Furniture Design and Construction Flashcards
The prime purpose of design/ true designer
Fulfillment of human satisfaction
What are the goals in design?
- Improvement of function
- Improvement of production methods
- Improvement of distribution system
- Design innovation
A goal in design where a designer aspires for more user comfort simultaneous with efficient function, simplicity of operation and a good physical appearance in the final design
Improvement of function
A goal in design where the designer promotes an efficient combination of man and machine to reduce the production cost
Improvement of production methods
A goal in design where the designer must strive to increase the sales through packing, packaging, and distribution
Improvement of distribution system
A goal in design where the designer foresees how the product should work, function, and look in the future
Design innovation
To make something out of nothing; process of coming up with new ideas
Creativity
The two basic Creative Problem Solving Techinques
- Intuitive Technique
2. Logical or Systematic Technique
An intuitive technique that aims at setting off the creative forces by directly approaching the subconscious creative part of the human mind; always done in a group to get different ideas from different mind sets; no limit to the imagination and suspends reason and logical thinking
Brainstorming
An intuitive technique developed from experience with brainstorming session; its aim is to increase output from brainstorming; a written form of brainstorming
Brainwriting
A direct way of having twenty six or more ideas that pertain to a problem; solutions that start with the letters of the alphabet
Alphabetical Listing
An intuitive technique where different, seemingly unrelated elements are combined to form a solution; the mind is being stimulated deliberately
Synectics
Generates new ideas by solving the problem in a riddle-like technique; it literally means riddle
Delphi Method
A technique involving thinking of how to make the problem worse; this process increases awareness enough to give yourself some perspective on the problem
Inversion
A technique that involves associating the problem or solution with something familiar rather than what you read in a dictionary or the like
Description by Association
A problem solving technique based on the principle of splitting up the problem into sub problems and solving them one by one using different techniques
Logical or Systematic Technique
Redefining a problem first to a more basic problem and then splitting it up into its elements or sub problems which can vary independently from one another
Morphology
A technique that systematically examines and analyzes objects of nature for possible adaptation as solution to some technical problems
Bionics
Thinking about what function an object will perform instead of thinking about its form or how it would look like
Functional Visualization
A comprehensive problem is split up into more and more minute sub-problems until the whole problem has become a network of interrelated problems; will generally have a higher level of success
Problem Area Analysis and Function Analysis
The Basic Criteria for a Good Design
- Physical and Physiological Factors
- Historical and Cultural Factors
- Aesthetic Consideration
A basic criteria for good design where the utilitarian requirements and bodily comfort are provided; a good design must minimize or totally eliminate physical constraints that tend to result in any physical or physiological constraints; anthropometrics
The Physical and Physiological Factors
A basic criteria for good design where designing for the present needs familiarization of the past culture and the present trend
The Historical and Cultural Factor
A basic criteria for good design where designs are made visually pleasing; useful not only in solving technical problems but also in formulating original and pleasing visual appearance of the final design
Aesthetic Consideration
Aesthetic Consideration Techniques
- Structural Form Development
- Morphological Form Development
- Geometric Form Development
- Form Development based on Nature
- From Development based on Various Sources
This makes use of the basic outline of the furniture we grid; connecting the 5 structural points in developing the design
Structural Form Development
Makes use of previous designs as basis for improvements; small changers are applied to arrive at a more interesting term; morphing parts of the original to form a better one
Morphological Form Development
The size, shape, color, proportion, mass, number of arrangements can spark new ideas
Geometric Form Development
When nature provides inspiration for fresh exciting ideas; nature offers immense possibilities of new ideas in design
Form Development based on Nature
When design ideas are based on other sources besides nature
Form Development based on Various Sources
Craftsmanship is key in this handmade folk style; originated as an anti-industrial reaction and also stood for social economic reform; its characteristics include: blocky shapes, use of wood with prominent grain, exposed joints, minimal accent detailing
Arts and Crafts
This innocuous (not offensive) style is recognizable through the use of simplified shapes, and the mix of soft and smooth textures; its characteristics include: round furniture lines, soft curved lines, and inviting soft textures
Classic Contemporary
Deliberate or intentional and should involve careful, organized, and systematic logical thinking and planning
Design
This style is a combination of old and new ideas; some are influenced by nature, futuristic style and cutting edge aspects, and other lean toward industrial, technical, and oversimplified style; its characteristics include: staying lines, sharp corners, solid colors, empty walls, sleek appeal, bold colors and high contrast, monochromatic
Contemporary
A style that has a cozy and quaint feel to them; the palette is a mixture of colors and prints; distressed wood is frequently used, as well as antiques that have an old barn or farmhouse vibe; its characteristics include: distressed wood, antiques, soft colors, small prints and plaids
Country
The most difficult decor to describe; it is essentially a combination of all others; matching of myriad of styles is heavily encouraged; its characteristics include: vintage pieces, bright colors, pieces firm all different styles, contemporary offbeat items, mixed motifs, and generous accessories
Eclectic
This style originated in the 1900s with the Bauhaus movement; materials include: chrome, black leather, glass, and Ultrasuede; its characteristics include: natural forms of materials or lacquered finishes, simplified shapes, functionality, ergonomic
Modern
An architectural and visual idea where form and function came together
Bauhaus
The style’s furniture are comprised partly or wholly of locally found materials such as bark, roots, branches, and other natural forms; it accents the sculptural beauty, contrasting textures, and whimsical shapes of materials found in nature; its characteristics include: raw materials, distressed metal, hair on hides, wool, stone, and cozy seating
Rustic
Originating from Britain, this style flies mainly on flea market finds that are usually refurnished; it is soft, relaxed, feminine, romantic, comfortable and inviting; also called cottage style; it makes use of colorful vintage items and distressed furniture
Shabby Chic
Real and often detailed furnishings from a variety of different time periods make upon this style, which is considered classics exudes an ageless feel; its characteristics include: rich colors, plush fabrics, curved lines, intricate details, dark woods, tapered legs, lustrous accent materials
Traditional
It is the offspring of traditional and contemporary furniture; embraces a livable and soft appeal while radiating a classic feel; simplicity with sophistication; its characteristics include: simple lines, monochromatic colors, soothing palettes, soft shapes
Transitional
Are devices that make it possible to work material when hand alone is not enough
Hand Tools
A hand tool used for measuring and for making straight lines
Ruler
3 Common Types of Rulers
- Rigid Ruler
- Folding Ruler
- Flexible Ruler
A hand tool used when testing for right angles or checking for square as well as for marking
Square
Vernacular: Skwala
A combination marking and measuring device/ hand tool; the distance is set from the point to the guide to the with a rule
Marking Gauge
A hand tool used to measure diameters
Caliper
The vernacular term for Saw
Lagare
3 Kinds of Hand Saws
- Crosscut Saw
- Rip Saw
- Coping Saw
A hand saw used for cutting wood across the grains
Crosscut Saw
A hand saw used for cutting wood along the grain or ripping
Rip Saw
A hand saw used for cutting curves in thin wood; not intended for sawing straight lines
Coping Saw
A hand tool used to make wood surfaces smooth and flat
Hand Plane
Vernacular: Katam
Used by the old blacksmith and mason maker for shaping spokes for wooden wheels
Spoke Shave
Used for smoothing curves usually on the edges of stock, following sawing
Files
Used for fitting joints in wood and for shaping edges; for joineries and for decorative carving
Chisels
Vernacular: Paet
Chisels with hollow blades for use in roughing out concave terms
Gouges
Both used for boring hole 1/4” or larger; the brace is also used with other tools such as conger sinks and screw driver bits; used as a manual drill
Auger brace and Bit
Used for drilling small holes and usually not larger than 1/4”
Hand Drill
A screwdriver that has a flat tip; can be used to open paint buckets
Standard Screwdriver
A screwdriver that has an x-shaped tip
Phillips Screwdriver
A screwdriver that relies on a pushing force rather than a twisting force; can be bent
Spiral Ratchet Screwdriver
These are tools that require power supplied by forces other than humans. They make work easier, quicker, and more accurate than hand tools; it does not altogether replace them
Machine Tools or Power Tools
Resembles a power driven coping saw; designed especially for cutting line curves and details that can stock up to approximately an inch in thickness; also called SCROLL SAW
Jig Saw
A saw that has an endless blade traveling around two pulleys; it cuts curves and straight lines in thin as well as thick stocks
Band Saw
A power-driven rotary cutting tool with toothed circular blade; it can perform cross cutting, ripping, mitering, chamfering, rabbeting, and with attachments: core cutting, tapering, darling, and shaping; also called a BENCH or TABLE SAW; general saw used for furniture construction
Circular Saw
An upside-down saw with teethed circular saw; the motor and blade are suspended above the workable rather than below it; in this position, the blade can be raised, lowered, turned, and tilled to make an assortment of cuts; the wood moves, not the machine
Radial Arm Saw
A machine tool that automatically surfaces the stock to thickness; automatically levels the surface of the wood
Planer
A machine tool originally designed for accurate, quick drilling of holes, but with some attachments, it can be used for boring, routing, shaping, and countersinking
Drill Press
The machine in which wood is shaped into round and cylindrical shapes such as bowls, lamps, and table legs
Wood Lathe
Specialized in cutting shaped edges, moldings, picture frame stock and the like
Spindle Shaper
Smoothens surface through the disc, belt, drum, spindles, and sheet type
Sanding Machine
Designed primarily for drilling and boring but with attachments, this could also be used as sanders, buffers, polishers, and drivers
Electric Drill
A portable circular saw especially useful for glass cutting, ripping, and mitering
Electric Handsaw
A portable shaper that is moved through the work instead of the work being moved through the cutter as in the regular shaper
Router-Shaper
It is the most prevalent raw material for furniture industries; designers and craftsmen consider it as a unique and valuable medium
Wood
It is the timber sawn or split in the form of beams, boards, joists, planks, especially that which is smaller than heavy timber
Lumber
These are coniferous or cone-bearing, needle-leafed, usually evergreen trees; trees that have leaves all year round;
Eg: Cedar, Cypress, Fir, and Palochina
Softwoods
These are deciduous or broad-leafed trees; trees that have pores or vessels that may show considerable variation in size, shape of perforation plates;
Eg: Oak, Teak, Mahogany, Poplar
Hardwoods
One of the most common Philippine wood species that is very heavy and the most expensive; it is used for furniture, panelings, expensive flooring, door panels, stairs, and plywood veneer and facings; comes in yellowish and reddish natural finish
Narra
Are both hardwoods used for posts, girders, jambs attached to concrete, and also for wooden decks having flooring and railings exposed to weather; weather and termite-resistant
Yakal and Guijo
Softwood used for panelings, sidings, flooring, and furniture; also used for framings, and trusses; also called Palochina; it is easily dented because it is soft and lightweight
Pine Benguet
The most common lumber in the market; used generally for framings, joists, trusses, nailers, etc.
Tanguile (Philippine Mahogany) and Apitong
One of the most common Philippine wood species used for framings, chests, jewelry boxes; it is rare and used in its natural finish
White and Red Lauan
Hardwood used for chests, jewelry boxes, and stair frames; has a dark tone; water resistant so it is usually used for counter tops
Kamagong
A common Philippine wood species used for panelings and plywood veneering; similar to walnut
Dao
Wood that is similar to pine and is used for paneling
Almaciga
A light colored wood with interlocking grain; it is soft to cut and has moderate coarseness; it is used for making saint figures or ‘santos’
Batikuling
An important property of timber where wood’s high compression strength and its low tensile strength are contributing factors
Strength
An important property of timber; it is the woods ability to be cut, sculpted, etc.
Workability
An important property of timber that is related to the wood’s tendency to shrink and swell
Drying
An important property of timber that involves the wood’s reaction to steam and ammonia
Bending Quality
An important property of timber that affect the physical appearance and physical structure of the wood; it includes homogeneity, color shade, and their variations
Grain Structure and Figure Pattern
Commonly called air-drying or sun drying; lumber is strip-piled at a slope on a solid foundation to allow air to circulate around very piece while sloping allows water to run off quickly; disadvantage: environment instability
Natural Drying
Done in a dry ** where lumber is artificially dried to correct the moisture content; used for more expensive lumber; reward for more refined uses so as wood will not move; advantages: controlled temperature and proper amount of heat and time
Kiln Drying
Surfaced one side; used for framing
S1S
Surfaced two sides; used for framing
S2S
Surfaced four sides; often used for parts with exposed sides and carving details
S4S
Is the dimension o f apiece of wood before it is planed down to S1S, S2S, S3S, S4S
Nominal Size
Is the dimension of lumber after it has been dressed
Actual Size
Types of Wood Grain Structure
- Straight Grain
- Inter-locked Grain
- Wavy or curly Grain
- Diagonal Grain
- Spiral Grain
- Irregular Grain
A type of grain where fibers are running in the same direction as the main axis of the tree; natural occurring;
A wood grain structure where the board’s fibers run approximately parallel with the vertical aid of the log from which it originated
Straight Grain
A type of grain where the grains are in successive layers and in opposite direction; natural occurring due to the weather the tree experiences
Boards with this grain result from trees whose fibers lined up in opposite directions in each growth year
Interlocked Grain
A type of grain where there is constant changing in orientation so the line drawn parallel to their direction appears as wavy lines;
This type of grain results when the direction of wood fibers changes constantly
Wavy or Curly Grain
It is the result when a straight grained log is not sawn along its vertical axis
Diagonal Grain
Produced when trees grow twisted; fibers follows course with twist that is either left or right handed; has many knots
Spiral Grain
Boards of this type of grain have fibers at directions that are varying from the log’s vertical axis; it is not naturally occurring and happens during the processing of the wood
Irregular Grain
It is the grain structure when the lumber is sawn and the wood is cut parallel to the grain direction and tangent to the growth rings
Plain/ Tangential or Flat Grain
It is the grain structure when lumber is sawn and the board is cut parallel to the grain direction but through the radius of the growth rings
Quarter or Radial Grain
It is the grain structure when lumber is sawn and the board is cut across the grain (perpendicular to the grain direction and the growth rings)
End Grain
It is the most common method of sawing lumber because it produces the highest quantity of usable lumber; the boards show flat grain on this faces and quarter grain on the edges
It begins by sawing several boards from one side of the log, turns it 90 degrees and saws several more, and continues in this manner sawing around the log
Plain Sawing
Cuts the log in quarters, then slices each quarter into boards, either by cutting boards from the two flat sides alternately or by making parallel cuts; boards shoe mostly quarter grain on their faces and flat grain on the edges
Quarter Sawing
Sometimes called sawing through and through; produces much wider boards than other methods; the boards show mostly mixed grain- flat grain near the center of the face and quarter grain near the edges
Live Saw
Defects that come before the wood is cut
Natural Defects
The basal stumps of incipient (beginning to develop) or cast-off branches in the living tree; it is where the tree itself naturally prunes its branches owing to lack of light caused by overcrowding, or where the branches are artificially pruned in controlled forestry
Knots
Small knots measuring 1/2” or 12.5mm or under; it is often caused by the shedding of early branches; usually allowable in prime timber
Pin Knots
Knots sliced through their length during sawing; commonly known as ‘Slash Knots’; difficult to plane up, especially in softwood where large specimen are not permissible; located at the edge of the wood
Spike or Splay Knots
Dead knots which are still sound and difficult to dislodge; often ringed with resin in soft wood
Encased Knots
Two or three knots springing from a common center
Branched Knots
The log splits from the pith or heart radially along the medullary Rays, indicating that the tree has passed its prime
Radial Shakes
Where the shakes project inwardly from a definite frost rib on the cambium and, as their name implies, the result of a severe cold weather
Frost Shakes
Where such shakes run along part of the annual ring only
Cup shakes
When the log is completely encircled by shakes
Ring shakes
Are caused by compression and not by splitting or shearing; the actual rupture is across the grain and not with it with all other shakes
Cross Shakes
Sometimes known as RESIN POCKETS; they appear either as veins or shallow cavities filled with resin; usually card by damage to the cambium layer in resinous woods; when hidden, it constitutes serious danger if the wood is used structurally
Pitch Veins or Pitch Pockets
A thin layer surrounding the trunk that is in active growth
Cambium
Repeated damage to the cambium layer by small insects; is often healed over with hark and may show small dots or patches of brown cork deeply buried in some woods
Pitch Flecks
Patches of ingrowing bark, probably caused by exterior damage to the growing tree
Rind Galls
other natural defects include ‘_________’ or tissue formed over a wound in a tree resulting in unnatural growth incorporated in the natural wood growth
Callus
Is a natural defect caused by fungoid disease
Canker
A natural defect characterized by a partially heated fire scar
Cat Face
Is an artificial defect where the plank hollows across the width, forming a rounding on the undersurface, often due to incorrect piling
Cupping or Rounding
Is an artificial defect where the plank curves throughout its length; caused by sagging between too widely spaced stickers or by stickers which are not placed exactly over each other
Bowing
Is an artificial defect sometimes known as ‘Edge Bend’ where the wood remains flat but bends edgewise on its own plane
Springing
Is an artificial defect where the plank twists on its longitudinal axis with the result that the long edges are straight, but the diagonals are curved; usually known as ‘Winding’
Twisting
Synonymous terms for distortion in one or more directions
Warping or Casting
Is an artificial defect where the butt end of the plank splits open, usually caused by too rapid drying
End Splitting
Is an artificial defect where the wood surface is covered with small splits Wong the grain caused by too rapid drying in hot sun; it is not serious unless the splits penetrate deeply
Sun Checking
Is an artificial defect where the surface of the wood lifts in innumerable small flakes or layers which spring under the cutting action, preventing a smooth surface; sometimes due to structural weakness, but can also be caused by incorrect seasoning
Flaking
Is an artificial defect where the grain runs obliquely to the longitudinal axis, usually due to incorrect sawing, but some timbers exhibit marked devotions in grain direction which cannot be avoided; makes surfacing more difficult; important thing to consider when wood is used as structural members
Diagonal Grain
Is an artificial defect that happens if the wood dried too quickly and the surfaces dry out quicker than the rate of the movement of moisture by capillary attraction; dry outer layers are in tension while the moist interior layers are in compression
Case Hardening
If the kiln drying of the case-hardened timber is continued to dryness, the natural shrinkage movement of the moist interior as it dries will be locked in by the rigid outer skin, resulting in severe internal stresses and subsequent checking or disruption of the wood fibers not visible from the outside; depreciates the value of wood because it has no cure
Honeycombing
Is an artificial defect characterized by extensive shrinking and warping giving the wood a washboard effect
Collapse
These are chemicals belonging to such a group as acids, alcohols, resinous substances, oils, dyes, and pigments; applied to wood for its protection, and to enhance grain structure, or alter its wood application
Wood Finishes
A wood finish that emphasizes and enhance the charm of natural wood color and grain
Transparent Finish
A kind of transparent finish that soaks into the wood pores to give a natural look and feel
Penetrating Finish
A kind of transparent finish that seals wood pores for protection against water and other destructive elements
Surface Coating
An example of a transparent wood finish made from resins dissolved in ethyl alcohol; forms a high gloss film on the surface when dried;
Resin + Ethyl Alcohol
Clear Lacquer
A term for lacquering in thick layers
Japanning
An example of a transparent wood finish made from various gums and resins dissolve in oil (oil varnish) or alcohol (spirit varnish); gives a relatively hard, tough, and reasonably elastic finish
Resin + Oil
Varnish
A spirit varnish made by dissolving purified lac flakes in denatured alcohol;
Lac Flakes + Denatured Alcohol
Shellac
Is a resinous secretion of the female of the ** insect
Lac
An example of a transparent wood finish that can be achieved by simply using boiled linseed oil or various other oils
Oil Stain Finish
A transparent plastic finish made of polyhydric alcohol intensified with oleic, linoleum, palmetic, and strearic fatty acids and modified with Tolyrene disocynate and mineral spirits; very tough, hard, and flexible finish which has superior resistance to chipping, abrasion, and dirt retention; resists solvents, detergents, acids, alkalis, and hot and cold water
Polyurethane Finish
An example of a transparent wood finish achieved by brushing, rubbing or spraying processed fatty acids from animals and vegetables, mineral sources combined with alcohol; usually comes in paste form and liquid form, varies greatly in hardness and durability
Wax or Films
Dyes or pigments suspended in eater or oil; it alters coloring of the wood or accentuates its natural color without covering the grain
Wood Stain Finish
4 Kinds of Wood Stain Finish
- Water Stains
- Penetrating Oil Stains
- Pigment Oil Stains
- Non-grain-raising Stains
Achieved by appoint one of the various acids and chlorine compound pertained to as bleaching agents; results to lightening of the wood color to yellowish white and neutralizes the color by making it noticeable
Bleach Finish
A kind bleach that is comparatively weak; excellent for removing chemicals, dyes, ink, and water stains from wood surface if used in full strength
Chlorinated Laundry Bleach
The best kind of bleach to use not only on natural wood colors but also on many water and chemical stains
Oxallic Acid
A fairly expensive and extremely strong kind of bleach; can bring out really light tones on dark wood because of its strength
Two-solution Bleaches
A kind of finish that gives a solid finish for protection and decoration; done when the wood is preferred for its properties and not its color
Opaque Finish
A mixture of solid pigment suspended in a liquid vehicle, which when applied to a surface, forms an adherent continuous film which provides protection, decoration, sanitation, identification, and other functional properties
Paints and Enamels
4 Ingredients of Paint
- Pigment
- Vehicles
- Thinners
- Driers
A finely ground, insoluble substance suspended in a liquid vehicle to impart color and opacity to paint
Pigment
Pigment made with either white lead, oxide, lithophane or titanium
White Pigment
Pigments derived from minerals or clay
Colored Pigments
Pigments from whitting, talc, and silica
Extenders
A dense non-volatile fluid in which the solid body material is suspended
Vehicles
2 Kinds of Vehicles
- Drying Oils
2. Varnish
Examples of these are linseed oil, tung oil, soybean oil, or fish oil
Drying Oil
A volatile liquids used to dilute paint or varnish to the desired or proper consistency for ease in application
Thinners
Added to paint to accelerate the oxidation and hardening of the vehicle
Driers
Made of thin veneer sheets glued together one on top of another with grain of the sheets arranged crosswise; the number of layers is usually odd and the structure symmetric; recommendable to use when considerable strength in structure is needed in the design of furniture
Plywood
Plywood is available in __________ boards and ____________ thickness
4’ x 8’ boards
1/8” - 1” thickness
A series of wood core strips glued together side by side to form a slab which is sandwiched between outer layers of veneer or thin plywood whose grains are crossed at right angles to the length of the core strips; usually used for built in furniture
Plyboards
Thickness of Plyboards __________
Usual dimension of Plyboards __________
Thickness 12mm / 3/4”
Dimension 4’x8’
Composed of wood chips carefully graded, mixed with synthetic resin glue and either pressed or extruded into rigid, self supporting sheets of uniform thickness which are sanded down to close tolerances; not used for structure; sustainable
Particle Boards
Boards with the same construction as fiber boards except that it has a thin outer pressed-melamine finish
Melamine Boards
All plastics are ___________ and all polymers may be regarded as potential plastics
Polymeric
The type of plastic where the necessary degree of polymerization have been achieved; the plastic chan be softened and resorted without deformation provided the degree of heat is kept below the point of the material’s degradation; soft when heated, hard when cooled
Thermoplastic
A type of plastic where the polymerization has.p been arrested at a stage which produces relatively short chain molecules; the plastic sets into a hard, infusible resin, which cannot be resoftened
Thermosetting
A type of metal composed mainly of iron with small additions of other metals or substances
Ferrous Metal
Irons with traces of silicate; for screens and gates; primed then painted
Wrought Iron
Iron with small amounts of carbon, silicon, sulfur etc; for fire backs, manhole covers, etc.; very durable
Cast Iron
Iron with up 0.3 percent carbon; general purpose metal
Mud Steel
Steel with chromium and nickel; resists rust; for cutlery and furniture frames
Stainless Steel
Composition varied by addition of different elements such as nickel, chromium, copper, and manganese to molten steel; for saws, chisels, knives, hammer heads, springs
Tool and Alloy Steel
A ferrous material that has high resistance to corrosion because copper does not rust; used for making sheet steel and metal lathe
Copper-bearing Steel
The gradual deterioration of metal by chemical action, when exposed to weather, moisture, or other corroding agents
Corrosion
A type of metal that contain little or no iron; pure metals
Non-ferrous Metals
A non-ferrous metal that is lustrous, silver-white, magnetic, lightweight metal which is very malleable, has good thermal and electrical conductivity; used in kitchen utensils and furniture and fittings
Aluminum
The process where you put color in metal without painting
Anodizing
Pure metal; lustrous, reddish-brown metal; highly ductile and malleable; used in hot water pipes, electrical parts, and other decorative works
Copper
A pure metal; soft, malleable, heavy metal; very easy to cut and work, enabling it to be fitted over uneven surfaces; used for pulmbing, flashings, and weighting objects
Lead
Pure metal; substitute for lead in flashings and linings; does not react to air or water
Zinc
Pure metal; lustrous white, soft, and malleable metal having a low melting point and is relatively unaffected by exposure to air; used as base for alloys and a coating for mild steel; rarely used in its pure state
Tin
Combination of two or more metals and other substances
Alloys
Copper with tin; used for pump units, marine fittings, and gears and bearings
Bronze
Aluminum with copper and other metals; used in shelving systems, chair legs, pulleys, bolts, rivets, cladding; durable aluminum
Duralumin
Copper with zinc; used in cabinet hardware, screw, and decorative work
Brass
A property of metal characterized by a slow hardening process, which takes place to certain alloys; overtime, becomes durable
Age-hardening
A property of metal characterized by the ability to break under a sharp blow
Brittleness
__________ takes away the brittleness of metal/ glass.
Tempering
A property of metal characterized by the capacity to transmit heat and electricity; best kind of metal with this property is copper
Conductivity
A property of metal characterized by the ability to regain original shape after deformation
Elasticity
A property of metal characterized by the ability to be stretched into fine wire without fracture; spin into threads
Ductility
A property of metal characterized by the ability to become liquid when heated
Fusibility
A property of metal characterized by the metal’s resistance to deformation; resilience
Hardness
A property of metal characterized by the capacity to be extend in all directions without fracturing by rolling, hammering, or beating; the ability to transform into different shapes or sheets
Malleability
A property of metal characterized by the hardening of metal while it is being hammered or bent
Work-hardening
A mechanical method in which coating material is applied on a metallic substrate
Coating (organic)
A non-metallic coating with a non-transparent formulation containing pigments
Painting/ Enameling
A non-metallic coating with a formulation based on a dissolved material which forms a transparent layer primarily after drying by evaporation of the solvent; done if you want to retain the look but wants to seal it
Lacquering
A mechanical method of continuos coating of a metal strip
Coil Coating
A mechanical method of single coating of any type with no particular requirements for appearance, malleability, corrosion protection, and usually on the reverse side of the coated product
Backing Coat
A mechanical method of treatment of metal with chemical solutions by dipping or spraying to build up an oxide film containing chromates or phosphates
Chemical Conversion Coating
A mechanical method of applying priming paint, often pigmented, with a corrosion inhibitor such as zinc chromate after suitable pretreatment
Priming
A mechanical method of applying a solution containing resin, chromate, and acid, which is allowed to fry on and provide the key for subsequent painting
Pretreatment Priming
A mechanical method of single coating either with requirements on appearance, malleability, corrosion protection, subsequent painting, etc. or as a primer with special properties regarding adhesion and corrosion protection for post-painting applications
Single Coat System
A mechanical system comprising of a primer or a base coat, and a top coat with particular requirements on appearance, malleability, corrosion, protection, etc.
Multiple Coat System
A mechanical method characterized by dry paint film of the coated product or the organic film metal laminate
Organic Coating
A mechanical method characterized by organic film applied to a substrate to which an adhesive and primer has been applied beforehand
Film Coating
Process of applying a thin coating of an expensive anti-corrosive metal like chrome, nickel, bronze, silver, and zinc plates; metal is plated with a more expensive metal
Metallic Coating
Metal finish where there is something applied to the surface of the metal so a coating is not needed
Chemical Means
A chemical means of metal finish where chemical treatment is applied to improve the optical reflectivity of a surface
Chemical Brightening
A chemical means of metal finish where there is polishing of a metal surface by immersion in a solution of chemical reagents
Chemical Polishing
A chemical means of metal finish where there is removal of oil or grease, usually by a suitable organic solvent or an aqueous detergent
Degreasing
A chemical means of metal finish where there is the roughening of the surface of a metal by overall or selective dissolution in acid or caustic media
Etching
A chemical means of metal finish where there is removal of a thin surface layer of metal by chemical action, mainly by treatment in a caustic solution
Pickling
A metal finish done through chemical change accompanying the passage of an electric current
Electrochemical Means
