionistic and abstract shapes
Hadrian Mendoza
Law of proportion which states that the palm of the hand is 4x the bread of the finger, the length of the foot is 4x the breadth of the palm, the breadth of the shoulders is 4x the breadth of the head, and the height of the figure is 7x the length of the head
Canon
A Greek sculptor who tried new techniques to make his artwork “ripple with life” and be as natural as possible; he also invented a new pose called the Praxitelian Curve which influenced many sculptures durian the late Hellenic and into the Hellenistic Period; sculptures exhibit exaggerated contrapposto, a sensuous, erotic modeling of the body,and a serene countenance with unmistakable gaze; works include:
- Aphrodite of Cnidus
- Hermes with the Child Dionysus
Praxiteles
In roman sculpture, after the age of Augustus, ______________ was revived through the accurate portrayal of facial expressions even if it was unflattering
Naturalism
The predecessor to contemporary synthetic resilient flooring developed in England in 1860s; from Latin botanical terms ‘flax’ and ‘oil’; composed of oxidized linseed oil or other resins, mixed with ground cork or wood flour, mineral filler, and color pigments bonded under h eat and pressure to a fiber backing; easily adapted to bathroom and kitchen walls
Linoleum
