History of Art and Interior Design Flashcards
An aesthetically pleasing and meaningful arrangement of element such as words, sounds, colors, shapes, etc.; a form of human activity
Art
The science and profession of designing and constructing buildings other structures
Architecture
Any of the arts pertaining to the following: painting, sculpture, glass and glassware, ceramic and pottery, metallurgy, and plants
Decorative Arts
Approaches to Historical Style Analysis
- Practical
- Historical
- Aesthetics
An approach to historical style analysis that seeks to establish what was built, when, by whom, and for whom
Practical
An approach to historical style analysis that seeks the whys and its relationship to the social, economic, political, cultural, and religious environment
Historical
An approach to historical style analysis that accounts visual and stylistic differences and to explain how style change and why they do so
Aesthetics
Factors of Historical Development
- Rational, Technological, and Constructional
- Social and Religious
- Economic, Cultural, and Political
- Spirit of the Age (Zeitgeist)
From 30,000 to 10,000 BC; before written history; also known as Old Stone Age where Homo Sapiens or Cro-Magnon man used chipped stones; it concerned itself with food or fertility, it attempted to gain control over their management by magic or rituals, it respresented a giant key in human recognition: ABSTRACT THINKING
Paleolithic Age
Sub-periods in the Paleolithic Age
- Mousterian
- Aurignacian
- Magdalenian
A sub-period in the Paleolithic Age where the use of pigments for bodily ornamentation is a key characteristic
Mousterian
A sub-period in the Paleolithic Age where cave painting is a key characteristic
Aurignacian
A sub-period in the Paleolithic Age where the art found where engravings of animals on bone and the last of the hunter-gatherers existed
Magdalenian
Small figurines or decorative objects in the Paleolithic Age were carved or molded with __________.
Clay
Figurines in the Paleolithic Age were collectively known as __________ as they are unmistakably female of child-bearing build.
Venus
During 10,000- 8,000 BC; also known as the Middle Stone Age; most of the glacial ice as well as certain food disappeared; the age where they saw the beginnings of settled communities and farming; the invention of bow and arrow, pottery for storage, and the domestication of animals; their art was highly stylized rather than glorified stick figures and they usually used human objects
Mesolithic Age
From 7,000-3,000 BC; also called the New Stone Age; it is when man first developed agriculture and settled in permanent villages; it is when mud brick were first used
Neolithic Age
A type of art in the Neolithic Age where they use it for storage and for cooking
Pottery
A large stone which had been used to construct a structure or monument either alone or with other stones without using mortar
Megalith
A large, single upright standing stone
Menhir
A free standing chamber consisting of standing stones covered by a capstone as lid; used for burial and were covered by mounds; literally means table
Dolmen
An upright slab forming part of a larger structure
Orthostat
Also known as Cromlech in Welsh
Stone Circle
A linear arrangement of upright, parallel standing stones
Stone Row
A straight standing stone, topped with another forming a “T” shape
Taula
Two parallel upright stones with a horizontal stone, called a lintel, placed on top; eg. Stonehenge
Trilithon
Also known as Metal Age: it was when copper and twin were widely used; they also used semi precious stones; when there was advancement in pottery
Bronze Age
From 4,300-331 BC; known as the cradle of civilization because of its enormous advances and contributions including domestication of animals, trade and coinage, legal government, potter’s wheel, wagon wheel, alphabet, architecture, mathematics and astronomy, monotheism and monogamy; their art form had stylized aesthetics (based only on technique and style, not realistic)
Mesopotamian Civilization
Mesopotamia is surrounded by the rivers __________ and __________.
Euphrates and Tigris
From 6,000-4,000 BC; contributed to the cuneiform and the Ziggurat architecture; known to have invented writing and produce the world’s first literature: THE EPIC OF GILGAMESH
Sumerian
Artificial mountains made of tiered rectangular layers which rose in number from one to seven
Ziggurat
First Mesopotamian rulers to call themselves kings; may have been the first to cast hollow life-size bronze sculptures; famous ruler: Sargon I
Akkadians
From 4,000-700 BC; also known as Chaldean Period; their greatest king, Hammurabi, formulated wide-ranging laws immortalized on the Code of Hammurabi; they built the Ishtar Gate
Babylonians
From 700-500 BC; their palaces were fortified citadels with lamassu guardians
Assyrians
From 539-331 BC; wealthiest empire; believed in Zoroaster, the god of fire; Cyrus the Great of Persia defeated the Babylonians; the empire, through Darius I, built the Persepolis
Persian Empire
A system of writing typified by the use of characters formed by the arrangement of small wedge shaped elements
Cuneiform
Mesopotamian __________ are characterized by large circular eyes and curly hair and beard.
Sculptures
A great stone statue of a human-headed winged bull that preceded the Palace of Ishtar
Lamassu
Tiny triangle-like shapes found on top of the Gate of Ishtar
Crenellations
Mesopotamian Capital
Bull
Persian Capital
Double Bull
The text of Hammurabi’s code comprising of 300 statues written in Akkadian on 51 columns
The Law Code of Hammurabi
Provided for civic, commercial, and even industrial activities; often raise upon a great platform situated at the town center
Temple
The __________ introduced polychrome ornamental brickwork and also high plinths or dadoes made of great stone slabs placed on edges; usually carved with low relief sculpture.
Assyrians
Entrance to the Palace of Sargon; named after the goddess of love, fertility, and war; it is face with glazed bricks with rows of bulls and dragons; were flanked by great towers, and with lamassu figures carved in stone
Ishtar Gate
A seven tiered ziggurat rising rom a base of 297 sqft.; its mounds of ruins lay in Baghdad
Tower of Babel
A great palace built by Nebuchadnezzar for his wife, Amytis
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Built on a stone platform, consisted of multi-colored buildings; access to the platform was a long double stairway
Palace of Persepolis
They focused on permanence, stability, eternity, and life after death; it is when they discovered the making of glass
Ancient Egyptian Period
When pharaohs are thought to be gods
Theocracy
A system of writing with picture-symbols; this allowed Egyptian history to be written
Hieroglyphics
For Egyptians, preparation for the after life was of extreme importance. The body must be preserved if the soul or __________ is to live on in the beyond using the same body.
Ka
Storage for organs of the Egyptian dead
Canonic Jars
A symbol of the sun god and the pharaoh; sacred life
Lotus
A symbol for purity in Ancient Egypt
Palm
Emblem of the Egyptian sun god
Sun Disk
Symbol of upper Egypt; symbolizes loyal protection
Vulture
Symbolizes rebirth and eternal life in Egypt; it is also the symbol of the god Khephera who was believed to cause the sun to move
Scarab Beetle/ Scarab
Symbolizes loyalty in Ancient Egypt
Serpent
It is the symbol of life in Ancient Egypt
Ankh
Face must look straight ahead and each side must be exactly like the other; Although the hands and feet at in profile, shoulders in front view; Royalty portrayed large and formally, commoners are portrayed naturally, slaves and enemies are in the smallest scale; men are colored reddish brown, and females are in yellow
Law of Frontality
Mythical beast of ancient Egypt; sometimes symbolizing the pharaoh as an incarnation of the sun god Ra; usually in a recumbent (lying down) position with the head of a man and the body of a lion but sometimes constructed with a ram’s head or with a hawk’s head
Sphinx
Carved, generally stone case in which the linen-wrapped mummy was placed
Sarcophagus
Characterized by structures mostly made of bricks, and some stone; massive and solid and with excessively thick walls; simple forms and few mouldings
Ancient Egyptian Architecture
A system of (decorated) column and lintel
Trabeated Construction
The first recorded artist of Western History and architect to Zoroaster; enjoyed the status of a court official and was later deified (worshiped or treated as god)
Imhotep
Funerary temples for commoners; one-storey structure with sloped walls and a flat roof, vertical shafts in the floor leading to the burial chamber
Mastabas
A city of mastabas; a complex of tombs; city of the dead
Necropolis
A royal tomb and considered the place of ascent for the spirit of the deceased pharaoh
Pyramid
3 types of pyramids
- Straight/ perfect
- Stepped
- Bent
Square shaft of stone with a pyramidal top set upright to represent the benben on which the rays of the rising sun first fell at the dawn of creation; hewn out of a single stone that can reach as high as 30 meters or more and weighs as much as 7dozen tons
Obelisk
Was considered ‘the horizon’ of divine being, the point at which the God came into existence at creation; mirror of the universe and a representation of the benben
Egyptian Temple
Kinds of Egyptian Temples
- Mortuary Temples
- Cult Temples
- Rock-hewn Tombs/ Temples
An Egyptian temple for the dead pharaoh
Mortuary Temples
An Egyptian temple for popular worship of the ancient gods or the spirit gods
Cult Temples
Ancient Egyptian structure located on cliffs where they cut labyrinth passageways that lead to ceremonial and burial chambers which were later replaced by temples; for the noble and royal
Rock-hewn tombs/ temples
The large gate at the front of the temple; the walls of it were decorated with carved and painted scenes of the pharaoh, gods, and goddesses
Pylon
A part of the temple that was large open room without a roof; the outer walls shows scenes of the pharaoh in battle; inner walls showed the pharaoh making offerings to the gods and goddesses
Peristyle Court/ Courtyard
A hall that represented a marsh in the beginning of time; filled with column that looked like papyrus plants; only the important priests and the pharaoh were allowed to enter it; used for performing religious rituals
Hypostyle Hall
A place in the Egyptian temple that contains a small shrine which was used as receptacle for the small statue of a god; only the pharaoh can enter it
Sanctuary
Kinds of Egyptian Capitals
- Palmiform
- Lotiform (Lotus)
- Papyrus Bundle
- Papyriform
- Campaniform
Columns that tend to have ribbed shafts which represent the stems of the plant that is topped with capital representing open or closed ** buds; used in secular and residential structures
Lotiform
Capitals/ columns that do not actually represent palm trees but rather, the eight palm fronds tied to a central pole
Palmiform
Flower of bell shaped form; either lily of papyrus
Campaniform
From the papyrus- the plant representing the lower Egypt; suggesting the presence of a temple; can have circular or ribbed shafts
Papyrus Bundle
Symbol of upper Egypt
Lily
Columns that were widely used in the Step Pyramid Complex of Djoser
Reed Columns
Three 4th dynasty pyramids erected on a rocky plateau on the West Bank of the Nile River near Al-Jizah (Giza) in northern Egypt
The Giza Pyramids
The 3 Pyramids at Giza
- Pyramid of Khafre (Chephren)
- Pyramid of Khufu
- Pyramid of Menkaure (Mycerinus)
The symbol for protection; hewn out of natural limestone with the addition of stone blocks; molded into a human-headed lion with the face representing Khafre; a paved open temple is located between its paws
The a Great Sphinx
Situated beneath the cliffs at Deir el Bahari on the west bank of the Nile; a colonnaded structure which was designed and implemented by Senemut (royal architect of the queen **); it is built one cliff face that rises sharply above it and consists of three layered retraces reaching 30 meters (97ft.) in height
Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
Located in Karnak, Egypt; it boasts of a hypostyle hall with 134 free standing columns in 16 rows; built by a sacred lake
Great Temple of Amun
The very first pyramid built by the Egyptians; constructed during the 27th century BC for the burial of Pharoah ** by his Vizier Imhotep
The Step Pyramid of Djoser
An archeological site comprising two massive rock temple in Southern Egypt on the western bank of Lake Nasser; originally carved out of the mountain side during the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses the Great as a lasting monument to himself and his queen, Nefertari
The Great Temple of Abu-Simbel
3 Sub-periods of the Aegean Civilization
- Cycladic
- Minoan
- Mycenaean
Mycenaean capital; made of Cedar wood; the column gapers from top to bottom
Bun or Pillow Capital
A period in history where the a funerary mask is an example; eg: gold mask called “Mask of Agammemon”
Mycenaean Civilization
The Mycenaean ruins are a fortress on a hill that is entered through the __________. Large rectangular area with hearth in the center and with many columns supporting the roof.
Gate of Lions or Lion Gate
“Big room”; a prehistoric throne room enclosing a circular hearth
Megaron
A ___________ or a tholos is a round building and a tomb
Beehive Tomb
Arranging the courses of layers of stone so that each level projects over a stone
Corbelling
______________ boasted of the largest dome in the pre-Roman world
Aegean Civilization (Mycenaean Civilization)
Civilization that flourished on the Greek Peninsula, in Asia Minor, on the north coast of Africa, and in the Western Mediterranean until the establishment of the Roman dominion in 146 AD
Greek Civilization (3200 - 32BC)
Characterized by a system of construction based on rules of form and proportion
Greek Art
The Ancient Greek civilization rose from the ____________ who overwhelmed the Mycenaeans.
Dorians
Greece was composed of independent city-states known as ____________.
Polis
The Greeks believed in the high potential of the ______________ that encouraged a high level of creative expression.
Human Being
The Greeks believed in “_____________” proportion and the balance and moderation in all things.
Golden Mean
The Greeks, particularly Plato, had the belief in the ___________ form.
Ideal
Types of Greek Art:
- Painting
2. Sculpture
Paintings in Greek Art can be seen in __________ and ____________ decoration
Mural and Pottery
Sculptures in Greek Art are done in ____________ or ___________.
Stone or Bronze
4 Periods in Greek Art
- Dark Age and Geometric Period (100-700 BC)
- Archaic Period (700-480 BC)
- Hellenic/ Classical Period (480-323 BC)
- Hellenistic Period (323-31 BC)
Characterized by
- sculptures,
- cylindrical forms and simple formalized features of draperies,
- kouros,
- archaic smile,
- vases (black and red figure ware),
- Doric and Ionic Columns
Archaic Period
A robed standing youth; favorite during the Archaic period
Kouros
Pertaining to Ancient Greek history, cultural Art, especially before the time of Alexander the Great; includes the Severe and Classical Style
Hellenic Period
A style characterized by movement; towards increasing naturalness and freedom of form; the use of lost wax method and bronze casting
Severe Style
The art of Greece’s Golden Age; idealized representations of the subject with perfect bodily proportions; sculpture is characterized by vertical folds of cloth and contrapposto
Classical Style
The Greek’s attempt to depict reality by using devices to create illusion of a third dimension in flat **
Paintings
Pertaining to Greek culture and art of the times of Alexander the Great’s death in 323 BC through the 1st century BC during which the Greek dy nasties were established in Egypt, Syria, and Persia, and Greek culture was modified by foreign elements
Hellenistic Period
A Greek period where the sculptures are adapted to employ the canons and mathematical rules of proportions; realism and emotional intensity
Hellenistic Period
A Greek period characterized by the revival of figure in painting
Geometric Period
A Greek period characterized by the construction of the oldest Doric and Ionic Temples and life she stone statues
Archaic Period
A Greek period characterized by the contrapposto in statues, formulation of the canon of proportions, and the rebuilding of the Athenian Acropolis
Classical Period
The person who formulated the canon of proportions
Polykleitos
A Greek period where the sculptors humanized Geek gods and where the Corinthian capital was introduced
Hellenic Period
A Greek period where artists explore new subjects and where the artists break the rules of the classical orders
Hellenistic Period
A Greek pottery style characterized by rectilinear meander patterns; each pattern is framed by circular horizontal borders that emphasize the shape of the pot
Geometric Style (1000-700 BC)
A Greek pottery style characterized by the assimilation of Eastern iconography; shapes are larger and more curvilinear, and geometric patterns are now used simply as borders
Orientalizing Style (700-640 BC)
Greek pottery where the artist painted the figure in black silhouette with a slip made of clay and water; black silhouette with red background; during Archaic (640-490 BC)
Black-figure Ware
Greek pottery where the figures were left in red against a black background, and the details were painted in black; during the late Archaic to Classical (530-400 BC)
Red-figure Ware
Greek pottery where a wash of white clay formed the background; figures were then applied in black and additional colors were added; during the classical to late classical period (420-4th Century BC)
White-ground Ware
Storage for wine, olive oil, honey, or water during the Greek Civilization
Greek Vases
A water jar with three handles
Hydria
A flask for storing and pouring oil
Lekythos
Bowl for mixing wine and water
Krater
Vessel for storing hone, olive oil, wine, and water
Amphora
Drinking cups
Kylix
A jug for pouring wine
Oenochoe
A general feature of Greek architecture: they constructed monumental buildings from ___________, ____________, and ____________.
Wooden timbers
Clay bricks
Marble
Orders in Greek Architecture
- Doric
- Ionic
- Corinthian
An order in Greek architecture that is the earliest, simplest, and the most massive; the column has no base, a fluted shaft, and a plain capital; Archaic
Doric
An order in Greek architecture that is lighter than Doric; it has a fluted shaft, a base, and a volute capital; Archaic
Ionic
A variant of the Iconic with its plinth and fluted shaft and its distinctive ornate capital; it has a basket of acanthus leaves, has a base but no pediment because it is not for exterior purposes
Corinthian
The top most step of the tree steps
Stylobate
The column itself composed of individual sections (drums) and concave grooves (flutes), with a base and capital
Shaft
A snug band at the top of the shaft
Necking
A flat, curved element, like a plate, with rounded sides (Doric Order)
Echinus
A flat square above the echinus or volute
Abacus
Forms the lintel of an order
Entablature
A plain, horizontal member above the capital
Architrave
A band above the architrave consisting of alternating triglyphs and metopes
Frieze
Rectangles with vertical incisions carved into their surface (Doric Order)
Triglyph
Slabs of stone, either plain or with sculpture in relief (Doric Order)
Metope
Short Band under the Triglyph (Doric Order)
Regula
A fillet directly positioned above the architrave
Tenia
A projection above the Frieze to protect it from the weather
Cornice
A low, slanting cornice
Ranking Cornice
The triangular part or gable rested on the cornice atop a classical building; can have sculptures
Pediment
A technique plied on columns which do not taper in a straight line, but bulge outward about one-third of the way up from the base
Entasis
A small, flat, plain surface used to separate other mouldings
Fillet
A moulding that is wide and has a straight surface
Fascia
A moulding characterized by a convex curved surface; a quarter circle; often paired with the Egg and Dart motif
Ovolo
A moulding characterized by a concave surface approximating the her curve of a quarter circle
Cavetto
An S-shaped curved surface that starts and ends horizontally; usually paired with a honeysuckle motif
Cyma Recta
A moulding that starts and ends vertically; usually paired with the waterleaf motif
Cyma Reversa
A moulding characterized by a conveys surface approximately the exterior of a semi-circle; usually used with the guilloche motif
Torus
A small Torus
Bead
A moulding characterized by a deep, hollow, concave moulding, usually found on the column base
Scotia
Are Greek column with shafts in the female form
Caryatids
Are Greek columns that use male figures as the column itself
Atlantes
Are Greek columns that use the top halves of male figures as a column
Telamones
A Greek plaza /court, meeting place, and a platform for a speaker; it can also serve as a market place
Agora
A long colonnaded multipurpose Greek building
Stoa
It was built to house the deity in Greece
Temple
Parts of a Greek Temple
- Pronaos
- Naos
- Sanctuary
A part of the Greek temple known as the antechamber
Pronaos
A part of the Greek temple that is after the Pronaos; sometimes where the deity is
Naos
It is the most sacred room in a Greek Temple that houses the statue of the God
Sanctuary
A Greek architecture that is for plays an performances; it consisted of stone seats wrapped around the ‘orchestra’ and face the ‘skene’ or the stage of the building
Theatre
A type of Greek theatre that had a semi-circular form and was hollowed out of a hill
Auditorium
A type of Greek theatre that small and covered
Odeon
An elongated Greek theatre for foot races
Stadium
A Greek theatre for horse and chariot races
Hippodrome
A part of the Greek theatre known as the dancing place; a large, circular area that contains a slightly raised stone on which was placed the statues of deities (usually Dionysus)
Orchestra
A part of the Greek theatre that is an acting area behind the orchestra
Proscenium
A part of the Greek theatre that served as a backdrop for the acting area or dressing room
Skene
___________ or entrance and __________ or exit are high portals on each side of the orchestra
Parados
Exodus
A Greek senate house for elected officials
Prytaneion
A Greek council house; a covered meeting place for elected officials
Bouleterion
A Greek large tomb usually a large stone building with places of entombment above the ground; for the rich
Mausoleum
A Greek gymnasium
Palestra
The fortified citadel and state sanctuary of the city of Athens
Acropolis of Athens
The monumental entrance to the Acropolis
Propylaea
The gallery in the Acropolis that housed the tablets or pictures honoring the gods
Pinacotheca
A temple dedicated to worship the two principal gods, Athena and Poseidon; protasis on the east side, and the famous porch of caryatids on the south; architects were Icthinus and Callicarates
Temple of Erecthion
The temple of Erecthion was built in what order?
Iconic
A temple devoted to the worship of Athena and was built of marble with timber roof; architects were Icthinus and Callicrates; sculptor was Phidias
Parthenon
The temple of Parthenon was built in what order?
Doric
Contrary postpone of the arms and legs that give more movement to the sculpture;
eg: Discobolus, Parthenon Statues
Contrapposto Position
The establishment of Absolutism was under the reign of __________.
King Louis XIV
A period in history that went through the reigns of Francis I, Francis Ii, Charles IV, Henry III, and Louis XIII
French Renaissance
It’s characteristics includes:
- Classical horizontality and a tendency to become vertically gothic
- High mansard roofs with dormer windows and lofty chimney
- Used a combination of classic and medieval mouldings
French Renaissance
Has four loft halls finished by elliptical barrel vaulting, crowned with a lantern; piles of gothic features clothed with Renaissance details; features a double helix stone stairs
Chateau de Chambord
The favorite residence of Francis I; the largest palace of the 16th century; with horse shoe shaped staircase
Palais de Fontainbleau
Became the architectural style in the 17th - 18th century with its capital at Versailles
French Baroque
___________, the Sun King, ruled with pomp and magnificence during the French Baroque; French became the standard of taste
Louis the XIV
The minister of Finance during the reign of Louis XIV; organized a system for the development of the decorative arts when he built Chateau Vaux-le-Vicomte
Nicholas Fouquet
Was the actual seat of power in France until Louis XIV moved to Versailles
Louvre Palace, Paris
Church built by Queen Anne after the birth of Louis XIV; projecting portal by Francois Mansart and dome by Le Mercier
Church of Val de Grace
A style of classical art that evolved from the Baroque; distinguished by fanciful carved spatial forms and elaborate profuse design of shellwork and foliage
French Rococo
French Rococo flourished during the reign of __________.
Louis XV
French Rococo was derived from the words _____________ which means rock work and ____________ which means shell work.
Rocaille and Cocaille
Its historical background includes:
- Influenced by the decline of the Catholic Church
- Center of taste shifted from the court to the Paris Hotel (elegant private house)
- Patronage from royalty to aristocracy
- Belief in the supremacy of human reason and science
French Rococo
The 18th century was called ___________; belief in the supremacy of human reason and the centrality of the natural sciences, inherited and advanced by philosophers
The Age of Enlightenment
Its characteristics include:
- Gentle and playful style
- Pastel Colors
- Asymmetric
- Eroticism and Superficiality
- Cherubs and Venus sculptures
French Rococo
The leading English Rococo painter form Flanders;
Works include:
- Pilgrimage to the Island of Cythera
- The Dance
Antoine Watteau
An English Rococo artist that calls on classical imagery to provide a more serious underpinning for frivolous erotic themes;
Works include:
- Happy Accidents of the Swing
Jean- Honore Fragonard
A Rococo artist who took contemporary manners and social conventions as the subject of his satire;
Works include:
- Marriage a la Mode
- Scene II
William Hogarth
An English Rococo painter of portraits, landscapes, and fancy and peasant scenes; works with light and rapid brush strokes and delicate and evanescent colors
Thomas Gainsborough
Full name of Clodion
Jean Claude Michel
He treated light hearted terra cotta sculptures that epitomized the Rococo style
Jean Claude Michel or Clodion
A small chateau on the grounds of the palace of Versailles, France; designed by Anges-Jacques Gabriel by the order of Louis XV for his mistress Madame de Pompadour
Petit Trianon
His works are characterized by shallow recesses with rounded corners and ornamentation employing shell motifs, leafy scrolls, and classical busts in medallions
Nicolas Pineau
Was founded by an Augustinian monastery; its interiors were redecorated in a High Baroque style by painter Matthäus Günther and stuccoist Josef Schmuzer
Rottenbuch Church, Germany
The classicism prevailing in the architecture of Europe,
America, and various European colonies during the late 18th - early 19th century; characterized by intro and widespread use of Greek and Roman motifs, the subordination of detail to simple, strongly geometric compositions, and the frequent shallowness of relief in ornamental treatment of Facades
French Neoclassic Period
The French Neoclassic period was during the reign of ___________ and __________.
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
The principles or style characteristic of the culture, art, and literature of the Ancient Greece and Rome
Classicism
Art and architecture in the style of ancient Greece and Rome as that of the Italian Renaissance and the neoclassical movements in England and in the US
Classical Revival
Features linear strokes in which the outlines of objects are sharply defined thanks to carefully controlled brush strokes
Neoclassic Art
The art director of Napoleon Bonaparte; he recorded the horrors of the period, mythology, and Napoleonic exploits Works include: - The Oath of Horatii - The Death of Socrates - Marat Assasinated
Jacques Louis David
A Rococo artist who painted less royalty and more of the academic and classical style;
Work: The Grand Odalisque
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
The submerged brushstrokes and the highly smooth finishes are characteristics of an ___________ painting.
Academic
The greatest of the French classicist; he sought the ideals of form and subject matter, of landscapes with figures of light with color and mood;
Work: A Dance to the Music of Time
Nicolas Poussin
Was an anti-Rococo artist; he favored simple still lives and unsentimental domestic interiors; a realist painter of down-to-earth scenes; works include:
- The Governess
- The Blessing
- A House of Cards
Jean-Baptiste Chardin
A Neoclassic artist who displays the sweeping grandeur and idealization of the Neoclassic style; works include
- Cupid and Psyche
- Pauline Borghese
Antonio Canova
Architecture characterized by:
- Classical restraint resurfaced
- Purely Greek, purely Roman, or a Greco-Roman hybrid
- Beaux Art (combination of the classics)
Neo-classic Architecture
___________ architecture derived from the villas of Andrea Palladio, the greatest architect of the Late Renaissance.
Palladian
_________ building features a vast rectangular of square plan, with a flat roof and an exterior rich in classical detail; this aesthetic is also known as the Beaux-Art Style
Classical Block
Beaux- Art was developed principally by the French ___________.
Évole des Beaux-Arts
Intended as a pantheon by order of Napoleon; imitation of the Greek colonnaded temple with roman style podium; inspired by a sison Carrée at Nimes
The Madeleine, Paris
A structure built by Bruant and Mansart; a home and hospital for aged and unwell soldiers
Church of Les Invalides
A term given to early Renaissance architecture in England
Elizabethan Period
Elizabthan Period : England
___________ : Italy
Cinquecento
Cinquecento : Italy
__________ : France
Early Renaissance
Early Renaissance : France
__________ : Spain
Plateresque
Its characteristics include:
- Followed Tudor style
- Versions of the Dutch gable
- Flemish strap work
Elizabethan Period
He introduced the Renaissance classicism into England; influenced by Andrea Palladio; royal architect of England
Indigo Jones
An example of English Palladianism by Inigo Jones; former royal residence for Queen Anne of Denmark- the queen of King James I of England
Queen’s House
Also known as Middle Renaissance in England; had Charles III as its patron
English Baroque
A structure by Christopher Wren; largest cathedral in England; the dome is an adapted and enlarged version of the Tempietto of Bramante
St. Paul’s Cathedral
Also known as the Late Renaissance in England; a name given to the set of architectural styles between 1720-1840; it is Olympus for the first four British Monarchs of the House of Hanover - George I, George II, George III, and George IV
Georgian Architecture
The architecture of the Moors and native Andalusians who remained in Christian territory but we’re not converted to Christianity
Mudejar
Characterized by extremely decorated facades which reminds of the decorative motifs of silversmiths’ work
Renaissance or Plateresco
Silversmiths are called _________ in the Spanish style.
Plateros
A sub period of the Spanish style of austere Renaissance style
Desormamentado
The most prominent architect of Desormamentado was
Juan de Herrera
Originally from Crete; he painted austere religious subjects inspired by Jesuit fanaticism; he is Spain’s principal Mannerist; works include:
- The Burial of Count Orgaz
- The vision of St. John Divine
El Greco or Domenicos Theotocopolus
The architect of Granada Cathedral that is one of the most impressive building constructed using Plateresque influence
Diego de Siloe
A historical residence of the King of Spain; by Juan Bautista de Toledo and Juan de Herrera
The Escorial
Also known as Spanish Baroque; their work reflects the naturalism of the time, the dramatic light and shade contrasts and their sobriety of colors are features that linked them to the tenebrosi palettes of Caravaggio and the Italians; considered as the Golden Age of Spanish Art
Churiguerresque Style
Churiguerresque style was from ___________ who revolted against the sobriety of the Herreresque classicism and promoted and intricate, exaggerate, almost capricious style of surface decoration
Jose de Churiguerra
Leading artist of the Spanish Baroque/ Churiguerresque style; royal painter to Philip IV; works include:
- Las Meninas
- Portrait of Innocent X
Diego Velasquez
Spanish court painter; poignant depictions of the brutality and corruption of the time; works include:
- Chronos Devouring his Children
- The Execution of the Third of May, 1808
Francisco Goya
The front of this Spanish structure is Baroque with the original facade was Romanesque
Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela
A type of American style characterized by small cottages, medieval half-timbering, and one room with loft or chimney; style of the English settlers in the eastern coast of North America
American Early Colonial
An early colonial (American) plan that has an overhanging second story, small windows and a central chimney
Hall and Parlor Plan
Characterized by having steep pitched roofs that were essential for allowing rain and snow to run off easily
Garrison Colonial
The New England __________ developed from the Hall-and-Parlor or Garrison Stye with the addition of an ell or lean-to on the back
Saltbox
English inspired colonial architecture marked by a greater concern for style and higher standards of comfort; regency; characterized by symmetry with ornamental detailing such as pediments, pilasters, and Palladian window
American Georgan
Takes its name from American history; followed a stricter version of neoclassicism
Federal Style
An American statesman, embassy for to France, and Third American president; he had great influence in the architecture of the period
Thomas Jefferson
Was simultaneous with the Gothic Revival; dominated American arch tut during 1818-1850; it was the first truly national style in the United States found in all regions of the country; due to strong associations with classical tradition and democracy
Greek Revival Style
Characterized by strong associational values of religion and nature; revival style based on English and French precedents from the late 12-15th century; from Richard Upjohn’s urban churches to Carpenter’s Gothic cottages
Gothic Revival
A style that exalted individualism, subjectivism, irrationalism, imagination, and emotions over reason and senses over intellect; first used by German poets and writers August Willhelm and Friedrich Schlogel to label a wider cultural movement
Romanticism
Its general features include:
- Expression of emotions (historic nostalgia, fears, supernatural elements, social injustice, etc.)
- Adoration of nature
- Painterly style
Romantic Art
Where freedom of color takes precedence over sharply-defined forms; brushstrokes are less restrained resulting in somewhat messy outlines
Painterly Style
2 Types of Romantic Art
- Figure Painting
2. Landscape Painting
A Romantic artist who usually painted with watercolor over prints to produce some highly imaginative and enigmatic works of art; work:
- Ancient Days
William Blake
The 1st great American painter; famous for his portraits of important figures in colonial New England, particularly men and women of the middle class; his portraits were innovative and tend to portray their subjects with artifacts that were indicative of their lives; works include
- The Boy with Squirrel
- Watson and the Shark
John Singleton Copley
English Romantic painter known principally for his landscape paintings of Dedham Vale; work:
- Hay Wain
John Constable
A French Romanticist who revealed an interest in human psychology and a sense of revolt against political and social pressures; works:
- Mad Woman with a Mania of Envy
- The Raft of Medusa
Theodore Gerricault
He often derived his subjects from masterworks of western literature; his paintings are characterized by large sweeps of color, lively patterns, and energetic figure groups; Works inlcude:
- Liberty Leading the People
- The Death of Sardanapalus
- The Barque of Dante
Eugene Delacroix
It was an age of faith in all knowledge which would derive from science and scientific objective methods which could solve all human problems; sets a goal not imitating artistic achievements but the truthful and accurate depiction of the models of nature and contemporary life of the artist
Realism
The age of Rationalism and Imperialism; Age of Science and Doubt; Age of Progress, and the Victorian Age
Realism
Its general features include:
- Photographic Accuracy
- Veered away from idealism
- Absolute objectivity
Realism
A group of intentional artists in Paris which began to devise new methods of pictorial representation; focused on concepts of vision and the study of optical effects of light;
Artists: John Singleton Copley, Gustav Courbet, Hilaire Germaine, Edgar Degas, Edouard Manet
The Realists
A group of French landscape artists; named after the forest of Fontainebleau near the village of ** where they got away from the revolutionary Paris to produce their art;
Artists: Theodore Rousseau, Jean-Froncois Millet
Barbizon School
English painters, poets, and critics grouped to reform art by rejecting practices of contemporary academic British Art; first avante-garde movement in art; believed that the only great art was before High-Renaissance, before Raphael
Pre-Raphaellite Brotherhood
First American school of landscape paining; their subjects were the spectacles of the Hudson River Valley and the upper state of New York
Hudson River School
First French Realist; believed that artists could accurately represent only their experience; works include:
- The Painter’s Studio
- Funeral at Ornans
Gustave Courbet
A lithographer and cartoonist, famous for his satirical caricatures; works include:
- The Freedom of the Press
- Third Class Carriage
Honore Daumier
A movement in French painting sometimes called as OPTICAL REALISM; more bold with real events happening in that moment; true to what is happening in that moment; quick painting
Impressionism
Its general features include:
- Light and its reflection
- Quickly painted surfaces
- Dot, dashes, commas, and other short brushstrokes
- Modern life as subject matter
Impressionist Art
A landscape impressionist and leader of the pleinarists; paints a single subject number of times in varying lights and seasons; works include:
- Autumn Effect on Argenteuil
- Les Bassin de Nympheas
- Impression: Sunrise
Claude Monet
People who believed in working outdoors
Pleinarists
Painted with full brush and full strokes; originally a realist; works include:
- Bar at Folies Bergere
- Boating at Argenteuil
Edouard Manet
Adopted the big diagonal viewpoint and abrupt cutting of composition by picture frame; his favorite subject was ballet; works include:
- Absinthe
- Dancers Practicing at the Bar
Edgar Degas
An impressionist artist interested in the interplay of colors caused by flickering so of sunshine and shadow, and his tone harmonies are attained by innumerable light refractions; works include:
- The Luncheon at the Boating Party
- By the Seashore
Pierre August Renoir
An impressionist sculptor who was interested in covert dynamic experimental process rather than in the finished work itself; works include:
- The Kiss
- The Thinker
- The Gates of Heaven and Hell
Rodin
Who gave the name ‘Post Impressionists’ to the independent artists who simply decided to leave Impressionism behind and follow their own artistic directions; in his exhibit called ‘Manet and the Post-Impressionists’
Roger Fry
Sub-styles of Post-Impressionism
- Pointillism
- Symbolism
- Synthetism
Also called confettiism; originated by George Pierre Seurat; based on the putting side by side touches of pure color.
Pointillism
His works include:
- Le Grande Jatte
- Le Circus
George Pierre Seurat
Movement providing an intellectual alternative to the purely visual painting of the impressionist; aspired the surrealist; mor on the spirits world and representation
Symbolism
A symbolist painter (Post impressionist) who painted unmodeled shapes, tropical landscapes, and brown-skinned natives; works include:
- The Spirit of the Dead Watches
- Two Tahitian Women
Paul Gaugain
A theory of the art that posted works of art ought to blend three primary elements: (1) outward appearance of the subject, (2) artist’s emotional reaction to the subject, and (3) artistic choices of color, form, and line
Synethetism
Pre-cubism artist, post-impressionist artist; simple handling of masses and planes given depth by structure, color, and unconventional perspective; works include:
- Still Life with Plaster Cupid
- Mount of St. Victoria
- Apples
Paul Cezane
The revival and eclectic architecture, decor and furnishings popular in English speaking countries during the reign of Queen Victoria of England
Victorian Architecture
Pits a General features include:
- Cast-iron Framing
- Utilitarian structures that often lacked Traditional ornamentation
- Made of Metal
Victorian Architecture
A structure by Joseph Paxton; the main pavilion of the first World’s Fair- the a Great Exhibition in 1851; made of prefabricated iron and glass panels
Crystal Palace
Eiffel Tower is an iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris built for the 1889 International Exhibition and was named after __________.
Gustav Eiffel
A movement aimed at reviving the spirit of Gothic Architecture; architects of this style include:
- Augustus Pugin
- Eugene Viollet Le Duc
Gothic Revival
An American sub style; aka Fisherman’s Gothic or Rural Gothic; where Gothic aesthetic is applied to a simple wooden building
Carpenter Gothic
Is a structure that is a collaboration between Sir Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin; it is the meeting place of the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom - the House of Lords and the House of Commons
Westminster Palace
A movement that originated in England as a reaction against poor quality mass-produced goods; they wanted English homes made by honest English craftsmen
Arts and Crafts
A design movement that emphasized the decorative use of materials and gestures and the development of ornament as an integral part of a structure rather than as an applied ornament
Rationalism (Arts and Crafts)
