Furniture Design and Construction Flashcards
The prime purpose of design/ true designer
Fulfillment of human satisfaction
What are the goals in design?
- Improvement of function
- Improvement of production methods
- Improvement of distribution system
- Design innovation
A goal in design where a designer aspires for more user comfort simultaneous with efficient function, simplicity of operation and a good physical appearance in the final design
Improvement of function
A goal in design where the designer promotes an efficient combination of man and machine to reduce the production cost
Improvement of production methods
A goal in design where the designer must strive to increase the sales through packing, packaging, and distribution
Improvement of distribution system
A goal in design where the designer foresees how the product should work, function, and look in the future
Design innovation
To make something out of nothing; process of coming up with new ideas
Creativity
The two basic Creative Problem Solving Techinques
- Intuitive Technique
2. Logical or Systematic Technique
An intuitive technique that aims at setting off the creative forces by directly approaching the subconscious creative part of the human mind; always done in a group to get different ideas from different mind sets; no limit to the imagination and suspends reason and logical thinking
Brainstorming
An intuitive technique developed from experience with brainstorming session; its aim is to increase output from brainstorming; a written form of brainstorming
Brainwriting
A direct way of having twenty six or more ideas that pertain to a problem; solutions that start with the letters of the alphabet
Alphabetical Listing
An intuitive technique where different, seemingly unrelated elements are combined to form a solution; the mind is being stimulated deliberately
Synectics
Generates new ideas by solving the problem in a riddle-like technique; it literally means riddle
Delphi Method
A technique involving thinking of how to make the problem worse; this process increases awareness enough to give yourself some perspective on the problem
Inversion
A technique that involves associating the problem or solution with something familiar rather than what you read in a dictionary or the like
Description by Association
A problem solving technique based on the principle of splitting up the problem into sub problems and solving them one by one using different techniques
Logical or Systematic Technique
Redefining a problem first to a more basic problem and then splitting it up into its elements or sub problems which can vary independently from one another
Morphology
A technique that systematically examines and analyzes objects of nature for possible adaptation as solution to some technical problems
Bionics
Thinking about what function an object will perform instead of thinking about its form or how it would look like
Functional Visualization
A comprehensive problem is split up into more and more minute sub-problems until the whole problem has become a network of interrelated problems; will generally have a higher level of success
Problem Area Analysis and Function Analysis
The Basic Criteria for a Good Design
- Physical and Physiological Factors
- Historical and Cultural Factors
- Aesthetic Consideration
A basic criteria for good design where the utilitarian requirements and bodily comfort are provided; a good design must minimize or totally eliminate physical constraints that tend to result in any physical or physiological constraints; anthropometrics
The Physical and Physiological Factors
A basic criteria for good design where designing for the present needs familiarization of the past culture and the present trend
The Historical and Cultural Factor
A basic criteria for good design where designs are made visually pleasing; useful not only in solving technical problems but also in formulating original and pleasing visual appearance of the final design
Aesthetic Consideration
Aesthetic Consideration Techniques
- Structural Form Development
- Morphological Form Development
- Geometric Form Development
- Form Development based on Nature
- From Development based on Various Sources
This makes use of the basic outline of the furniture we grid; connecting the 5 structural points in developing the design
Structural Form Development
Makes use of previous designs as basis for improvements; small changers are applied to arrive at a more interesting term; morphing parts of the original to form a better one
Morphological Form Development
The size, shape, color, proportion, mass, number of arrangements can spark new ideas
Geometric Form Development
When nature provides inspiration for fresh exciting ideas; nature offers immense possibilities of new ideas in design
Form Development based on Nature
When design ideas are based on other sources besides nature
Form Development based on Various Sources
Craftsmanship is key in this handmade folk style; originated as an anti-industrial reaction and also stood for social economic reform; its characteristics include: blocky shapes, use of wood with prominent grain, exposed joints, minimal accent detailing
Arts and Crafts
This innocuous (not offensive) style is recognizable through the use of simplified shapes, and the mix of soft and smooth textures; its characteristics include: round furniture lines, soft curved lines, and inviting soft textures
Classic Contemporary
Deliberate or intentional and should involve careful, organized, and systematic logical thinking and planning
Design
This style is a combination of old and new ideas; some are influenced by nature, futuristic style and cutting edge aspects, and other lean toward industrial, technical, and oversimplified style; its characteristics include: staying lines, sharp corners, solid colors, empty walls, sleek appeal, bold colors and high contrast, monochromatic
Contemporary
A style that has a cozy and quaint feel to them; the palette is a mixture of colors and prints; distressed wood is frequently used, as well as antiques that have an old barn or farmhouse vibe; its characteristics include: distressed wood, antiques, soft colors, small prints and plaids
Country
The most difficult decor to describe; it is essentially a combination of all others; matching of myriad of styles is heavily encouraged; its characteristics include: vintage pieces, bright colors, pieces firm all different styles, contemporary offbeat items, mixed motifs, and generous accessories
Eclectic
This style originated in the 1900s with the Bauhaus movement; materials include: chrome, black leather, glass, and Ultrasuede; its characteristics include: natural forms of materials or lacquered finishes, simplified shapes, functionality, ergonomic
Modern
An architectural and visual idea where form and function came together
Bauhaus
The style’s furniture are comprised partly or wholly of locally found materials such as bark, roots, branches, and other natural forms; it accents the sculptural beauty, contrasting textures, and whimsical shapes of materials found in nature; its characteristics include: raw materials, distressed metal, hair on hides, wool, stone, and cozy seating
Rustic
Originating from Britain, this style flies mainly on flea market finds that are usually refurnished; it is soft, relaxed, feminine, romantic, comfortable and inviting; also called cottage style; it makes use of colorful vintage items and distressed furniture
Shabby Chic
Real and often detailed furnishings from a variety of different time periods make upon this style, which is considered classics exudes an ageless feel; its characteristics include: rich colors, plush fabrics, curved lines, intricate details, dark woods, tapered legs, lustrous accent materials
Traditional
It is the offspring of traditional and contemporary furniture; embraces a livable and soft appeal while radiating a classic feel; simplicity with sophistication; its characteristics include: simple lines, monochromatic colors, soothing palettes, soft shapes
Transitional
Are devices that make it possible to work material when hand alone is not enough
Hand Tools
A hand tool used for measuring and for making straight lines
Ruler
3 Common Types of Rulers
- Rigid Ruler
- Folding Ruler
- Flexible Ruler
A hand tool used when testing for right angles or checking for square as well as for marking
Square
Vernacular: Skwala
A combination marking and measuring device/ hand tool; the distance is set from the point to the guide to the with a rule
Marking Gauge
A hand tool used to measure diameters
Caliper
The vernacular term for Saw
Lagare
3 Kinds of Hand Saws
- Crosscut Saw
- Rip Saw
- Coping Saw
A hand saw used for cutting wood across the grains
Crosscut Saw
A hand saw used for cutting wood along the grain or ripping
Rip Saw
A hand saw used for cutting curves in thin wood; not intended for sawing straight lines
Coping Saw
A hand tool used to make wood surfaces smooth and flat
Hand Plane
Vernacular: Katam
Used by the old blacksmith and mason maker for shaping spokes for wooden wheels
Spoke Shave
Used for smoothing curves usually on the edges of stock, following sawing
Files
Used for fitting joints in wood and for shaping edges; for joineries and for decorative carving
Chisels
Vernacular: Paet
Chisels with hollow blades for use in roughing out concave terms
Gouges
Both used for boring hole 1/4” or larger; the brace is also used with other tools such as conger sinks and screw driver bits; used as a manual drill
Auger brace and Bit
Used for drilling small holes and usually not larger than 1/4”
Hand Drill
A screwdriver that has a flat tip; can be used to open paint buckets
Standard Screwdriver
A screwdriver that has an x-shaped tip
Phillips Screwdriver
A screwdriver that relies on a pushing force rather than a twisting force; can be bent
Spiral Ratchet Screwdriver
These are tools that require power supplied by forces other than humans. They make work easier, quicker, and more accurate than hand tools; it does not altogether replace them
Machine Tools or Power Tools
Resembles a power driven coping saw; designed especially for cutting line curves and details that can stock up to approximately an inch in thickness; also called SCROLL SAW
Jig Saw
A saw that has an endless blade traveling around two pulleys; it cuts curves and straight lines in thin as well as thick stocks
Band Saw
A power-driven rotary cutting tool with toothed circular blade; it can perform cross cutting, ripping, mitering, chamfering, rabbeting, and with attachments: core cutting, tapering, darling, and shaping; also called a BENCH or TABLE SAW; general saw used for furniture construction
Circular Saw
An upside-down saw with teethed circular saw; the motor and blade are suspended above the workable rather than below it; in this position, the blade can be raised, lowered, turned, and tilled to make an assortment of cuts; the wood moves, not the machine
Radial Arm Saw
A machine tool that automatically surfaces the stock to thickness; automatically levels the surface of the wood
Planer
A machine tool originally designed for accurate, quick drilling of holes, but with some attachments, it can be used for boring, routing, shaping, and countersinking
Drill Press
The machine in which wood is shaped into round and cylindrical shapes such as bowls, lamps, and table legs
Wood Lathe
Specialized in cutting shaped edges, moldings, picture frame stock and the like
Spindle Shaper
Smoothens surface through the disc, belt, drum, spindles, and sheet type
Sanding Machine
Designed primarily for drilling and boring but with attachments, this could also be used as sanders, buffers, polishers, and drivers
Electric Drill
A portable circular saw especially useful for glass cutting, ripping, and mitering
Electric Handsaw
A portable shaper that is moved through the work instead of the work being moved through the cutter as in the regular shaper
Router-Shaper
It is the most prevalent raw material for furniture industries; designers and craftsmen consider it as a unique and valuable medium
Wood
It is the timber sawn or split in the form of beams, boards, joists, planks, especially that which is smaller than heavy timber
Lumber
These are coniferous or cone-bearing, needle-leafed, usually evergreen trees; trees that have leaves all year round;
Eg: Cedar, Cypress, Fir, and Palochina
Softwoods
These are deciduous or broad-leafed trees; trees that have pores or vessels that may show considerable variation in size, shape of perforation plates;
Eg: Oak, Teak, Mahogany, Poplar
Hardwoods
One of the most common Philippine wood species that is very heavy and the most expensive; it is used for furniture, panelings, expensive flooring, door panels, stairs, and plywood veneer and facings; comes in yellowish and reddish natural finish
Narra
Are both hardwoods used for posts, girders, jambs attached to concrete, and also for wooden decks having flooring and railings exposed to weather; weather and termite-resistant
Yakal and Guijo
Softwood used for panelings, sidings, flooring, and furniture; also used for framings, and trusses; also called Palochina; it is easily dented because it is soft and lightweight
Pine Benguet
The most common lumber in the market; used generally for framings, joists, trusses, nailers, etc.
Tanguile (Philippine Mahogany) and Apitong
One of the most common Philippine wood species used for framings, chests, jewelry boxes; it is rare and used in its natural finish
White and Red Lauan
Hardwood used for chests, jewelry boxes, and stair frames; has a dark tone; water resistant so it is usually used for counter tops
Kamagong
A common Philippine wood species used for panelings and plywood veneering; similar to walnut
Dao
Wood that is similar to pine and is used for paneling
Almaciga
A light colored wood with interlocking grain; it is soft to cut and has moderate coarseness; it is used for making saint figures or ‘santos’
Batikuling
An important property of timber where wood’s high compression strength and its low tensile strength are contributing factors
Strength
An important property of timber; it is the woods ability to be cut, sculpted, etc.
Workability
An important property of timber that is related to the wood’s tendency to shrink and swell
Drying
An important property of timber that involves the wood’s reaction to steam and ammonia
Bending Quality
An important property of timber that affect the physical appearance and physical structure of the wood; it includes homogeneity, color shade, and their variations
Grain Structure and Figure Pattern
Commonly called air-drying or sun drying; lumber is strip-piled at a slope on a solid foundation to allow air to circulate around very piece while sloping allows water to run off quickly; disadvantage: environment instability
Natural Drying
Done in a dry ** where lumber is artificially dried to correct the moisture content; used for more expensive lumber; reward for more refined uses so as wood will not move; advantages: controlled temperature and proper amount of heat and time
Kiln Drying
Surfaced one side; used for framing
S1S
Surfaced two sides; used for framing
S2S
Surfaced four sides; often used for parts with exposed sides and carving details
S4S
Is the dimension o f apiece of wood before it is planed down to S1S, S2S, S3S, S4S
Nominal Size
Is the dimension of lumber after it has been dressed
Actual Size
Types of Wood Grain Structure
- Straight Grain
- Inter-locked Grain
- Wavy or curly Grain
- Diagonal Grain
- Spiral Grain
- Irregular Grain
A type of grain where fibers are running in the same direction as the main axis of the tree; natural occurring;
A wood grain structure where the board’s fibers run approximately parallel with the vertical aid of the log from which it originated
Straight Grain
A type of grain where the grains are in successive layers and in opposite direction; natural occurring due to the weather the tree experiences
Boards with this grain result from trees whose fibers lined up in opposite directions in each growth year
Interlocked Grain
A type of grain where there is constant changing in orientation so the line drawn parallel to their direction appears as wavy lines;
This type of grain results when the direction of wood fibers changes constantly
Wavy or Curly Grain
It is the result when a straight grained log is not sawn along its vertical axis
Diagonal Grain
Produced when trees grow twisted; fibers follows course with twist that is either left or right handed; has many knots
Spiral Grain
Boards of this type of grain have fibers at directions that are varying from the log’s vertical axis; it is not naturally occurring and happens during the processing of the wood
Irregular Grain
It is the grain structure when the lumber is sawn and the wood is cut parallel to the grain direction and tangent to the growth rings
Plain/ Tangential or Flat Grain
It is the grain structure when lumber is sawn and the board is cut parallel to the grain direction but through the radius of the growth rings
Quarter or Radial Grain
It is the grain structure when lumber is sawn and the board is cut across the grain (perpendicular to the grain direction and the growth rings)
End Grain
It is the most common method of sawing lumber because it produces the highest quantity of usable lumber; the boards show flat grain on this faces and quarter grain on the edges
It begins by sawing several boards from one side of the log, turns it 90 degrees and saws several more, and continues in this manner sawing around the log
Plain Sawing
Cuts the log in quarters, then slices each quarter into boards, either by cutting boards from the two flat sides alternately or by making parallel cuts; boards shoe mostly quarter grain on their faces and flat grain on the edges
Quarter Sawing
Sometimes called sawing through and through; produces much wider boards than other methods; the boards show mostly mixed grain- flat grain near the center of the face and quarter grain near the edges
Live Saw
Defects that come before the wood is cut
Natural Defects
The basal stumps of incipient (beginning to develop) or cast-off branches in the living tree; it is where the tree itself naturally prunes its branches owing to lack of light caused by overcrowding, or where the branches are artificially pruned in controlled forestry
Knots
Small knots measuring 1/2” or 12.5mm or under; it is often caused by the shedding of early branches; usually allowable in prime timber
Pin Knots
Knots sliced through their length during sawing; commonly known as ‘Slash Knots’; difficult to plane up, especially in softwood where large specimen are not permissible; located at the edge of the wood
Spike or Splay Knots
Dead knots which are still sound and difficult to dislodge; often ringed with resin in soft wood
Encased Knots
Two or three knots springing from a common center
Branched Knots
The log splits from the pith or heart radially along the medullary Rays, indicating that the tree has passed its prime
Radial Shakes
Where the shakes project inwardly from a definite frost rib on the cambium and, as their name implies, the result of a severe cold weather
Frost Shakes
Where such shakes run along part of the annual ring only
Cup shakes
When the log is completely encircled by shakes
Ring shakes
Are caused by compression and not by splitting or shearing; the actual rupture is across the grain and not with it with all other shakes
Cross Shakes
Sometimes known as RESIN POCKETS; they appear either as veins or shallow cavities filled with resin; usually card by damage to the cambium layer in resinous woods; when hidden, it constitutes serious danger if the wood is used structurally
Pitch Veins or Pitch Pockets
A thin layer surrounding the trunk that is in active growth
Cambium
Repeated damage to the cambium layer by small insects; is often healed over with hark and may show small dots or patches of brown cork deeply buried in some woods
Pitch Flecks
Patches of ingrowing bark, probably caused by exterior damage to the growing tree
Rind Galls
other natural defects include ‘_________’ or tissue formed over a wound in a tree resulting in unnatural growth incorporated in the natural wood growth
Callus
Is a natural defect caused by fungoid disease
Canker
A natural defect characterized by a partially heated fire scar
Cat Face
Is an artificial defect where the plank hollows across the width, forming a rounding on the undersurface, often due to incorrect piling
Cupping or Rounding
Is an artificial defect where the plank curves throughout its length; caused by sagging between too widely spaced stickers or by stickers which are not placed exactly over each other
Bowing
Is an artificial defect sometimes known as ‘Edge Bend’ where the wood remains flat but bends edgewise on its own plane
Springing
Is an artificial defect where the plank twists on its longitudinal axis with the result that the long edges are straight, but the diagonals are curved; usually known as ‘Winding’
Twisting
Synonymous terms for distortion in one or more directions
Warping or Casting
Is an artificial defect where the butt end of the plank splits open, usually caused by too rapid drying
End Splitting
Is an artificial defect where the wood surface is covered with small splits Wong the grain caused by too rapid drying in hot sun; it is not serious unless the splits penetrate deeply
Sun Checking
Is an artificial defect where the surface of the wood lifts in innumerable small flakes or layers which spring under the cutting action, preventing a smooth surface; sometimes due to structural weakness, but can also be caused by incorrect seasoning
Flaking
Is an artificial defect where the grain runs obliquely to the longitudinal axis, usually due to incorrect sawing, but some timbers exhibit marked devotions in grain direction which cannot be avoided; makes surfacing more difficult; important thing to consider when wood is used as structural members
Diagonal Grain
Is an artificial defect that happens if the wood dried too quickly and the surfaces dry out quicker than the rate of the movement of moisture by capillary attraction; dry outer layers are in tension while the moist interior layers are in compression
Case Hardening
If the kiln drying of the case-hardened timber is continued to dryness, the natural shrinkage movement of the moist interior as it dries will be locked in by the rigid outer skin, resulting in severe internal stresses and subsequent checking or disruption of the wood fibers not visible from the outside; depreciates the value of wood because it has no cure
Honeycombing
Is an artificial defect characterized by extensive shrinking and warping giving the wood a washboard effect
Collapse
These are chemicals belonging to such a group as acids, alcohols, resinous substances, oils, dyes, and pigments; applied to wood for its protection, and to enhance grain structure, or alter its wood application
Wood Finishes
A wood finish that emphasizes and enhance the charm of natural wood color and grain
Transparent Finish
A kind of transparent finish that soaks into the wood pores to give a natural look and feel
Penetrating Finish
A kind of transparent finish that seals wood pores for protection against water and other destructive elements
Surface Coating
An example of a transparent wood finish made from resins dissolved in ethyl alcohol; forms a high gloss film on the surface when dried;
Resin + Ethyl Alcohol
Clear Lacquer
A term for lacquering in thick layers
Japanning
An example of a transparent wood finish made from various gums and resins dissolve in oil (oil varnish) or alcohol (spirit varnish); gives a relatively hard, tough, and reasonably elastic finish
Resin + Oil
Varnish
A spirit varnish made by dissolving purified lac flakes in denatured alcohol;
Lac Flakes + Denatured Alcohol
Shellac
Is a resinous secretion of the female of the ** insect
Lac
An example of a transparent wood finish that can be achieved by simply using boiled linseed oil or various other oils
Oil Stain Finish
A transparent plastic finish made of polyhydric alcohol intensified with oleic, linoleum, palmetic, and strearic fatty acids and modified with Tolyrene disocynate and mineral spirits; very tough, hard, and flexible finish which has superior resistance to chipping, abrasion, and dirt retention; resists solvents, detergents, acids, alkalis, and hot and cold water
Polyurethane Finish
An example of a transparent wood finish achieved by brushing, rubbing or spraying processed fatty acids from animals and vegetables, mineral sources combined with alcohol; usually comes in paste form and liquid form, varies greatly in hardness and durability
Wax or Films
Dyes or pigments suspended in eater or oil; it alters coloring of the wood or accentuates its natural color without covering the grain
Wood Stain Finish
4 Kinds of Wood Stain Finish
- Water Stains
- Penetrating Oil Stains
- Pigment Oil Stains
- Non-grain-raising Stains
Achieved by appoint one of the various acids and chlorine compound pertained to as bleaching agents; results to lightening of the wood color to yellowish white and neutralizes the color by making it noticeable
Bleach Finish
A kind bleach that is comparatively weak; excellent for removing chemicals, dyes, ink, and water stains from wood surface if used in full strength
Chlorinated Laundry Bleach
The best kind of bleach to use not only on natural wood colors but also on many water and chemical stains
Oxallic Acid
A fairly expensive and extremely strong kind of bleach; can bring out really light tones on dark wood because of its strength
Two-solution Bleaches
A kind of finish that gives a solid finish for protection and decoration; done when the wood is preferred for its properties and not its color
Opaque Finish
A mixture of solid pigment suspended in a liquid vehicle, which when applied to a surface, forms an adherent continuous film which provides protection, decoration, sanitation, identification, and other functional properties
Paints and Enamels
4 Ingredients of Paint
- Pigment
- Vehicles
- Thinners
- Driers
A finely ground, insoluble substance suspended in a liquid vehicle to impart color and opacity to paint
Pigment
Pigment made with either white lead, oxide, lithophane or titanium
White Pigment
Pigments derived from minerals or clay
Colored Pigments
Pigments from whitting, talc, and silica
Extenders
A dense non-volatile fluid in which the solid body material is suspended
Vehicles
2 Kinds of Vehicles
- Drying Oils
2. Varnish
Examples of these are linseed oil, tung oil, soybean oil, or fish oil
Drying Oil
A volatile liquids used to dilute paint or varnish to the desired or proper consistency for ease in application
Thinners
Added to paint to accelerate the oxidation and hardening of the vehicle
Driers
Made of thin veneer sheets glued together one on top of another with grain of the sheets arranged crosswise; the number of layers is usually odd and the structure symmetric; recommendable to use when considerable strength in structure is needed in the design of furniture
Plywood
Plywood is available in __________ boards and ____________ thickness
4’ x 8’ boards
1/8” - 1” thickness
A series of wood core strips glued together side by side to form a slab which is sandwiched between outer layers of veneer or thin plywood whose grains are crossed at right angles to the length of the core strips; usually used for built in furniture
Plyboards
Thickness of Plyboards __________
Usual dimension of Plyboards __________
Thickness 12mm / 3/4”
Dimension 4’x8’
Composed of wood chips carefully graded, mixed with synthetic resin glue and either pressed or extruded into rigid, self supporting sheets of uniform thickness which are sanded down to close tolerances; not used for structure; sustainable
Particle Boards
Boards with the same construction as fiber boards except that it has a thin outer pressed-melamine finish
Melamine Boards
All plastics are ___________ and all polymers may be regarded as potential plastics
Polymeric
The type of plastic where the necessary degree of polymerization have been achieved; the plastic chan be softened and resorted without deformation provided the degree of heat is kept below the point of the material’s degradation; soft when heated, hard when cooled
Thermoplastic
A type of plastic where the polymerization has.p been arrested at a stage which produces relatively short chain molecules; the plastic sets into a hard, infusible resin, which cannot be resoftened
Thermosetting
A type of metal composed mainly of iron with small additions of other metals or substances
Ferrous Metal
Irons with traces of silicate; for screens and gates; primed then painted
Wrought Iron
Iron with small amounts of carbon, silicon, sulfur etc; for fire backs, manhole covers, etc.; very durable
Cast Iron
Iron with up 0.3 percent carbon; general purpose metal
Mud Steel
Steel with chromium and nickel; resists rust; for cutlery and furniture frames
Stainless Steel
Composition varied by addition of different elements such as nickel, chromium, copper, and manganese to molten steel; for saws, chisels, knives, hammer heads, springs
Tool and Alloy Steel
A ferrous material that has high resistance to corrosion because copper does not rust; used for making sheet steel and metal lathe
Copper-bearing Steel
The gradual deterioration of metal by chemical action, when exposed to weather, moisture, or other corroding agents
Corrosion
A type of metal that contain little or no iron; pure metals
Non-ferrous Metals
A non-ferrous metal that is lustrous, silver-white, magnetic, lightweight metal which is very malleable, has good thermal and electrical conductivity; used in kitchen utensils and furniture and fittings
Aluminum
The process where you put color in metal without painting
Anodizing
Pure metal; lustrous, reddish-brown metal; highly ductile and malleable; used in hot water pipes, electrical parts, and other decorative works
Copper
A pure metal; soft, malleable, heavy metal; very easy to cut and work, enabling it to be fitted over uneven surfaces; used for pulmbing, flashings, and weighting objects
Lead
Pure metal; substitute for lead in flashings and linings; does not react to air or water
Zinc
Pure metal; lustrous white, soft, and malleable metal having a low melting point and is relatively unaffected by exposure to air; used as base for alloys and a coating for mild steel; rarely used in its pure state
Tin
Combination of two or more metals and other substances
Alloys
Copper with tin; used for pump units, marine fittings, and gears and bearings
Bronze
Aluminum with copper and other metals; used in shelving systems, chair legs, pulleys, bolts, rivets, cladding; durable aluminum
Duralumin
Copper with zinc; used in cabinet hardware, screw, and decorative work
Brass
A property of metal characterized by a slow hardening process, which takes place to certain alloys; overtime, becomes durable
Age-hardening
A property of metal characterized by the ability to break under a sharp blow
Brittleness
__________ takes away the brittleness of metal/ glass.
Tempering
A property of metal characterized by the capacity to transmit heat and electricity; best kind of metal with this property is copper
Conductivity
A property of metal characterized by the ability to regain original shape after deformation
Elasticity
A property of metal characterized by the ability to be stretched into fine wire without fracture; spin into threads
Ductility
A property of metal characterized by the ability to become liquid when heated
Fusibility
A property of metal characterized by the metal’s resistance to deformation; resilience
Hardness
A property of metal characterized by the capacity to be extend in all directions without fracturing by rolling, hammering, or beating; the ability to transform into different shapes or sheets
Malleability
A property of metal characterized by the hardening of metal while it is being hammered or bent
Work-hardening
A mechanical method in which coating material is applied on a metallic substrate
Coating (organic)
A non-metallic coating with a non-transparent formulation containing pigments
Painting/ Enameling
A non-metallic coating with a formulation based on a dissolved material which forms a transparent layer primarily after drying by evaporation of the solvent; done if you want to retain the look but wants to seal it
Lacquering
A mechanical method of continuos coating of a metal strip
Coil Coating
A mechanical method of single coating of any type with no particular requirements for appearance, malleability, corrosion protection, and usually on the reverse side of the coated product
Backing Coat
A mechanical method of treatment of metal with chemical solutions by dipping or spraying to build up an oxide film containing chromates or phosphates
Chemical Conversion Coating
A mechanical method of applying priming paint, often pigmented, with a corrosion inhibitor such as zinc chromate after suitable pretreatment
Priming
A mechanical method of applying a solution containing resin, chromate, and acid, which is allowed to fry on and provide the key for subsequent painting
Pretreatment Priming
A mechanical method of single coating either with requirements on appearance, malleability, corrosion protection, subsequent painting, etc. or as a primer with special properties regarding adhesion and corrosion protection for post-painting applications
Single Coat System
A mechanical system comprising of a primer or a base coat, and a top coat with particular requirements on appearance, malleability, corrosion, protection, etc.
Multiple Coat System
A mechanical method characterized by dry paint film of the coated product or the organic film metal laminate
Organic Coating
A mechanical method characterized by organic film applied to a substrate to which an adhesive and primer has been applied beforehand
Film Coating
Process of applying a thin coating of an expensive anti-corrosive metal like chrome, nickel, bronze, silver, and zinc plates; metal is plated with a more expensive metal
Metallic Coating
Metal finish where there is something applied to the surface of the metal so a coating is not needed
Chemical Means
A chemical means of metal finish where chemical treatment is applied to improve the optical reflectivity of a surface
Chemical Brightening
A chemical means of metal finish where there is polishing of a metal surface by immersion in a solution of chemical reagents
Chemical Polishing
A chemical means of metal finish where there is removal of oil or grease, usually by a suitable organic solvent or an aqueous detergent
Degreasing
A chemical means of metal finish where there is the roughening of the surface of a metal by overall or selective dissolution in acid or caustic media
Etching
A chemical means of metal finish where there is removal of a thin surface layer of metal by chemical action, mainly by treatment in a caustic solution
Pickling
A metal finish done through chemical change accompanying the passage of an electric current
Electrochemical Means
An electrochemical treatment done to metal to improve the optical reflectivity of a surface
Electrochemical Brightening
Electrochemical means of finishing wood by polishing of a metal surface by making it anoxic in an appropriate electrolyte
Electropolishing
Electrochemical means of finishing metal characterized by metal with an anodic coating, produced by electrolytic oxidation process in which the metal is converted to a mainly oxide coating having protective, decorative, or functional properties
Anodized Metal
Electrochemical means of finishing and anodizing metal where decorative finish, with a uniform or aesthetically pleasing appearance, is a primary characteristic
Decorative Anodizing
Electrochemical means of finishing and anodizing metal where protection against corrosion or wear is the primary characteristic and appearance is secondary or of no importance
Protective Anodizing
Electrochemical means of finishing metal where treatment of anodic oxidation coatings on metal is done to reduce porosity and the absorption capacity of the coating by hydrothermal processes carried out after anodizing
Sealing
Electrochemical means of finishing metal where treatment of anodic oxidation coatings on metal is done to plug the pores and reduce the absorption capacity of the coating by chemical processes carried out at low temperatures after anodizing
Cold Impregnation
Electrochemical means of finishing metal where the process uses a colored powder that is given a positives electric charge and the metal is given a negative electric charge to allow the powder to stick to the metal part; once the powder is attached to the metal, the part is baked in a kiln to fuse the powder to the metal surface for the color to permanently attach; ideal finish for exterior applications
Powder Coating
Means by which decorations may be applied to metals by raising, moulding, or carving a surface design in relief
Embossing
Means by which decorations may be applied to metals by carving and cutting designs
Engraving
Means by which decorations may be applied to metals where the process of using strong acid or mordant is used to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design
Etching
Means by which decorations may be applied to metals where the technique used to work metal into a raised design or pattern is done by sinking the front surface, used in combination with repousse (raised) which is the opposite, the design is raised through the reverse side
Chasing (sunk)
A process in working metal described as heating metal to restore it to its softest possible working state
Annealing
A process in working metal described as treating steel to improve its corrosion resistance; metal is heated to create an oxide skin and then quenched in oil
Bluing
A process in working metal described as the production of metal shapes by pouring molten metal into moulds
Casting
A process in working metal described as forcing malleable metals through holes to produce bars, sections, or tubes
Extruding
A process in working metal described as shaping hot metal by hammering
Forging
A process in working metal described as producing maximum hardness in high carbon still by heating it to bright cherry red, then quenching it in water or brine; followed by tempering because the process makes the metal brittle
Hardening
A process in working metal described as forming sheet metal to shape with a press tool
Pressing
A process in working metal in which a fast revolving sheet of ductile metal is forced over a wood or metal form
Spinning
A process in working metal described as removing some of the brittleness form steel after it has been hardened
Tempering
A process in working metal described as pulling ductile metals though holes in a plate to reduce their cross-sectional areas
Drawing
Method of joining metals by drilling a hole in the pieces of metal to be joined, then inserting and fastening nuts and bolts, rivets, or screws
Mechanical Method
Method of making permanent connection in metals by applying a molten alloy between the joint faces; uses adhesive metal like lead
Soldering and Brazing
An extremely strong means of joining metals
Welding
A climbing Palm that thrives on asiatic regions; preprocessed to produce round cores for making reed or wicker furniture
Rattan
A rattan that has a diameter of over 25mm and an internode of 250mm
Palasan
A rattan that has a diameter of 15mm to 25mm
Tumalim
Rattan that has a diameter of less than 15mm and is bright yellow in color
Sika
A rattan having a diameter of less than 15mm but having a light cream appearance instead of bright yellow
Panlis
Woody grass known as Bambusese; resembles rattan but is hollow
Bamboo
Bamboo has stems called __________ that are cylindrical and generally separated by partitions
Clum
Bamboo clums are separated by partitions or joints called __________
Nodes
The space between nodes of bamboos are called ___________
Internodes
The largest palm in the Philippines reaching a height of 20 meters
Buri
__________ are processed from the petioles of the Buri Palm leaf
Buntal Fibers
Are the tough covering of a variety of animals, fruits, seeds, and nuts; its greatest value to furniture making are the calcified outer covering of the marine and land mollusks
Shells
The crystals that are deposited in the mollusk’s fleshy mantel; the mother of pearl which appears from the inside of many shells
Argonite
The crystals that are deposited in the mollusk’s fleshy mantel; lighter form of calcium carbonate
Calcite
Leather obtained from large animals such as cows, carabaos, and horses
Hides
Leather obtained from smaller animals such as calves, sheep, goats, pigs, and alligators
Skins
Leather obtained from pelts of reptiles such as snakes and lizards
Kips
Backpainted glass
Graphicote
Is a construction technique rather than a material; might be made of rattan, reed, willow, or other flexible twig or branch
Wicker
Hardware that are concealed or hidden from view
Rough Hardware
A straight slender piece of metal having one end points and the other enlarged and flattened for hammering into wood or other building materials as fastener
Nails
General purpose nail with a small head allowing head to be punched below timber surface and then filled
Bullet Head
Nail with a large flat head to support the material being fixed; for fixing metal sheeting, strapping, brackets, conduits, and pipe clips
Clout
Nail used for fixing large size timbers such as railway sleepers; galvanized coated for extra protection against corrosion
Deck Spike
A nail with two heads; used in formwork applications and fastening temporary work; the second head is left exposed for easy removal and for attaching a string line
Duplex
Nail used for fixing fibre cement sheeting such as Hardiflex and Villaboard to timber framing
Fibrecement
Nail used mainly with softwoods and thin timber, fencing, planking, and crating; the flat head helps stop timber from pulling overhead
Flathead
Nail used for fixing hardboard and fibre cement underlay sheeting to timber floors
Underlay
Nail used for securing materials such as wood to brick or concrete; made of thick hardened steel or zinc with grooved or fluted shank
Masonry
Nail used for soft woods, fencing, pallets, and crating; its twisted shank provides stronger holding power
Pallet
Nail that fixes plasterboard to timber framing; has an annular thread fro greater holding power in timber
Plasterboard
Nail used for iron roofing and fencing; twisted shank provides greater holding power in soft timbers
Roofing
Nail used for light ply, MDF, etc. where the appearance is not the main factor and particularly where the panel needs to be held firmly
Softsheet
Nail used for marking points in bitumen and asphalt; large washer in galvanized finish
Surveyor
Nail that can be used for fixing textile materials to wood; very short with relatively large head and very sharp point
Blue Cut Tack
Nail with specially designed head that allows for the head to be driven below timber surface; screw threads adds extra holding power in soft timber
Timbergrip
Nail used for fixing wire and netting to timber posts and frames; insulated version is often used to attach speaker and telephone wires to timber
Staple
Nail used for attaching paneling to walls; has a low profile and usually ringed shank; mostly used in conjunction with an adhesive
Wall Panel
50mm x 2.8mm nail used to fix Weathertex to timber framing; has a counter sunk head and is galvanized to resist staining
Weathertex
The helical or spiral ridge of a screw, nut, or bolt
Thread
The distance between the two corresponding points on adjacent threads of a screw, nut, or bolt
Pitch
Is a threaded metal, pin, or rod, usually having a heat at one end; designed to be inserted through holes in assembled parts and secured by a nut
Bolt
A bolt having a rounded head, a flat bearing surface, and square shoulder for preventing rotation; used where the head may be inaccessible during tightening
Carriage Bolt
A bolt having a flat bearing surface and a square or hexagonal head for turning with a wrench
Machine Bolt
A bolt or screw head having a square shape designed to be turned with a wrench
Square Bolt
Small, course-threaded machine screw
Stove Bolt
A bolt or screw head having a hexagonal shape designed to be turned with a wrench
Hex Head
The part on the shank of a bolt next to the head esp. when it has a special form
Neck
Nut specially constructed to provide extra friction between itself and a screw or bolt
Lock Nut
Nut having radial slits on its outer face to allow a locking pin or wire to be inserted in both the nut and a hole in its bolt; aka: castle nut
Castellated Nut
A nut having a hexagonal base and a domed top to cover the threaded end of a screw; aka Acorn nut
Cap Nut
A nut having two flat projecting pieces that provide a grip for tightening with the thumb and the forefinger; aka Thumbnut
Wing Nut
A perforated disk of metal, rubber, or plastic used under the head of a nut or bolt or at a joint to distribute pressure, prevent leakage, or relieve friction
Washer
To enlarge the upper part of a drilled hole so that the head of screw or bolt will lie flush with or below the surface
Countersink
The guiding hole for a nail or screw, or for drilling a larger size hole
Pilot Hole
To cut screw threads into an opening
Tap
To tear or damage the threads on a bolt or screw by applying too much force
Strip
A screw having a slotted head and a threaded point that permits it to form its own mating threads when driven into wood with a screw driver
Wood Screw
A course-threaded screw designed to tap its corresponding female thread as it is driven; aka tapping screw
Self-tapping Screw
A heavy, coarse-threaded screw having a square or hexagonal he’d driven by a wrench; used in areas inaccessible to the placement of a nut or where an exceptionally long bolt would be needed to penetrate a joint fully; aka: Coach Screw, Lag Bolt
Lag Screw
Metal fastener used with a nut or driven into a tapped hole, having a straight, threaded shank, and a slotted or Phillips head for turning with a screw driver
Machine Screw
Metal fastener for machine parts having a straight, threaded shank, held by threads tapped in the hole into which it is screwed
Cap Screw
A coarse-threaded screw for fastening sheet metal and other thin material
Sheet-metal Screw
A screw, often without a head, threaded through a hole in one part tightly upon or into another part to prevent relative movement
Setscrew
A screw having a flattened, knurled head designed to be turned by the thumb and forefinger
Thumbscrew
A screw head having a flat upper surface and a conical bearing surface
Flat Head
A screw head having a shallow, spherical shape with a conical bearing surface
Oval Head
A screw or bolt head having a spherical shape with a flat bearing surface; aka Button Head
Round Head
A screw or bolt head having a shallow, spherical shape with a flat bearing surface
Truss Head
A screw or rivet head having a cylindrical shape with a rounded shoulder
Panhead
A cylindrical screw head having a slightly domed upper surface and a flat bearing surface
Fillister Head
A screw head having a flat upper surface and an underside shaped like the bell of a bugle
Bugle Head
A screw head having a single slot, driven by a flat-tipped screw driver
Slotted Head
A screw head having two partial slots crossing at right angles, driven by a Phillips screwdriver
Phillips Head
A screw head having an axial hexagonal recess driven by an Allen wrench
Allen Head
A screw head having a square recess, driven by a square drive to Robertson screwdriver; aka Robertson Head (after the inventor of the screwdriver head)
Square Head
A screw designed to resist removal with a flat tipped or Phillips screwdriver
Security Head
Are the sort of fittings found on flat-pack self assembly furniture products that allow the items to be assembled and disassembled may times
Knock-down Fittings
A bolt with a machine-screw thread on one end and a lag-screw thread on the other
Hanger Bolts
A universal connector that is a heavy duty cam-action fastener for extremely strong joints
Heavy Duty Universal Connector
Metal inserts with threads that protect the wood or board’s screw slot
Threaded Inserts
Inserts that work especially well on thin materials such as exposed veneer seating
Low Profile Threaded Inserts
An ideal choice of knockdown fittings when clamping is difficult on large assemblies; exceptionally strong mechanical fastener is great for both knock down fittings and permanent joints
Minifix KD Fittings
Hardware that has finish; used as decorative and functional fitting for furniture to enhance function and appearance
Finishing Hardware
Finishing hardware for movable joints; used to support and turn a door above a pivot consisting of 2 plates joined together by a pin which supports a door and connect it to its frame enabling it to swing open or close
Hinges
A type of hinge where one leaf is mortised into the edge of the door and the other is mortised into the ragged edge of a door frame
Full-mortise Hinge
A type of hinge where one leaf is attached to the face of a door and the other lead is attached to the face of the door frame
Full Surface Hinge
A type of hinge where one leaf is mortised into the edge of the door and the other is attached to the frame of the door
Half-mortise Hinge
A type of hinge where one leaf is attached to the door and the other is mortised into the rabbet edge of the frame
Half-surface Hinge
Hinge consisting of 2 rectangular metal plates joined by a removable pin
Butt Hinge
A hinge having non-removable pin
Fast-pin Hinge
Hinge having a removable pin which permits the 2 parts to be separated
Loose Pin Hinge
A continuos hinge that spans up to 6ft; the most efficient kind
Piano Hinge
Also called a CROSS-GARNET hinge; t-shaped hinged with the crosspiece as the stationary member and the long stem being the movable leaf; for wide slated doors
T-Hinge
Hinge consisting of a number of flat plates rotating about a central pin, with shoulders mortised into the door edge and doorframe so as to conceal it when closed
Invisible Hinge
A finishing hardware or device for securing a door, drawer, or lid in position when closed; consisting of a bolt or combination of bolts propelled and withdrawn by a key or combination-operated mechanism
Lock
Assembly of parts making up a complete locking system
Lock Set
A protective or ornamental plate around a keyhole, doorknob, drawer pull, or light switch
Escutcheon and Escutcheon Plate
Finishing hardware that is added to a furniture or the like for ease in movement; run in one direction or rotates
Ball Casters
Door handle/ pullers that come separately with doors/ cabinets
Bolt-in Cabinet Handle
Door handle or puller hat is embedded on the face frame of a drawer, door, or cabinet
Flushed
Finishing hardware or mechanisms that are held in engaged position by friction
Friction Catches
Tapered metal collars that fit over the ends of legs and keeps them from splitting
Ferrule/ Furrule
Defined as the study that details with human measurements
Anthropometrics
Deals with human factor engineering; science of studying humans with regard to health, safety, and welfare in their environments
Ergonomics
The study that deals with space planning in relationship with man’s activities, behaviors, and movements
Ergonometrics
A WORK CHAIR is inclined around __________ degrees backrest angle from vertical or __________ degrees from the seat
Rake (from vertical): 3 - 5 degrees
Inclined (from seat): 94 - 96 degrees
A GENERAL PURPOSE CHAIR is inclined around __________ degrees backrest angle from vertical or _________ degrees from seat
Rake (from vertical): 15 degrees
Inclined (from seat): 97 - 105 degrees
An EASY CHAIR is inclined around __________ degrees backrest angle from vertical or ___________ degrees from the seat
Rake (from vertical): 28 degrees
Inclined (from seat): 105 - 118 degrees
A LOUNGE CHAIR is inclined around __________ degrees backrest angle from vertical or ___________ degrees from the seat
Rake (from vertical): 52 degrees
Inclined (from seat): 118 - 135 degrees
Ideal length of elbow room in a rectangular or circular table
560-600 mm per seater
A rectangular table has a recommended space allowance of __________ on each side.
300mm
Normal working arm of a person sitting at a desk
900mm (W) x 500mm (D)
Maximum normal working arm width and depth of a person sitting at a desk (outstretched arms)
1500mm (W) x 500mm (D)
The outer area reach of a person sitting at a desk (but will have to bend)
1900mm (W) x 750mm (D)
Formula to get the diameter of a circular table
Diameter = (seating capacity x elbow room) / 3.14
The maximum height of an end/ side table follows the height of the arm rest; the most common is ___________ lower than the armrest level
25 - 50mm
The height of a center/ low table u shally follows the height of the seat in the furniture setting; recommended height of the table is __________ higher than the seat height
25 - 50mm
Standard size of a SINGLE SOFA/ ARMCHAIR
750 x 900 x 900(back) mm; SH 350-410 mm
Standard size of a TWO-SEATER SOFA
1800 x 750 x 900(back) mm; SH 350-410mm
Standard size of a THREE-SEATER SOFA
2100 x 900 x 900(back) mm; SH 350-410mm
Standard size of a LOVE SEAT
1000 x 600 x 650(back) mm or 1350 x 750 x 900(back) mm;
SH 350-410mm
Seat height of a LUNCH COUNTER STOOL
610 - 660mm
The distance from the seat to the lunch counter/ bar stool’s foot rest
430mm
Seat height of a BAR STOOL with a bar height of 1100mm
710 - 760mm
Seat height of an EXTRA TALL or SPECTATOR HEIGHT CHAIR with a bar height of 1250mm
840 - 865mm
Furniture that is fixed or permanently added to the walls
Built-in Furniture
For closets: Minimum ceiling height
2440 mm
For closets: Hanging storage for shirts, jackets, pants, skirts for men and women
1067.50 mm
For closets: Standard width for drawers and baskets
For closets: Height for children’s hanging clothes
610 mm
For closets: Storage for 3 pairs of men’s shoes and 4 pairs of women’s shoes
915 mm
For closets: Hanging storage for dress and full length robes and evening gowns
1728.33 mm
For closets: Standard shelf depth
355.83 mm
For closets: Distance the rod is to be mounted from the back of the closet
305 mm
For closets: Distance from the top of the shelf above to the centerline of the rod
101.66 mm
For closets: Distance between shelves to allow for shoe storage
152.50 mm
For closets: Minimum depth for closet (typical)
610 mm
For closets: Shelf width for 1 stack of clothes
305 mm
For closets: Clearance from floor to allow for vacuuming
152.50 mm
For closets: Standard height for children’s hanging clothes
762.50 mm
Distance between the rod and shelf above
70 mm minimum
Dimensions of a standard hanger
9” x 19”
A hanging rod can accommodate __________/ men’s suit and __________/ women’s clothing
70mm Men’s
50mm Women’s
The most efficient and economical doors for closet design are the ___________
Hinged Type
Are adaptable for the storage of those odd or bulky shaped objects, folded articles, books, and magazines
Shelves
Popular for accommodating articles with minimum space for maximum convenience; dust free, neat in appearance even when carelessly used
Drawers
Average height of the pole above the floor
150 mm
Clearance between poles and shelf above is
7 cm
Lighting that looks like a fluorescent but functions as incandescent; good for cabinets
Linestra
Standard depth of clothes closet for bedrooms and dressing rooms __________; with hook strip __________
60 cm
75 cm with hook strip
Depth of coat closet that is near the entrance door
80 - 85 cm
Minimum interior dimension of BEDROOM LINEN and BEDDING closets
40 cm wide x 35-60 cm deep
Book storage:
85% of books fit in ____________ deep shelves
10% of books fit in ____________ deep shelves
5% of books fit in ____________ deep shelves
85% 20cm deep
10% 25cm deep
5% 30cm deep
Kitchen Cabinet critical dimension for Counter top height
750 - 950 mm
Kitchen Cabinet critical dimension for maximum height of wall shelves
1800 mm
Kitchen Cabinet critical dimension for height between wall cabinets and counter top
600 mm
Kitchen Cabinet critical dimension for depth of wall shelves
100-450 mm
Kitchen Cabinet critical dimension for depth of counter top
360 - 600 mm
Also known as cubicle or modular; are panel based work stations that provide privacy and organization in otherwise open area; can quickly maximize space and productivity while providing the proper ergonomic environment for employees; economical and easy to assemble
System Furniture
A seating for system furniture that features a comfortable 3 1/2” thick seat x 17 3/4” polyurethane seat; with adjustable seat depth and height (16 3/4” - 22” H)
Task Chair
A seating for system furniture that have ergonomic features for a long term use; 4” thick x 19” wide; adjustments include back height, seat depth, and “flex-back” that tilts the back independently of seat
Deluxe Chairs
Are channels provided in a system furniture desk to direct wires to power sources
J mold
Diameter of wire grommets
3”
Depth of lateral filing cabinets
38-46 cm
A type of bed with one bed frame stacked on top of another allowing two people to sleep in the same room while maximizing floor space
Bunk Bed
A type of bunk bed that has two same size mattresses stacked one directly over the other
Standard Twin (39”x75”)
A type of bunk bed that is arranged like a standard bunk except the bottom mattress will be a full size and the upper will be a twin size
Twin over Full (39”x75” and 54”x75”)
A type of bunk bed having both bottom and upper mattresses in full size
Full Bed Bunk (54”x75”)
A type of bunk bed that is arranged like a standard bunk except the lower bunk will be a western-style futon couch which converts into a bed rather than a standard mattress
Fulton Bunk Bed
Is a bed elevated to a certain height with free space underneath; similar to a bunk bed but without the lower beds, freeing the floor space for other furniture
Loft Bed
A type of loft bed that is an alternative for student bedrooms; incorporates a work desk with built in computer workstation below the loft bed
Loft Bed with Desk
A type of loft bed with the area lying underneath can be used as a space storage; easily accessed when needed and provide ample storage for clothing, toys, or books
Loft Bed with Storage
Dimension for a loft bed Twin Size
39” x 75”
Dimension for a loft bed Double Size
54” x 75”
Dimensions for a loft bed Queen size
60” x 80”
Dimensions for loft bed King Size
76” x 80”
Dimension of the vertical clearance of each bed for a loft bed
1000 mm
Dimension of the distance of ladder rung for a loft bed
400 mm
Minimum width for climbing for a loft bed
600 mm
Minimum width of a ladder for a loft bed
400 mm
A work desk that is mainly used for computers; some companies however use it for other purposes
Computer desk
Dimension for a Computer desk
24” x 24” x 30”
Working desk that are mainly found at the front areas of most companies; this is where certain guests, employees, or superiors of the firm go to for sending or leaving messages, and giving pertinent basic company information
Reception Desk
Dimensions of an L-shaped working desk (standard)
29.5” x 20.75” x 30.75”
An orientation of a working desk that is perfect for multitasking duties; gives much space for users and can hold multiple documents, files, and other materials that are used for the office
U-Shaped Desk
Refers to a piece of furniture that seats more than one person and is usually used in dining situations such as a kitchen or dining room
Banquette
Is usually located along a wall and includes a bench seat with a low or high back; often upholstered, and the back may be as well to match the seat cushions
Banquet Seating
A type of banquet seating typically used in more formal locations such as formal dining room; consists of a bench that can be moved to a table or pushed against a wall
Free-standing Banquet Seating
A type of banquet seating most people use everywhere; typically upholstered with a vinyl material for easy cleaning; usually used in restaurants
Restaurant Banquet Seating
A most common style of banquet seating frequently used in smaller kitchens when space is limited and the number of diners makes free standing chairs a poor option; with this seating, more diners can fit in a smaller area
Built-in Banquet Seating
The union of 2 or more smooth or even surfaces admitting two or jor pieces of wood to a closed fitting or junction
Joint
The art of joint making; joining of 2 or more wood members; an advanced branch of carpentry that requires special skill; work of precision that requires not only accurate tooling but also accurate layout
Joinery
The art or craft of forming joints esp. in wood work
Joinery
Any of the various joints formed by abutting the surfaces of two members squarely together without overlapping; simplest and weakest type; held together with screws, bolts, nails, or glue
Butt Joint
Alternative joinery method for serving the same function as mortise and tenon; start out as simple butt joints then dowels or splines are fitte into pieces to to increase strength
Dowel Joint
A cylindrical pin fitting snugly into holes in two adjacent pieces to prevent slipping or to align them
Dowel
Any joint formed by uniting two members at a corner so as to change direction
Corner Joint or Angle Joint
A lengthening joint made by overlapping the tapered, notched, or halved ends of two members and holding them in place with bolts, straps, keys, or fishplates, to resist tension or compression
Scarf Joint
A joint between two members meeting at an angle made by cutting each of the butting surface to an angle equal to half the angle of junction
Miter Joint
A miter joint have a raised surface to limit motion between the joint parts
Shoulder Miter
A miter jot that incorporates a tongue and a groove
Tongued Miter
A thin strip of material inserted into the grooved edges of two members to make a butt joint between them; aka: Feather; used in site assembling
Spline Joint
Any of various joints formed by overlapping the ends or edges of two members
Lap Joint/ Ship Lap Joint
The overlapped board is notched deep enough to accept the entire thickness of the lapping board
Full-lap
A joint formed by cutting away half of each member at the place of joining so that a flush surface results
Half-lap Joint or Halved Joint
A joint made by fitting a raised area or tongue on the edge of one member into a corresponding groove on the edge of another member to produce a flush surface
Tongue and Groove (T&G)
A joint used to add strength when joining boards together; it is basically one piece of wood that looks like two connecting dovetails; adds to the strength of the boars that are glued edge to edge; typically fourth in Arts and Crafts style
Butterfly Joint
Any of the various joints between two members made by housing a tenon in a mortise
Mortise and Tenon Joint
A notch or hole, usually rectangular, cut into a piece to receive a tenon of the same dimension; space in wood joint hollowed out to receive a tenon or the like
Mortise
A projection formed on the end of a member for insertion into a mortise of the same dimension
Tenon
A mortise and tenon joint that is en on three sides; aka: Slip Mortise or Open Mortise
Slotted Mortise and Tenon
A mortise and tenon joint that does not pass completely through a member; aka: Stopped Mortise
Blind Mortise and Tenon
A mortise and tenon joint where a tenon that extends completely through or beyond the piece into why its corresponds mortise is cut
Through Mortise and Tenon
A mortise and tenon joint where the tenon is narrower at the tip than at the root; for premium construction
Haunch Mortise and Tenon
A mortise and tenon joint where a wedge in the split end of a tenon for spreading and securing when driven not a mortise
Wedged Mortise and Tenon
A mortise and tenon joint that is fasted or secure by a key
Loose-wedged Mortise and Tenon
A piece of wood or metal sued as a wedge to tighten a joint or to prevent motion between parts
Key
A method for joining drawer sides to front; usually used for flush type installations but can be adapted to lip or overlay type drawers
Drawer-lock Joint
A rectangular groove cut in a member to receive the end of another; when milled slot is placed midway in a board
Dado
A channel, groove, or notch cut along or just one edge of a member so that something else can be fitted into it
Rabbet or Rebate
To groove or to hollow out with a gauge or machine
Rout
A slot running with the grain
Groove
A disguise of the presence of dado joint used by the cabinet makers; looks like a butt joint when completed
Stopped Joint
A conventional type of dado joint used for assembly of case body members
Though Dado
A variation of conventional dado joint with applied edge stopping or concealing dado groove
Blind Dado
Another method of concealing dado exposure; applicable when veneer edging or solid lumber is used; dado that is cut across the full width of a member
Stop Dado
A joint formed by a tenon expanding in width toward the resembling the fan like form of a dove tail; traditional method of joining drawer sides to front or backs
Dovetail Joint
A dovetail joint where a corner dovetail joint is visible on both faces
Through Dovetail or Common Dovetail
A corner dovetail joint visible on one face only; aka: Lap Dovetail
Half Blind Dovetail
A corner dovetail joint showing only the line of a miter
Secret Mitered Dovetail
A halved joint mad by fitting s dovetail at the end of one member into a corresponding mortise in the second member
Dovetail Halving
A lengthening joint formed by interlacing finger-like projections on the ends of the joined members; combination of solids and voids that have been cut at the right angle to allow these pieces to slide together
Finger Joint
A joint formed by fitting the end of one member, notched to form two parallel tenon into two gains cut into the edge of a second member
Bridle Joint
Similar to mortise and tenon joint but the mortise is cut at the end of the material rather than being an enclosed square hole; the tenon piece s cut to tiny into that mortise; aka: Slotted Mortise and Tenon
Bridle Joint
Joinery technique used in paneling or when paneled effect is desired
Paneled door Detail
USA bed mattress and its dimensions that is:
Small, for one adult or child and good selection for school age children (bunk bed - upper and lower);
Standard Bunk Bed Size
39” x 75”
USA bed mattress and its dimensions that is:
Small, for one child and a good selection for pre teens (bunk bed - upper and lower)
Narrow Bunk Bed Size
36” x 75”
USA bed mattress and its dimensions that is:
Small, for one adult; and good selection for guest accommodation
Twin Bed Size/ Single Bed Size
39” x 75”
The USA standard dimension of a Twin Extra Long Bed
39” x 80”
USA bed mattress and its dimensions that is:
Wide enough for a large adult or two small adults
Full Bed Size/ Double Bed Size
54” x 75”
USA Standard dimension for a Queen Bed Size
60” x 80”
USA bed mattress and its dimensions that is:
Four inches long than the Standard Queen Bed Size
California Queen Bed Size
60” x 84”
USA bed mattress and its dimensions that is:
Six inches wider than a standard Queen Size Bed
Expanded Queen Size Bed
66” x 80”
USA bed mattress and its dimensions that is:
Six inches wider that a Standard Queen Bed size; also thicker
Super Queen Bed Size
66” x 80”
USA Dimension for a Standard King Bed Size
76” x 80”
USA bed mattress and its dimensions that is:
Not as wide but longer than a Standard King Bed Size
California King Bed
72” x 84”
USA Dimension for a Grand King Bed Size
80” x 98”
UK bed mattress and its dimensions that is:
Small, for one adult and good selection for guest accommodations
Single Bed Size
36” x 75”
USA bed mattress and its dimensions that is:
Small, for one adult or child (bunk bed -upper and lower)
Bunk Bed Size
36” x 75”
UK standard dimension for a Double Size Bed
54” x 75”
UK standard dimension for a King Bed Size
60” x 78”
UK standard dimension for a Super King Bed Size
72” x 78”
Minimum no. of coils for the mattress springs of a Full Size Bed
300
Minimum no. of coils for the mattress springs of a Queen size bed
375
Minimum no. of coils for the mattress springs of a King Size Bed
450
Average no. of coils per mattress
400
A decorative pillow that is small, rectangular, and usually made with the same or a coordinating fabric as with the bedding
Typical Boudoir or Breakfast Pillow
Dimensions in cm and inches for a Typical Boudoir/ Breakfast Pillow
51cm x 66cm or 20” x 26”
30cm x41 cm or 12” x 16”
Dimensions for a Typical Square Throw Pillow
46 cm x 46 cm or 18” x 18”
A decorative pillow that provides positioning and support for the neck, back, under the knees, and ankles
Typical Neckroll Pillow
Dimensions for a Typical Neck Roll Pillow
51 cm x 92 cm or 6” x 13”
Bed pillow size for Standard
51 x 66 cm or 20” x 26”
Bed pillow size for Queen
51 x 76 cm or 20” x 30”
Bed pillow size for King
51 x 92 cm or 20” x 36”
Bed pillow size for a European Square
66 x 66 cm or 26” x 26”
Pieces of furniture for sitting or reclining; derived from the old French word “couche” that literally means bed; interchangeable with the word which is derived from the Arabic word “Suffah” that translates to an upholstered raised platform
Sofa or Chouche
A sofa that has a low, set-back arms and an elegant profile; usually skirted and sometimes has a softly rolled back
Bridgewater Sofa
The back of this Louis XV sofa curves into the arms in downswept continuous line; usually has a wood trip and carved wood legs that may be curved
Cabriole
A sofa that has a curved back that looks like a camel hump; characterized by straight lines and a long individual cushion for the seat; innovation of Thomas Chippendale
Camelback
Dating form the 18th century, a deep buttoned or tufted sofa with arms and back of the same height, usually made of leather; in the UK it refers to any sofa with buttons and quilting; seat cushions are usually fixed
Chesterfield
A sofa that features scrolled arms with curved backs that are higher than the arms and has visible legs
English or Club Sofa
A sofa characterized by its back with one raised end; dates from the 19th century and was usually used by women to lie down when they faint while combing the stairs of the house
Fainting Sofa
A type of sofa that folds down into a bed
Futon
Based on an early to mid-17th century sofa made for Knole, a house in Kent England; a sofa with a straight back, high and angled arms that can be adjusted to open out or stand up straight; the back and arms traditionally connect with finials wrapped in chords
Knole
A sofa with a low, squarish back, with arms that are even lower than the back; can have share or rolled arms
Lawson
These are sofas that have straight squared lines and a very streamlined form with low and often square legs
Mid-century Modern
This modular seating is configured from components that include armless sofas, as well as end and corner units, ottomans, and sometimes, even recliners or chaises; clean lined and modern
Sectional
A sofa that has arms that are the same height as its back; earlier versions had arms curving outward; the basic may feature one, two, or three cushions; name comes from the park in New York
Tuxedo Sofa
Furniture foot described as a carved foot in the form of the flaw of an animal or bird holding a ball with the ball resting on the floor; it may have originated in Europe but is from a Chinese decorative motif of s dragon’s claw grasping a pearl
Ball-and-Claw Foot
A furniture foot described as a round, turned foot terminating a leg or serving independently as a support for a case piece; may be spherical, or it may be ovoid with vertical axis
Ball Foot
A furniture foot described as support at either side of a simple piece of case furniture in which the side panel extends below the bottom of the piece’s body; extension has a triangle cut from the center of its lower edge, leaving a foot at the front and rear
Boot Jack Foot
A furniture foot described as support for case furniture consisting of two brackets mitered and jointed below the corners of the piece’s body
Bracket Foot
A furniture foot described as a round, turned foot, flattened at the top and bottom; similar to ball foot but a bit more horizontal
Bun Foot or Onion Foot
A furniture foot described as a hoof foot in which the hoof is cloven or cut in the center
Cloven Foot
A furniture foot described as a carved foot in a shape of a stylized fish
Dolphin Foot
A furniture foot described as a carved foot having three, occasionally four “toes” or prominent ribs on its upper surface
Drake Foot
Broad term designating any of several 18th century shaped feet used throughout Europe and America, generally to terminate a Cabriole leg; characterized by a flat circular or ovoid bottom, little or no carved ornamentation, and a smoothly curved top with any of several profiles
Dutch Foot
17th century carved foot, characterized by two scrolls, one at the floor and one where the foot joins the leg, or in a case piece, body; the bottom scroll turns inward, while the upper one may spiral inward or outward
Flemish Scroll Foot
A type of bracket foot having slender and tapering arms and a vertical profile that splays outward slightly at the bottom
French Bracket Foot
A furniture foot described as carved foot in the form of an animal’s hoof, either cloven or solid
Hoof Foot or Pied de Biche
A furniture foot described as a decorated bun foot with incised vertical lines spaced regulars around its circumference
Melon Foot
A type of bracket foot with a vertical profile in the form of an S-curve, convex above and concave below
Ogee Bracket Foot
A general term for a carved foot taking the form of an animal’s paw
Paw Foot
A type of ball foot turned with a vertical profile in the form of a cyma Recta curve, concave at the top and convex at the bottom; the concave upper turnings forms a neck near the top of the foot
Pear Foot
A carved foot terminating a leg and taking the form of an outward and upward-turning scroll; one scroll only
Scroll Foot or Whorl Foot
A furniture foot described as a block-shaped foot, higher than wide, and tapping slightly at the bottom resembling in profile a blade of a shovel or spade
Spade Foot or Therm Foot
A furniture foot described as carved foot terminating a leg and characterized by an inward turning scroll at the bottom and vertical grooves above, creating ribs on the top surface of the scroll
Spanish Foot, Braganza, Paintbrush Foot, or Portuguese Foot
A furniture foot described as a short, broad, downward-tapering foot attached to the bottom of a piece of case furniture
Stub Foot
A furniture foot described as a carved foot decorated with three scrolls or spiraled grooves meeting at the center
Tern Foot
A furniture leg described as a carved, double curved, tapering furniture leg, dominant in t he 18th century; broad upper part forms a pronounced outward curve above a tapering lower part with a long, smooth, inward curve that extends down to the carved foot which flares outward again
Cabriole Leg or Queen Anne Leg
A support for low pieces of Chinese furniture; short and heavy leg that curved outward slightly at the top, down to a tight inward scroll at the bottom
Elephant-trunk Leg
A furniture leg described as a a carved leg of the 17th century characterized by two scrolls, one at the floor and one at or close to the supported piece; the bottom scroll turned inward, while the upper one night spiral inward or outward
Flemish Scroll Leg
A furniture leg described as a straight, square leg, either undecorated or carved with simple fluting or stopped fluting; sometimes tapering downward, either lacking a foot or terminating in a spade foot
Marlborough Leg
A furniture leg described as a rearward-curving front leg of a sofa or chair, resembling a cavalryman’s curved sword; usually rectangular in section, sometimes reeded, fluted, or gently rounded front; tapers slightly toward the bottom
Saber Leg, Scimitar Leg, Swept Leg, or Waterloo Leg
Carved leg shaped like a large letter “S”; can be in the form of a Flemish scroll
Scroll Leg
A furniture leg described as a a turned leg incorporating a spiral turning
Turned Leg
Table leg that is attached by a horizontal member at its top to a fixed member beneath the table form which it pivots outward on a hinge to support a leaf (as in a butterfly table or an unfolding tabletop); similar to the gate of a gate-leg table but does not have a lower stretcher
Swing Leg
A furniture leg described as a turned leg incorporating a trumpet turning
Trumpet Leg
A furniture stretcher described as an x-stretcher than bows upward decoratively, adding interest to the horizontal line
Arched Stretcher
A furniture stretcher described as a four crossbars around a square perimeter without crossing the space within that perimeter
Box Stretcher
A type of stretcher or crossbar connecting the legs of a chair (Windsor Chair); a bow like rod, curved beneath the set, connects the two front legs- from it, two short rods or Spurs extend rearward, one to each back leg
Cow-horn, Crinoline, Spur, or Crescent Stretcher
Early 18th century table stretcher in which two lyre-shaped segments connect the legs; open end of each lyre faces an end of the table, with each arm of the lyre attached to one leg; two lyres are joined at their curved section
Double-Lyre Stretcher
A furniture stretcher in which two crossbars- one joining the front and back legs of a furniture piece on each side are connected in the middle by a third crossbar
H-Stretcher
A furniture stretcher described as a 19th century British Stretcher used on a three-legged furniture (stools); front to front, middle of front to rear; center to Front
Isle of Man Stretcher
A furniture stretcher described as a any stretcher whose members curve more than one between one leg and another
Serpentine Stretcher
A furniture stretcher described as a stretcher in which two crossbars, each joining one front leg of a piece of furniture to the rear leg on the opposite side, are connected to each other in the middle
X-stretcher
A portable bed with mattress and frame that folded in half for compact storage
Roll-away
One frame of seating height has a mattress without a backrest; another frame slides out below it with an equal size mattress and rises to form a double bed or two single beds
High Riser
Upholstered seating section of an upholstered foundation may convert into twin beds
Studio Couch
A low bed rolls under a larger bed and springs up to form a double bed or two single beds as in a high riser
Trundle Bed
When a back of a sofa is pushed, it lowers to from a portion of the bed
Push-back Sofa
Washer specially constructed to prevent a nut from shaking loose
Lock Washer
Metal fastener having a tapered, helically threaded shank and a slotted head, designed to be driven into wood or the like by turning, as with a screw driver
Screw
Washer having small projections that are progressively flattened as a bolt is tightened, the gap between the head or nut and the washer indicating the tension in the bolt
Load-indicating washer
Is a square or hexagonal metal block perforated with a threaded hole to fit around and secure a bolt or screw
Nut
