History of Art and Interior Design Flashcards
An aesthetically pleasing and meaningful arrangement of element such as words, sounds, colors, shapes, etc.; a form of human activity
Art
The science and profession of designing and constructing buildings other structures
Architecture
Any of the arts pertaining to the following: painting, sculpture, glass and glassware, ceramic and pottery, metallurgy, and plants
Decorative Arts
Approaches to Historical Style Analysis
- Practical
- Historical
- Aesthetics
An approach to historical style analysis that seeks to establish what was built, when, by whom, and for whom
Practical
An approach to historical style analysis that seeks the whys and its relationship to the social, economic, political, cultural, and religious environment
Historical
An approach to historical style analysis that accounts visual and stylistic differences and to explain how style change and why they do so
Aesthetics
Factors of Historical Development
- Rational, Technological, and Constructional
- Social and Religious
- Economic, Cultural, and Political
- Spirit of the Age (Zeitgeist)
From 30,000 to 10,000 BC; before written history; also known as Old Stone Age where Homo Sapiens or Cro-Magnon man used chipped stones; it concerned itself with food or fertility, it attempted to gain control over their management by magic or rituals, it respresented a giant key in human recognition: ABSTRACT THINKING
Paleolithic Age
Sub-periods in the Paleolithic Age
- Mousterian
- Aurignacian
- Magdalenian
A sub-period in the Paleolithic Age where the use of pigments for bodily ornamentation is a key characteristic
Mousterian
A sub-period in the Paleolithic Age where cave painting is a key characteristic
Aurignacian
A sub-period in the Paleolithic Age where the art found where engravings of animals on bone and the last of the hunter-gatherers existed
Magdalenian
Small figurines or decorative objects in the Paleolithic Age were carved or molded with __________.
Clay
Figurines in the Paleolithic Age were collectively known as __________ as they are unmistakably female of child-bearing build.
Venus
During 10,000- 8,000 BC; also known as the Middle Stone Age; most of the glacial ice as well as certain food disappeared; the age where they saw the beginnings of settled communities and farming; the invention of bow and arrow, pottery for storage, and the domestication of animals; their art was highly stylized rather than glorified stick figures and they usually used human objects
Mesolithic Age
From 7,000-3,000 BC; also called the New Stone Age; it is when man first developed agriculture and settled in permanent villages; it is when mud brick were first used
Neolithic Age
A type of art in the Neolithic Age where they use it for storage and for cooking
Pottery
A large stone which had been used to construct a structure or monument either alone or with other stones without using mortar
Megalith
A large, single upright standing stone
Menhir
A free standing chamber consisting of standing stones covered by a capstone as lid; used for burial and were covered by mounds; literally means table
Dolmen
An upright slab forming part of a larger structure
Orthostat
Also known as Cromlech in Welsh
Stone Circle
A linear arrangement of upright, parallel standing stones
Stone Row
A straight standing stone, topped with another forming a “T” shape
Taula
Two parallel upright stones with a horizontal stone, called a lintel, placed on top; eg. Stonehenge
Trilithon
Also known as Metal Age: it was when copper and twin were widely used; they also used semi precious stones; when there was advancement in pottery
Bronze Age
From 4,300-331 BC; known as the cradle of civilization because of its enormous advances and contributions including domestication of animals, trade and coinage, legal government, potter’s wheel, wagon wheel, alphabet, architecture, mathematics and astronomy, monotheism and monogamy; their art form had stylized aesthetics (based only on technique and style, not realistic)
Mesopotamian Civilization
Mesopotamia is surrounded by the rivers __________ and __________.
Euphrates and Tigris
From 6,000-4,000 BC; contributed to the cuneiform and the Ziggurat architecture; known to have invented writing and produce the world’s first literature: THE EPIC OF GILGAMESH
Sumerian
Artificial mountains made of tiered rectangular layers which rose in number from one to seven
Ziggurat
First Mesopotamian rulers to call themselves kings; may have been the first to cast hollow life-size bronze sculptures; famous ruler: Sargon I
Akkadians
From 4,000-700 BC; also known as Chaldean Period; their greatest king, Hammurabi, formulated wide-ranging laws immortalized on the Code of Hammurabi; they built the Ishtar Gate
Babylonians
From 700-500 BC; their palaces were fortified citadels with lamassu guardians
Assyrians
From 539-331 BC; wealthiest empire; believed in Zoroaster, the god of fire; Cyrus the Great of Persia defeated the Babylonians; the empire, through Darius I, built the Persepolis
Persian Empire
A system of writing typified by the use of characters formed by the arrangement of small wedge shaped elements
Cuneiform
Mesopotamian __________ are characterized by large circular eyes and curly hair and beard.
Sculptures
A great stone statue of a human-headed winged bull that preceded the Palace of Ishtar
Lamassu
Tiny triangle-like shapes found on top of the Gate of Ishtar
Crenellations
Mesopotamian Capital
Bull
Persian Capital
Double Bull
The text of Hammurabi’s code comprising of 300 statues written in Akkadian on 51 columns
The Law Code of Hammurabi
Provided for civic, commercial, and even industrial activities; often raise upon a great platform situated at the town center
Temple
The __________ introduced polychrome ornamental brickwork and also high plinths or dadoes made of great stone slabs placed on edges; usually carved with low relief sculpture.
Assyrians
Entrance to the Palace of Sargon; named after the goddess of love, fertility, and war; it is face with glazed bricks with rows of bulls and dragons; were flanked by great towers, and with lamassu figures carved in stone
Ishtar Gate
A seven tiered ziggurat rising rom a base of 297 sqft.; its mounds of ruins lay in Baghdad
Tower of Babel
A great palace built by Nebuchadnezzar for his wife, Amytis
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Built on a stone platform, consisted of multi-colored buildings; access to the platform was a long double stairway
Palace of Persepolis
They focused on permanence, stability, eternity, and life after death; it is when they discovered the making of glass
Ancient Egyptian Period
When pharaohs are thought to be gods
Theocracy
A system of writing with picture-symbols; this allowed Egyptian history to be written
Hieroglyphics
For Egyptians, preparation for the after life was of extreme importance. The body must be preserved if the soul or __________ is to live on in the beyond using the same body.
Ka
Storage for organs of the Egyptian dead
Canonic Jars
A symbol of the sun god and the pharaoh; sacred life
Lotus
A symbol for purity in Ancient Egypt
Palm
Emblem of the Egyptian sun god
Sun Disk
Symbol of upper Egypt; symbolizes loyal protection
Vulture
Symbolizes rebirth and eternal life in Egypt; it is also the symbol of the god Khephera who was believed to cause the sun to move
Scarab Beetle/ Scarab
Symbolizes loyalty in Ancient Egypt
Serpent
It is the symbol of life in Ancient Egypt
Ankh
Face must look straight ahead and each side must be exactly like the other; Although the hands and feet at in profile, shoulders in front view; Royalty portrayed large and formally, commoners are portrayed naturally, slaves and enemies are in the smallest scale; men are colored reddish brown, and females are in yellow
Law of Frontality
Mythical beast of ancient Egypt; sometimes symbolizing the pharaoh as an incarnation of the sun god Ra; usually in a recumbent (lying down) position with the head of a man and the body of a lion but sometimes constructed with a ram’s head or with a hawk’s head
Sphinx
Carved, generally stone case in which the linen-wrapped mummy was placed
Sarcophagus
Characterized by structures mostly made of bricks, and some stone; massive and solid and with excessively thick walls; simple forms and few mouldings
Ancient Egyptian Architecture
A system of (decorated) column and lintel
Trabeated Construction
The first recorded artist of Western History and architect to Zoroaster; enjoyed the status of a court official and was later deified (worshiped or treated as god)
Imhotep
Funerary temples for commoners; one-storey structure with sloped walls and a flat roof, vertical shafts in the floor leading to the burial chamber
Mastabas
A city of mastabas; a complex of tombs; city of the dead
Necropolis
A royal tomb and considered the place of ascent for the spirit of the deceased pharaoh
Pyramid
3 types of pyramids
- Straight/ perfect
- Stepped
- Bent
Square shaft of stone with a pyramidal top set upright to represent the benben on which the rays of the rising sun first fell at the dawn of creation; hewn out of a single stone that can reach as high as 30 meters or more and weighs as much as 7dozen tons
Obelisk
Was considered ‘the horizon’ of divine being, the point at which the God came into existence at creation; mirror of the universe and a representation of the benben
Egyptian Temple
Kinds of Egyptian Temples
- Mortuary Temples
- Cult Temples
- Rock-hewn Tombs/ Temples
An Egyptian temple for the dead pharaoh
Mortuary Temples
An Egyptian temple for popular worship of the ancient gods or the spirit gods
Cult Temples
Ancient Egyptian structure located on cliffs where they cut labyrinth passageways that lead to ceremonial and burial chambers which were later replaced by temples; for the noble and royal
Rock-hewn tombs/ temples
The large gate at the front of the temple; the walls of it were decorated with carved and painted scenes of the pharaoh, gods, and goddesses
Pylon
A part of the temple that was large open room without a roof; the outer walls shows scenes of the pharaoh in battle; inner walls showed the pharaoh making offerings to the gods and goddesses
Peristyle Court/ Courtyard
A hall that represented a marsh in the beginning of time; filled with column that looked like papyrus plants; only the important priests and the pharaoh were allowed to enter it; used for performing religious rituals
Hypostyle Hall
A place in the Egyptian temple that contains a small shrine which was used as receptacle for the small statue of a god; only the pharaoh can enter it
Sanctuary
Kinds of Egyptian Capitals
- Palmiform
- Lotiform (Lotus)
- Papyrus Bundle
- Papyriform
- Campaniform
Columns that tend to have ribbed shafts which represent the stems of the plant that is topped with capital representing open or closed ** buds; used in secular and residential structures
Lotiform
Capitals/ columns that do not actually represent palm trees but rather, the eight palm fronds tied to a central pole
Palmiform
Flower of bell shaped form; either lily of papyrus
Campaniform
From the papyrus- the plant representing the lower Egypt; suggesting the presence of a temple; can have circular or ribbed shafts
Papyrus Bundle
Symbol of upper Egypt
Lily
Columns that were widely used in the Step Pyramid Complex of Djoser
Reed Columns
Three 4th dynasty pyramids erected on a rocky plateau on the West Bank of the Nile River near Al-Jizah (Giza) in northern Egypt
The Giza Pyramids
The 3 Pyramids at Giza
- Pyramid of Khafre (Chephren)
- Pyramid of Khufu
- Pyramid of Menkaure (Mycerinus)
The symbol for protection; hewn out of natural limestone with the addition of stone blocks; molded into a human-headed lion with the face representing Khafre; a paved open temple is located between its paws
The a Great Sphinx
Situated beneath the cliffs at Deir el Bahari on the west bank of the Nile; a colonnaded structure which was designed and implemented by Senemut (royal architect of the queen **); it is built one cliff face that rises sharply above it and consists of three layered retraces reaching 30 meters (97ft.) in height
Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
Located in Karnak, Egypt; it boasts of a hypostyle hall with 134 free standing columns in 16 rows; built by a sacred lake
Great Temple of Amun
The very first pyramid built by the Egyptians; constructed during the 27th century BC for the burial of Pharoah ** by his Vizier Imhotep
The Step Pyramid of Djoser
An archeological site comprising two massive rock temple in Southern Egypt on the western bank of Lake Nasser; originally carved out of the mountain side during the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses the Great as a lasting monument to himself and his queen, Nefertari
The Great Temple of Abu-Simbel
3 Sub-periods of the Aegean Civilization
- Cycladic
- Minoan
- Mycenaean
Mycenaean capital; made of Cedar wood; the column gapers from top to bottom
Bun or Pillow Capital
A period in history where the a funerary mask is an example; eg: gold mask called “Mask of Agammemon”
Mycenaean Civilization
The Mycenaean ruins are a fortress on a hill that is entered through the __________. Large rectangular area with hearth in the center and with many columns supporting the roof.
Gate of Lions or Lion Gate
“Big room”; a prehistoric throne room enclosing a circular hearth
Megaron
A ___________ or a tholos is a round building and a tomb
Beehive Tomb
Arranging the courses of layers of stone so that each level projects over a stone
Corbelling
______________ boasted of the largest dome in the pre-Roman world
Aegean Civilization (Mycenaean Civilization)
Civilization that flourished on the Greek Peninsula, in Asia Minor, on the north coast of Africa, and in the Western Mediterranean until the establishment of the Roman dominion in 146 AD
Greek Civilization (3200 - 32BC)
Characterized by a system of construction based on rules of form and proportion
Greek Art
The Ancient Greek civilization rose from the ____________ who overwhelmed the Mycenaeans.
Dorians
Greece was composed of independent city-states known as ____________.
Polis
The Greeks believed in the high potential of the ______________ that encouraged a high level of creative expression.
Human Being
The Greeks believed in “_____________” proportion and the balance and moderation in all things.
Golden Mean
The Greeks, particularly Plato, had the belief in the ___________ form.
Ideal
Types of Greek Art:
- Painting
2. Sculpture
Paintings in Greek Art can be seen in __________ and ____________ decoration
Mural and Pottery
Sculptures in Greek Art are done in ____________ or ___________.
Stone or Bronze
4 Periods in Greek Art
- Dark Age and Geometric Period (100-700 BC)
- Archaic Period (700-480 BC)
- Hellenic/ Classical Period (480-323 BC)
- Hellenistic Period (323-31 BC)
Characterized by
- sculptures,
- cylindrical forms and simple formalized features of draperies,
- kouros,
- archaic smile,
- vases (black and red figure ware),
- Doric and Ionic Columns
Archaic Period
A robed standing youth; favorite during the Archaic period
Kouros
Pertaining to Ancient Greek history, cultural Art, especially before the time of Alexander the Great; includes the Severe and Classical Style
Hellenic Period
A style characterized by movement; towards increasing naturalness and freedom of form; the use of lost wax method and bronze casting
Severe Style
The art of Greece’s Golden Age; idealized representations of the subject with perfect bodily proportions; sculpture is characterized by vertical folds of cloth and contrapposto
Classical Style
The Greek’s attempt to depict reality by using devices to create illusion of a third dimension in flat **
Paintings
Pertaining to Greek culture and art of the times of Alexander the Great’s death in 323 BC through the 1st century BC during which the Greek dy nasties were established in Egypt, Syria, and Persia, and Greek culture was modified by foreign elements
Hellenistic Period
A Greek period where the sculptures are adapted to employ the canons and mathematical rules of proportions; realism and emotional intensity
Hellenistic Period
A Greek period characterized by the revival of figure in painting
Geometric Period
A Greek period characterized by the construction of the oldest Doric and Ionic Temples and life she stone statues
Archaic Period
A Greek period characterized by the contrapposto in statues, formulation of the canon of proportions, and the rebuilding of the Athenian Acropolis
Classical Period
The person who formulated the canon of proportions
Polykleitos
A Greek period where the sculptors humanized Geek gods and where the Corinthian capital was introduced
Hellenic Period
A Greek period where artists explore new subjects and where the artists break the rules of the classical orders
Hellenistic Period
A Greek pottery style characterized by rectilinear meander patterns; each pattern is framed by circular horizontal borders that emphasize the shape of the pot
Geometric Style (1000-700 BC)
A Greek pottery style characterized by the assimilation of Eastern iconography; shapes are larger and more curvilinear, and geometric patterns are now used simply as borders
Orientalizing Style (700-640 BC)
Greek pottery where the artist painted the figure in black silhouette with a slip made of clay and water; black silhouette with red background; during Archaic (640-490 BC)
Black-figure Ware
Greek pottery where the figures were left in red against a black background, and the details were painted in black; during the late Archaic to Classical (530-400 BC)
Red-figure Ware
Greek pottery where a wash of white clay formed the background; figures were then applied in black and additional colors were added; during the classical to late classical period (420-4th Century BC)
White-ground Ware
Storage for wine, olive oil, honey, or water during the Greek Civilization
Greek Vases
A water jar with three handles
Hydria
A flask for storing and pouring oil
Lekythos
Bowl for mixing wine and water
Krater
Vessel for storing hone, olive oil, wine, and water
Amphora
Drinking cups
Kylix
A jug for pouring wine
Oenochoe
A general feature of Greek architecture: they constructed monumental buildings from ___________, ____________, and ____________.
Wooden timbers
Clay bricks
Marble
Orders in Greek Architecture
- Doric
- Ionic
- Corinthian
An order in Greek architecture that is the earliest, simplest, and the most massive; the column has no base, a fluted shaft, and a plain capital; Archaic
Doric
An order in Greek architecture that is lighter than Doric; it has a fluted shaft, a base, and a volute capital; Archaic
Ionic
A variant of the Iconic with its plinth and fluted shaft and its distinctive ornate capital; it has a basket of acanthus leaves, has a base but no pediment because it is not for exterior purposes
Corinthian
The top most step of the tree steps
Stylobate
The column itself composed of individual sections (drums) and concave grooves (flutes), with a base and capital
Shaft
A snug band at the top of the shaft
Necking
A flat, curved element, like a plate, with rounded sides (Doric Order)
Echinus
A flat square above the echinus or volute
Abacus
Forms the lintel of an order
Entablature
A plain, horizontal member above the capital
Architrave
A band above the architrave consisting of alternating triglyphs and metopes
Frieze
Rectangles with vertical incisions carved into their surface (Doric Order)
Triglyph
Slabs of stone, either plain or with sculpture in relief (Doric Order)
Metope
Short Band under the Triglyph (Doric Order)
Regula
A fillet directly positioned above the architrave
Tenia
A projection above the Frieze to protect it from the weather
Cornice
A low, slanting cornice
Ranking Cornice
The triangular part or gable rested on the cornice atop a classical building; can have sculptures
Pediment
A technique plied on columns which do not taper in a straight line, but bulge outward about one-third of the way up from the base
Entasis
A small, flat, plain surface used to separate other mouldings
Fillet
A moulding that is wide and has a straight surface
Fascia
A moulding characterized by a convex curved surface; a quarter circle; often paired with the Egg and Dart motif
Ovolo
A moulding characterized by a concave surface approximating the her curve of a quarter circle
Cavetto
An S-shaped curved surface that starts and ends horizontally; usually paired with a honeysuckle motif
Cyma Recta
A moulding that starts and ends vertically; usually paired with the waterleaf motif
Cyma Reversa
A moulding characterized by a conveys surface approximately the exterior of a semi-circle; usually used with the guilloche motif
Torus
A small Torus
Bead
A moulding characterized by a deep, hollow, concave moulding, usually found on the column base
Scotia
Are Greek column with shafts in the female form
Caryatids
Are Greek columns that use male figures as the column itself
Atlantes
Are Greek columns that use the top halves of male figures as a column
Telamones
A Greek plaza /court, meeting place, and a platform for a speaker; it can also serve as a market place
Agora
A long colonnaded multipurpose Greek building
Stoa
It was built to house the deity in Greece
Temple
Parts of a Greek Temple
- Pronaos
- Naos
- Sanctuary
A part of the Greek temple known as the antechamber
Pronaos
A part of the Greek temple that is after the Pronaos; sometimes where the deity is
Naos
It is the most sacred room in a Greek Temple that houses the statue of the God
Sanctuary
A Greek architecture that is for plays an performances; it consisted of stone seats wrapped around the ‘orchestra’ and face the ‘skene’ or the stage of the building
Theatre
A type of Greek theatre that had a semi-circular form and was hollowed out of a hill
Auditorium
A type of Greek theatre that small and covered
Odeon
An elongated Greek theatre for foot races
Stadium
A Greek theatre for horse and chariot races
Hippodrome
A part of the Greek theatre known as the dancing place; a large, circular area that contains a slightly raised stone on which was placed the statues of deities (usually Dionysus)
Orchestra
A part of the Greek theatre that is an acting area behind the orchestra
Proscenium
A part of the Greek theatre that served as a backdrop for the acting area or dressing room
Skene
___________ or entrance and __________ or exit are high portals on each side of the orchestra
Parados
Exodus
A Greek senate house for elected officials
Prytaneion
A Greek council house; a covered meeting place for elected officials
Bouleterion
A Greek large tomb usually a large stone building with places of entombment above the ground; for the rich
Mausoleum
A Greek gymnasium
Palestra
The fortified citadel and state sanctuary of the city of Athens
Acropolis of Athens
The monumental entrance to the Acropolis
Propylaea
The gallery in the Acropolis that housed the tablets or pictures honoring the gods
Pinacotheca
A temple dedicated to worship the two principal gods, Athena and Poseidon; protasis on the east side, and the famous porch of caryatids on the south; architects were Icthinus and Callicarates
Temple of Erecthion
The temple of Erecthion was built in what order?
Iconic
A temple devoted to the worship of Athena and was built of marble with timber roof; architects were Icthinus and Callicrates; sculptor was Phidias
Parthenon
The temple of Parthenon was built in what order?
Doric
Contrary postpone of the arms and legs that give more movement to the sculpture;
eg: Discobolus, Parthenon Statues
Contrapposto Position
The establishment of Absolutism was under the reign of __________.
King Louis XIV
A period in history that went through the reigns of Francis I, Francis Ii, Charles IV, Henry III, and Louis XIII
French Renaissance
It’s characteristics includes:
- Classical horizontality and a tendency to become vertically gothic
- High mansard roofs with dormer windows and lofty chimney
- Used a combination of classic and medieval mouldings
French Renaissance
Has four loft halls finished by elliptical barrel vaulting, crowned with a lantern; piles of gothic features clothed with Renaissance details; features a double helix stone stairs
Chateau de Chambord
The favorite residence of Francis I; the largest palace of the 16th century; with horse shoe shaped staircase
Palais de Fontainbleau
Became the architectural style in the 17th - 18th century with its capital at Versailles
French Baroque
___________, the Sun King, ruled with pomp and magnificence during the French Baroque; French became the standard of taste
Louis the XIV
The minister of Finance during the reign of Louis XIV; organized a system for the development of the decorative arts when he built Chateau Vaux-le-Vicomte
Nicholas Fouquet
Was the actual seat of power in France until Louis XIV moved to Versailles
Louvre Palace, Paris
Church built by Queen Anne after the birth of Louis XIV; projecting portal by Francois Mansart and dome by Le Mercier
Church of Val de Grace
A style of classical art that evolved from the Baroque; distinguished by fanciful carved spatial forms and elaborate profuse design of shellwork and foliage
French Rococo
French Rococo flourished during the reign of __________.
Louis XV
French Rococo was derived from the words _____________ which means rock work and ____________ which means shell work.
Rocaille and Cocaille
Its historical background includes:
- Influenced by the decline of the Catholic Church
- Center of taste shifted from the court to the Paris Hotel (elegant private house)
- Patronage from royalty to aristocracy
- Belief in the supremacy of human reason and science
French Rococo
The 18th century was called ___________; belief in the supremacy of human reason and the centrality of the natural sciences, inherited and advanced by philosophers
The Age of Enlightenment
Its characteristics include:
- Gentle and playful style
- Pastel Colors
- Asymmetric
- Eroticism and Superficiality
- Cherubs and Venus sculptures
French Rococo
The leading English Rococo painter form Flanders;
Works include:
- Pilgrimage to the Island of Cythera
- The Dance
Antoine Watteau
An English Rococo artist that calls on classical imagery to provide a more serious underpinning for frivolous erotic themes;
Works include:
- Happy Accidents of the Swing
Jean- Honore Fragonard
A Rococo artist who took contemporary manners and social conventions as the subject of his satire;
Works include:
- Marriage a la Mode
- Scene II
William Hogarth
An English Rococo painter of portraits, landscapes, and fancy and peasant scenes; works with light and rapid brush strokes and delicate and evanescent colors
Thomas Gainsborough
Full name of Clodion
Jean Claude Michel
He treated light hearted terra cotta sculptures that epitomized the Rococo style
Jean Claude Michel or Clodion
A small chateau on the grounds of the palace of Versailles, France; designed by Anges-Jacques Gabriel by the order of Louis XV for his mistress Madame de Pompadour
Petit Trianon
His works are characterized by shallow recesses with rounded corners and ornamentation employing shell motifs, leafy scrolls, and classical busts in medallions
Nicolas Pineau
Was founded by an Augustinian monastery; its interiors were redecorated in a High Baroque style by painter Matthäus Günther and stuccoist Josef Schmuzer
Rottenbuch Church, Germany
The classicism prevailing in the architecture of Europe,
America, and various European colonies during the late 18th - early 19th century; characterized by intro and widespread use of Greek and Roman motifs, the subordination of detail to simple, strongly geometric compositions, and the frequent shallowness of relief in ornamental treatment of Facades
French Neoclassic Period
The French Neoclassic period was during the reign of ___________ and __________.
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
The principles or style characteristic of the culture, art, and literature of the Ancient Greece and Rome
Classicism
Art and architecture in the style of ancient Greece and Rome as that of the Italian Renaissance and the neoclassical movements in England and in the US
Classical Revival
Features linear strokes in which the outlines of objects are sharply defined thanks to carefully controlled brush strokes
Neoclassic Art
The art director of Napoleon Bonaparte; he recorded the horrors of the period, mythology, and Napoleonic exploits Works include: - The Oath of Horatii - The Death of Socrates - Marat Assasinated
Jacques Louis David
A Rococo artist who painted less royalty and more of the academic and classical style;
Work: The Grand Odalisque
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
The submerged brushstrokes and the highly smooth finishes are characteristics of an ___________ painting.
Academic
The greatest of the French classicist; he sought the ideals of form and subject matter, of landscapes with figures of light with color and mood;
Work: A Dance to the Music of Time
Nicolas Poussin
Was an anti-Rococo artist; he favored simple still lives and unsentimental domestic interiors; a realist painter of down-to-earth scenes; works include:
- The Governess
- The Blessing
- A House of Cards
Jean-Baptiste Chardin
A Neoclassic artist who displays the sweeping grandeur and idealization of the Neoclassic style; works include
- Cupid and Psyche
- Pauline Borghese
Antonio Canova
Architecture characterized by:
- Classical restraint resurfaced
- Purely Greek, purely Roman, or a Greco-Roman hybrid
- Beaux Art (combination of the classics)
Neo-classic Architecture
___________ architecture derived from the villas of Andrea Palladio, the greatest architect of the Late Renaissance.
Palladian
_________ building features a vast rectangular of square plan, with a flat roof and an exterior rich in classical detail; this aesthetic is also known as the Beaux-Art Style
Classical Block
Beaux- Art was developed principally by the French ___________.
Évole des Beaux-Arts
Intended as a pantheon by order of Napoleon; imitation of the Greek colonnaded temple with roman style podium; inspired by a sison Carrée at Nimes
The Madeleine, Paris
A structure built by Bruant and Mansart; a home and hospital for aged and unwell soldiers
Church of Les Invalides
A term given to early Renaissance architecture in England
Elizabethan Period
Elizabthan Period : England
___________ : Italy
Cinquecento
Cinquecento : Italy
__________ : France
Early Renaissance
Early Renaissance : France
__________ : Spain
Plateresque
Its characteristics include:
- Followed Tudor style
- Versions of the Dutch gable
- Flemish strap work
Elizabethan Period
He introduced the Renaissance classicism into England; influenced by Andrea Palladio; royal architect of England
Indigo Jones
An example of English Palladianism by Inigo Jones; former royal residence for Queen Anne of Denmark- the queen of King James I of England
Queen’s House
Also known as Middle Renaissance in England; had Charles III as its patron
English Baroque
A structure by Christopher Wren; largest cathedral in England; the dome is an adapted and enlarged version of the Tempietto of Bramante
St. Paul’s Cathedral
Also known as the Late Renaissance in England; a name given to the set of architectural styles between 1720-1840; it is Olympus for the first four British Monarchs of the House of Hanover - George I, George II, George III, and George IV
Georgian Architecture
The architecture of the Moors and native Andalusians who remained in Christian territory but we’re not converted to Christianity
Mudejar
Characterized by extremely decorated facades which reminds of the decorative motifs of silversmiths’ work
Renaissance or Plateresco
Silversmiths are called _________ in the Spanish style.
Plateros
A sub period of the Spanish style of austere Renaissance style
Desormamentado
The most prominent architect of Desormamentado was
Juan de Herrera
Originally from Crete; he painted austere religious subjects inspired by Jesuit fanaticism; he is Spain’s principal Mannerist; works include:
- The Burial of Count Orgaz
- The vision of St. John Divine
El Greco or Domenicos Theotocopolus
The architect of Granada Cathedral that is one of the most impressive building constructed using Plateresque influence
Diego de Siloe
A historical residence of the King of Spain; by Juan Bautista de Toledo and Juan de Herrera
The Escorial
Also known as Spanish Baroque; their work reflects the naturalism of the time, the dramatic light and shade contrasts and their sobriety of colors are features that linked them to the tenebrosi palettes of Caravaggio and the Italians; considered as the Golden Age of Spanish Art
Churiguerresque Style
Churiguerresque style was from ___________ who revolted against the sobriety of the Herreresque classicism and promoted and intricate, exaggerate, almost capricious style of surface decoration
Jose de Churiguerra
Leading artist of the Spanish Baroque/ Churiguerresque style; royal painter to Philip IV; works include:
- Las Meninas
- Portrait of Innocent X
Diego Velasquez
Spanish court painter; poignant depictions of the brutality and corruption of the time; works include:
- Chronos Devouring his Children
- The Execution of the Third of May, 1808
Francisco Goya
The front of this Spanish structure is Baroque with the original facade was Romanesque
Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela
A type of American style characterized by small cottages, medieval half-timbering, and one room with loft or chimney; style of the English settlers in the eastern coast of North America
American Early Colonial
An early colonial (American) plan that has an overhanging second story, small windows and a central chimney
Hall and Parlor Plan
Characterized by having steep pitched roofs that were essential for allowing rain and snow to run off easily
Garrison Colonial
The New England __________ developed from the Hall-and-Parlor or Garrison Stye with the addition of an ell or lean-to on the back
Saltbox
English inspired colonial architecture marked by a greater concern for style and higher standards of comfort; regency; characterized by symmetry with ornamental detailing such as pediments, pilasters, and Palladian window
American Georgan
Takes its name from American history; followed a stricter version of neoclassicism
Federal Style
An American statesman, embassy for to France, and Third American president; he had great influence in the architecture of the period
Thomas Jefferson
Was simultaneous with the Gothic Revival; dominated American arch tut during 1818-1850; it was the first truly national style in the United States found in all regions of the country; due to strong associations with classical tradition and democracy
Greek Revival Style
Characterized by strong associational values of religion and nature; revival style based on English and French precedents from the late 12-15th century; from Richard Upjohn’s urban churches to Carpenter’s Gothic cottages
Gothic Revival
A style that exalted individualism, subjectivism, irrationalism, imagination, and emotions over reason and senses over intellect; first used by German poets and writers August Willhelm and Friedrich Schlogel to label a wider cultural movement
Romanticism
Its general features include:
- Expression of emotions (historic nostalgia, fears, supernatural elements, social injustice, etc.)
- Adoration of nature
- Painterly style
Romantic Art
Where freedom of color takes precedence over sharply-defined forms; brushstrokes are less restrained resulting in somewhat messy outlines
Painterly Style
2 Types of Romantic Art
- Figure Painting
2. Landscape Painting
A Romantic artist who usually painted with watercolor over prints to produce some highly imaginative and enigmatic works of art; work:
- Ancient Days
William Blake
The 1st great American painter; famous for his portraits of important figures in colonial New England, particularly men and women of the middle class; his portraits were innovative and tend to portray their subjects with artifacts that were indicative of their lives; works include
- The Boy with Squirrel
- Watson and the Shark
John Singleton Copley
English Romantic painter known principally for his landscape paintings of Dedham Vale; work:
- Hay Wain
John Constable
A French Romanticist who revealed an interest in human psychology and a sense of revolt against political and social pressures; works:
- Mad Woman with a Mania of Envy
- The Raft of Medusa
Theodore Gerricault
He often derived his subjects from masterworks of western literature; his paintings are characterized by large sweeps of color, lively patterns, and energetic figure groups; Works inlcude:
- Liberty Leading the People
- The Death of Sardanapalus
- The Barque of Dante
Eugene Delacroix
It was an age of faith in all knowledge which would derive from science and scientific objective methods which could solve all human problems; sets a goal not imitating artistic achievements but the truthful and accurate depiction of the models of nature and contemporary life of the artist
Realism
The age of Rationalism and Imperialism; Age of Science and Doubt; Age of Progress, and the Victorian Age
Realism
Its general features include:
- Photographic Accuracy
- Veered away from idealism
- Absolute objectivity
Realism
A group of intentional artists in Paris which began to devise new methods of pictorial representation; focused on concepts of vision and the study of optical effects of light;
Artists: John Singleton Copley, Gustav Courbet, Hilaire Germaine, Edgar Degas, Edouard Manet
The Realists
A group of French landscape artists; named after the forest of Fontainebleau near the village of ** where they got away from the revolutionary Paris to produce their art;
Artists: Theodore Rousseau, Jean-Froncois Millet
Barbizon School
English painters, poets, and critics grouped to reform art by rejecting practices of contemporary academic British Art; first avante-garde movement in art; believed that the only great art was before High-Renaissance, before Raphael
Pre-Raphaellite Brotherhood
First American school of landscape paining; their subjects were the spectacles of the Hudson River Valley and the upper state of New York
Hudson River School
First French Realist; believed that artists could accurately represent only their experience; works include:
- The Painter’s Studio
- Funeral at Ornans
Gustave Courbet
A lithographer and cartoonist, famous for his satirical caricatures; works include:
- The Freedom of the Press
- Third Class Carriage
Honore Daumier
A movement in French painting sometimes called as OPTICAL REALISM; more bold with real events happening in that moment; true to what is happening in that moment; quick painting
Impressionism
Its general features include:
- Light and its reflection
- Quickly painted surfaces
- Dot, dashes, commas, and other short brushstrokes
- Modern life as subject matter
Impressionist Art
A landscape impressionist and leader of the pleinarists; paints a single subject number of times in varying lights and seasons; works include:
- Autumn Effect on Argenteuil
- Les Bassin de Nympheas
- Impression: Sunrise
Claude Monet
People who believed in working outdoors
Pleinarists
Painted with full brush and full strokes; originally a realist; works include:
- Bar at Folies Bergere
- Boating at Argenteuil
Edouard Manet
Adopted the big diagonal viewpoint and abrupt cutting of composition by picture frame; his favorite subject was ballet; works include:
- Absinthe
- Dancers Practicing at the Bar
Edgar Degas
An impressionist artist interested in the interplay of colors caused by flickering so of sunshine and shadow, and his tone harmonies are attained by innumerable light refractions; works include:
- The Luncheon at the Boating Party
- By the Seashore
Pierre August Renoir
An impressionist sculptor who was interested in covert dynamic experimental process rather than in the finished work itself; works include:
- The Kiss
- The Thinker
- The Gates of Heaven and Hell
Rodin
Who gave the name ‘Post Impressionists’ to the independent artists who simply decided to leave Impressionism behind and follow their own artistic directions; in his exhibit called ‘Manet and the Post-Impressionists’
Roger Fry
Sub-styles of Post-Impressionism
- Pointillism
- Symbolism
- Synthetism
Also called confettiism; originated by George Pierre Seurat; based on the putting side by side touches of pure color.
Pointillism
His works include:
- Le Grande Jatte
- Le Circus
George Pierre Seurat
Movement providing an intellectual alternative to the purely visual painting of the impressionist; aspired the surrealist; mor on the spirits world and representation
Symbolism
A symbolist painter (Post impressionist) who painted unmodeled shapes, tropical landscapes, and brown-skinned natives; works include:
- The Spirit of the Dead Watches
- Two Tahitian Women
Paul Gaugain
A theory of the art that posted works of art ought to blend three primary elements: (1) outward appearance of the subject, (2) artist’s emotional reaction to the subject, and (3) artistic choices of color, form, and line
Synethetism
Pre-cubism artist, post-impressionist artist; simple handling of masses and planes given depth by structure, color, and unconventional perspective; works include:
- Still Life with Plaster Cupid
- Mount of St. Victoria
- Apples
Paul Cezane
The revival and eclectic architecture, decor and furnishings popular in English speaking countries during the reign of Queen Victoria of England
Victorian Architecture
Pits a General features include:
- Cast-iron Framing
- Utilitarian structures that often lacked Traditional ornamentation
- Made of Metal
Victorian Architecture
A structure by Joseph Paxton; the main pavilion of the first World’s Fair- the a Great Exhibition in 1851; made of prefabricated iron and glass panels
Crystal Palace
Eiffel Tower is an iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris built for the 1889 International Exhibition and was named after __________.
Gustav Eiffel
A movement aimed at reviving the spirit of Gothic Architecture; architects of this style include:
- Augustus Pugin
- Eugene Viollet Le Duc
Gothic Revival
An American sub style; aka Fisherman’s Gothic or Rural Gothic; where Gothic aesthetic is applied to a simple wooden building
Carpenter Gothic
Is a structure that is a collaboration between Sir Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin; it is the meeting place of the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom - the House of Lords and the House of Commons
Westminster Palace
A movement that originated in England as a reaction against poor quality mass-produced goods; they wanted English homes made by honest English craftsmen
Arts and Crafts
A design movement that emphasized the decorative use of materials and gestures and the development of ornament as an integral part of a structure rather than as an applied ornament
Rationalism (Arts and Crafts)
Became associated with the Pre-Raphaellite Movement; championed the cause of craftsmen and encouraged a return to the skill of weaving, hand printing, etc.
William Morris
A structure by Charles Rennie Mackintosh; a towering rectangular block with almost no decoration, an austere statement and bold break away from the traditional methods of architectural adornment
The Glasgow School of Art
A style of fine and applied arts characterized by fluid and undulating motifs often derived from natural forms
Art Nouveau
The Style Guimard is the French for Art Nouveau; named after __________.
Hector Guimard
Art nouveau in Italy that means floral style
Stile Floreale
Art Nouveau in British; named after British designer Arthur Lassen
Stile Liberty
The Spanish version of Art Nouveau
Modernismo
Art Nouveau is called __________ in Austria; Vienna Secession)
Sezzesionistil
Art nouveau for German-speaking countries for “Youth Style”
Jugendstijl
“The straight line belongs to man and then curve line belongs to God”
Antoni Gaudi
Shortened version of Exposition International Des Artes Decofatifs et Industriels Modernes
Art Deco
Style of decorative art; geometric motifs, streamlined and curvilinear forms, sharply defined outlines, often bold colors and the use of synthetic materials; modernism turned into fashion; influenced by Egyptian and Mesopotamian
Art Deco
It was briefly the world’s tallest building before it was overtaken by the Empire State Building; it is now the second tallest building in New York City
Chrysler Building
Used to describe paintings depicting wild beasts in the use of brilliant luminous colors and bold, spontaneous handling of paint
Fauvism
Leader of the Fauves; his painting have an extraordinarily decorative quality with flat patterned composition in pure colors; works include:
- Le Luxe II
- Large Red Interior/ The Red Studio
Henri Matisse
Is an opposition to academic standards and emphasized artists’ subjective emotion which overrides fidelity to the actual appearance of things; distortion to emphasize feelings
Expressionism
Greatest Dutch painter since the Baroque times; subjects reflects a social consciousness reminiscent of Realism; use of powerful brush strokes; works include:
- Starry Night
- Sunflowers
Vincent Van Gogh
Norwegian painter and printmaker whose intense evocative treatment of physiological, emotional themes was a major influence on the development of German Expressionism; works include:
- The Scream
- Puberty
Edward Munch
Movement of conscious and methodological destruction of particular and recognizable in appearance; artistic elimination of rational visual association
Abstraction
An influential Russian painter and art theorist credited with painting the first purely abstract work; works include:
Wassily Kandinsky
An art movement that aimed to show objects in their basic geometric shapes
Cubism
A French painter who started and lead Cubism; representing the world as seen from a number of different view points; works include:
- Piano and the Mandola
- Violin and Candlestick
Georges Braque
2 Types of Cubism
- Analytic
2. Synthetic
A type of cubism where the analytic details are stripped away
Analytic
A type of cubism where overlapping planed shared one color; real pieces of paper replaced painted flat depictions of paper
Synthetic
A Spanish painter and sculptor; co-founder of cubism; father of collage; works include:
- Guernica
- Demoiselle d’Avignon
Pablo Picasso
Textural effects using paper and other material in the compostition
Collage
Concurrent presentation of 2/3 side of an object; 2 views in one plane
Simultaneity in Art
When Pablo Picasso painted beggars and miserable humanity
Blue Period
When Pablo Picasso painted circus objects
Rose Period
School of art founded in the Netherlands marked especially by the use of black and white with primary colors, rectangular forms, and asymmetry; founded by architect Gerrit Reitveld, and artists, Theo Van Doesburg and Piet Mondrian
De Stijl
Recognized as the purest most methodical of the early abstraction; simplified elements of his artwork in an effort to reflect what he believed to be the order underlying the visible world
Piet Mondrian
Mondiran’s use of asymmetrical balance and a simplified pictorial vocabulary were crucial in the development of ___________.
Modern Art
A deliberate philosophical and practical estrangement from the past in the arts and literature; occurring in the course of the 20th century; conscious rejection of period influences
Modernism or Modem Style
Established by Walter Gropius; the concepts were characterized chiefly by the synthesis of technology, craft, and design aesthetics, with an emphasis on the functional design
Bauhaus Design Movement
A German architect and founder hot the Bauhaus School
Walter Gropius
Universally known as the pioneer for skyscrapers
Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe
“God is in the Detail”
Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe
“Less is More”
Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe
The director of the cabinet making workshop at Bauhaus; work: Seagrams Building
Marcel Breuer
The first to use curtain-walling
The Bauhaus Buildings
Asymmetrical single storey building divided by partition walls made of marble, onyx, and chrome; by Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe
The German Pavillion
“Form follows function”
Louis Sullivan
Called as the “father of modernism” and regarded as one of the most individual and innovative architects of the developing modern period; he replaced the standard classical ornamentation of the day with highly original, organic, architectural details inspired by nature; works include:
- Wainwright Building
Louis Sullivan
An apprentice of Louis Sullivan; sought to make his buildings organic; the house should not be located ‘on site’ but rather be a natural extension of the site; works include:
- Falling Water
- Guggenheim Museum
- Johnson Wax Administration Building
- Usonian Houses
Frank Lloyd Wright
Are made up from easy to assemble, prefabricated wood sandwich panels designed to be erected in a simple construction; by Frank Lloyd Wright
Usonian Houses
Universally known as Corbu (raven); wrote Verse Une Architecture where he linked Greek temples, Gothic cathedrals, aircraft, cars, and ocean liners with the new architecture; he also described the house as ‘a machine for living in’ (should be functional); works include:
- Villa Savoye
- Unite d’Habitation
- Notre Dame- du - Haut Ronchamp
Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard Jeanneret)
Other artist/ architect of ____________ style:
- Wallace K. Harrison
- Oscar Niemeyer
Modernism/ Modern Style
A movement aimed at ridiculing art and destroying the idea of art; characterized by a deliberate irrationality and rejection of the prevailing standards of art; to gain freedom for the artist in search for new meaning and fun
Dadaism
Dada means
Hobby House
A Dadaism artist whose famous work is L.H.O.Q.Q that is French for ‘Woman with Hot Ass’
Marcel Duchamp
A Dadaism artist whose famous work is the Little Gland Saying Tic-tan
Max Ernst
An artistic movement in hunt of science of expression of the subconscious; dreams; inspired by Sigmund Freud
Surrealism
Surrealism began with __________ after he published Manifesto de Surrealisme
Andre Breton
A surrealist artist whose works include:
- Persistence of Memory
- The Temptation of St. Anthony
Salvador Dali
A surrealist artist whose famous work is The Column
Frida Khalo
A surrealist artist whose famous work is The Mystery and Melancholy of the Street
George de Chirico
A surrealist artist whose famous work is The Birthday
Marc Chagall
A surrealist artist whose famous work includes: The Son of Man
Rene Magritte
A term used by Alfred Barr, Jr. To refer to nonfigurative paintings of Kandinsky; no subject (abstract) with distorted emotions (expressionism); applied paint rapidly, with force, or painting gesturally, non-geometrically, sometimes applying paint with large brushes, and sometimes throwing or dripping it onto canvas
Abstract Expressionism
A term coined by critic Harold Rosenberg to describe the work of certain members of the New York School; famous artist of this style include:
- Hans Hoffman
- Mark Rothko
- Jackson Pollock
Action Painting (Abstract Expressionism)
The most significant style to emerge in America in the 60s whose popular imagery was derived from commercial sources, the mass media and the everyday life
Pop Art
He startled the art world in 1962 by exhibiting paintings beer on comic book Cartoons; work:
-Blam!
Roy Lichenstein
A leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art; explores the relationship between artistic expression, celebrity culture and advertisement; his works include:
- Mao
- Marilyn Monroe
Andy Warhol
A Pop Art artist whose famous work is Just what is it that makes today’s home so different so appealing?
Richard Hamilton
The recognizable object is totally eliminated in favor of geometric abstraction; the artist produce kinetic effects, arrangements of color, lines and shapes, or some combination of their elements
Op Art (Optical Art)
A movement in architecture emphasizing the aesthetic use of basic building processes, especially of cast-in-place concrete, with no apparent concern for visual amenity
Brutalist (Contemporary)
Brutalism was derived from the French term ___________ which translates to ‘rough concrete’
Beton Brut
A movement in architecture and decorative arts in reaction to the principles and practices of modernism, encouraging the use of the elements from historical vernacular styles and often playful illusion, decoration, and complexity
Post Modernism
A Post-Modernist architect who said that “Less is a Bore”; his work includes:
- Vanna Venturi House
Roberto Venturi
The style whose famous architects include:
- Michael Graves
- Philip Johnson
Post- Modernism
A style that goals to liberate the maximum volume of space inside by positioning all its workings outside the interior envelope of the building
High-Tech
An architect of High-Tech; designs emphasize the repetition of industrialized “modular” units in which prefabricated off-site-manufactured elements are frequently employed; work includes:
- HSBC, Hong Kong
Norman Foster
The city of Rome became known as ___________, because of its position as the top of world power
Caput Mund
Roman sculpture was anatomically exact in both animals and humans; it was also applied in portraiture and relief sculpture
Realism
3 Periods in the Ancient Rome
- Roman Republican Period
- Early Roman Empire
- Late Roman Empire
A period in Ancient Rome where the declaration of Octavian as the first emperor, reign of Augustus, and the reign of Marcus Aurelius happened
The Early Roman Empire
A period in Ancient Rome when the capital was moved to Byzantium by the Emperor Constantine
The Late Roman Empire
A sculpture representing the upper portion of the human body showing only the head, shoulders, and upper chest
Bust
Two types of Fresco techniques
- Buon Fresco
2. Fresco Secco
A type of fresco technique where the painting is done on wet plaster; original; literally means good or true fresco
Buon Fresco
A type of fresco technique where the painting is done on dry plaster; literally means dry fresco
Fresco Secco
A pattern or picture made of many small colored pieces of stone, glass, etc.; sometimes in trompe l’oeil technique
Mosaics
A statue of a rider on a horse; commemorate the triumphs of generals and emperors
Equestrian Monument
Characterized by massive brick and concrete construction employing features such as semi-circular arches, barrel and groin vaults, and the dome; elaboration of the Greek orders as purely decorative motifs, and the use of marble linings, mosaics, and molded stucco for interiors
Roman Architecture
Structure from wedge-shaped stones formed by the use of centering
Arch
Arched masonry that forms the ceiling of a building; an extended arch
Vault
An extended round arch
Dome
Mixture of small stones, sand, limes and water that is poured onto wooden forms to become a solid mass
Concrete
A Roman architect, engineer, and author of De Architectura, a handbook for Roman architects that established certain rules for standardizing the Greek orders for architecture
Marcus Vitruvius Pollio
2 Major orders of Roman Architecture
- Composite
2. Tuscan
A Roman order described as the combination of an Ionic shaft and A Corinthian capital; stands on a pedestal
Composite
A Roman order described as a simple Roman variation of the Doric column with an unfluted shaft and a capital composed only of an abacus and echinus
Tuscan
The counterpart of the Greek Agora; composed of temples, triumphal arches, pillars of victories, Roman basilica, senate, and shops
Forum
3 kinds of Roman Houses
- Domus
- Insulae
- Villa
A Roman house of the middle class
Domus
Box of flats used as a shop and apartment; for the lower class and usually five storeys high
Insulae
Roman dwelling that housed the Roman upperclass; country homes for the wealthy
Villa
A structure that is smaller than the colosseum; where Gladiatorial competitions are held; it emphasized decorative external orders so that the arches are the predominant features
Amphitheater
A long hairpin race course for chariot races and foot races; also called a hippodrome
Circus
Large reservoirs or cisterns for pipes to transport water to towns
Aqueducts
Building to house the Roman law court; eventually became a hall of justice and commercial exchange
Basilica
Palatial public baths of Imperial Rome; portray the customs of the pleasure-loving populace
Thermae/ Public Baths
A part of the thermae known as the hot room
Caldarium
A part of the thermae known as the warm room
Tepidarium
A part of the thermae known as the cold room
Frigidarium
A part of the thermae known as the dry swearing room
Lanconicum
A part of the thermae for oiling and shampooing
Unctuaria
A part of the thermae known as the dressing rooms
Apodyteria
A domed temple dedicated to all the gods (planetary gods); the diameter of the floor plan is equal to the height of the dome and has an oculus at the center; has a coffered ceiling to make it light
Pantheon
The colosseum built for a Roman games; features a combination of Roman arches and vault construction
Flavian Amphitheater
Commemorative arch-monument decorated with reliefs that show moments of victory
Triumphal Arches
Single, freestanding, colossal columns used as commemorative monuments
Column of Victory
‘Altar of Peace’; a great marble monument constructed during th reign of Augustus
Ara Pacis
Meeting place for early Christians
Catacombs
Started by Emperor Leo III when he prohibited the production of icons in representational human form
Iconoclastic Controversy in 726
The new capital for the a Roman Empire during the reign of Constantine I was called __________, Greek for ‘the city of Constatine’ or Nova Roma in Rome
Constantinople
Handwritten book; written on vellum and colored in gold and other colors
Illuminated Manuscripts
Characterized by iconography in stylized postures with serene expressions (usually with a halo) and in single plane
Byzantine Painting
The favorite subject matter of Art in Byzantine Period
Jesus the Judge/ Jesus Panto Krator
Religious images in the Byzantine period are called
Icons
An inverted concave triangle that springs from a corner of the square curving up to meet the other **
Pendentives
Corbel type arches piled on top of another, placed diagonally across the internal angles of a tower or base of a drum to convert the square form into an octagonal base to support an octagonal spire or circular dome
Squinch Arch
Kinds of Byzantine Capitals
- Wind-blown/ Wind-swept Acanthus
- Bird & Basket Capital
- Geometric Cube
- Stylized Leaf
- Cushion Capital
A type of Byzantine architecture that was formerly a hall of justice and oat redesigned to be a place of worship
Basilica
A type of Byzantine architecture that enshrines a relic or a tomb of a martyr
Sanctuaries/ Martyrium
A type of Byzantine architecture defined as a large tomb, almost temple like
Mausoleum
A type of Byzantine architecture used for the sacrament of baptism
Baptistries
Two kinds of Byzantine Basilica plans
- Central Plan
2. Latin Cross Plan
Built as the major cathedral in Constantinople; literally means ‘Holy Wisdom’
The Hagia Sophia
A style of art/ period emerging in Italy in the 9th Century and lasting until the advent of Gothic Architecture; literally means ‘in the Roman manner’
Romanesque
The name Romanesque was given by
Giorgio Vasar
English term for Romanesque
Norman
A high-tech style architect; his interest in uninterrupted interior spaces has made him an heir to the functionalist tradition; work includes:
- Pompidou Center, Paris
Richard Rogers
The Romanesque period was called the Age of _________ because the Church re-established itself as a strong unifying and stabilizing force
Age of Faith
An economic system based upon limited land ownership and forced labor (serfs)
Manorialism
A period in history characterized by monasticism, feudalism, knighthood, crusades, and manorialism
Romanesque Period
Containers of relics (body parts or possessions of saints)
Reliquaries
Investigated the world of machine and the properties of timber, brick, and plywood; work:
- Jean Marie Tibaou Cultural Center
Renzo Piano
A multiple embroidered narrative that resonates the events leading to the battle of Hastings
Bayeux Tapestry
In Romanesque period, it served as the “literature of the illiterate”; there is concern for religious emotions and concern for psychological reality rather than proportion
Romanesque Sculptures
Monumental work/ entrance on the western front of the church; west because of the sunrise
Westwork
Favorite themes during the Romanesque Period
- Majesty of Christ
- Last Judgement
- Torments of Hell
Supporting columns between double doors
Trumeau
Lunette above the door; ornamented with complex iconography
Tympanum
An arch resting on an impost treated as downward continuations of an archivolt
Stilted Arch
Arch struck from one or more centers below the springing line
Segmental Arch
A distinct form of decoration aimed at relieving otherwise blank walls
Blind Arcading
Romanesque Capitals
- Cushion
2. Scalloped
A part of a Romanesque Basilica described as a forecourt surrounded or flanked by porticoes; open court
Atrium
A part of a Romanesque Basilica described as a portico before the nave for penitents
Narthex
A part of a Romanesque Basilica described as the principal or central part of the church, extending from the narthex to the choir; walkway
Nave
A part of a Romanesque Basilica described as any of the longitudinal divisions separated from the nave; seats
Aisle
A part of a Romanesque Basilica described as the raised platform; transverse open space separating the nave and the apse
Bema
A part of a Romanesque Basilica forming a square at the crossing, consisting of the choir and the apse; cross arm
Transept
A part of a Romanesque Basilica described as the part of the church occupied by the singers
Choir
A part of a Romanesque Basilica described as the appointed place for preaching
Pulpit
A part of a Romanesque Basilica usually semi-circular of polygonal, often vaulted recess, especially the termination of the sanctuary end of the church
Apse
A part of a Romanesque Basilica described as the table upon which the Eucharist is celebrated
Altar
Denote the building, or complex of buildings that houses a room reserved for prayer as well as the domestic quarters of monastics
Monasteries
Private residence and fortress of the lords during the Romanesque period
Castles
The greatest Norman building in England and regarded widely as the finest sample of Norman Architecture; largest Romanesque church
Durham Cathedral
Royal of palace of her majesty; it is a typical example of Norman military architecture whose influence was felt throughout the Kingdom
Tower of London
Was the center of a major monastic movement in the Middle Ages; largest christian church in the world until St. Peter’s basilica was rebuilt in Rome; grandest Romanesque monastery
Abbey Church of Cluny
Generally called ‘Opus Fragencium’ meaning French Work which is an indication of its origin, or ‘Opus Modernum meaning modern architecture.
Gothic Period
The name Gothic, given by __________, means barbaric.
Giorgio Vasari
____________ art is elegant, highly decorated, and characterized by the use of sumptuous and colorful materials.
Gothic
____________ architecture focused on the construction of churches and cathedrals.
Gothic
Its history was defined by political and religious clashes, founding of the Dominican and Franciscan orders, decline of feudalism and growth of nations, and the bubonic plague
Gothic Period
A monk who may have invented the Gothic style when he designed the facade, ambulatory, and chapels of the ROYAL ABBEY CHURCH OR ST. DENIS
Abbot Suger
Was the favorite theme or subject matter of the Gothic Art
Virgin Enthroned/ Madonna Enthroned
In the __________ period, the tympanum was more chaotic and was decorated with stiff figures while the tympanum in the ___________ period was more organized with fewer but more proportioned figures
Romanesque; Gothic
A painting technique that started in the Gothic period where the pigments are combined with egg
Tempera Technique
Colored glass made by mixing metallic oxides into molten, translucent glass of fixing oxides into surface of clear glass, cut into shapes, assembled together by strips of lead
Stained Glass
__________ art was characterized by paintings with a gradual increase in realism, Virgin enthroned as a favorite subject, early attempts at perspective, and where sculptures were used to decorate cathedrals
Gothic Art
The last great Italian artist working in Byzantine style; painter and mosaicist
Cimabue/
Bencivieni di Pepo (original)/
Benvenuto di Giuseppe (modern Italian)
Student of Cimabue; considered the grandfather of Renaissance
Art; showed progress in physical realism: perspective, lighting, and shading
Giotto di Bondone
Characterized by the progressive lightening and heightening of structures, use of pointed arches and windows, ribbed vaults, stained glass, and clerestory windows
Gothic Architecture
3 main parts of a Gothic Church’s facade
- Ground floor Arcade
- Triforium Arcade
- Clerestory Arcade
Ornamental stone openwork; ornamental stone mullions commonly found in the stained glass of Gothic architecture
Tracery
Circular window with tracery millions radiating from a central point; large circular window with tracery resembling a stylized rose, usually found in the facade of a Gothic church or cathedral
Rose Window
2 barrel vaults that require less buttressing
Ribbed Groin Vaults
Grotesquely carved human or animal figures often used as a rain spout in a Gothic architecture
Gargoyles
A column-like support for arches in Gothic church
Piers
Projecting cared ornaments in a bud or leaf shape used on the sides of the pinnacles and spires
Crockets
Are brackets set into the wall to carry a beam (Gothic Period)
Corbels
3 Phases of French Gothic Architecture
- Early French Style
- Rayonnant Style
- Flamboyant Style
A phase of French Gothic architecture characterized by the pointed arch and geometric tracery
Early French Style
A phase of French Gothic architecture characterized by circular windows with radiating lines of tracery; late 13th - late 14th Century
Rayonnant Style
A phase of French Gothic architecture characterized by flamelike tracery, intricate detailing, and frequent complication of interior space; late 14th - mid 16th Century
Flamboyant Style
3 Phases of English Gothic Architecture
- Early English/ Lancet Style
- Decorated Style
- Perpendicular/ Rectilinear Style
A phase of English Gothic architecture characterized by lancet windows and plate tracery; 12th - 13th century
Early English/ Lancet
A phase of English Gothic architecture characterized by rich tracery, elaborate ornamental vaulting, and refinement of stone cutting techniques; late 13th - late 14th Century
Decorated Style
A phase of English Gothic architecture characterized by perpendicular tracery, fine intricate stone work, and elaborate fan vaults; late 14th - early 16th century
Perpendicular/ Rectilinear Style
An architectural landmark as it was the first major structure of which a substantial part was designed and built in the Gothic style
Abbey Church of St. Denis (by Abbot Suger)
Known as France’s model church that is known for its unmatched towers
Cathedral of Notre dame de Chartres
The tallest complete cathedral in France with the greatest interiors
Amiens Cathedral
Cathedral in France where the Kings of France were once crowned
Reims Cathedral
Residence of the chief magistrate of Venice; palace built in Venetian Gothic style
Doge’s Palace
Literally means the house of gold; is a palace on the Grand Canal of Venice; the architects were Giovanni Bon and Bartolomeo Bon (epitomizes the Gothic style in Venice)
Ca D’ Oro
Means the rebirth of the art of classic antiquity that occurred in Italy in the 14th century; during this period, man was freed from the religious restraints of the medieval times
Renaissance
An ideology that believes that humans, purportedly created in the Judeo-Christian God, had been given the ability for rational thought to some meaningful end
Humanism
Weakening of the spiritual and political leadership of the church; material prosperity; abuses and problems with doctrines
Secularism
The invention of the printing press was under what period
Renaissance
Known as the pre-eminent family of Florence, who amassed great wealth in banking, spent great money on architects and artists
The Medici
A style of Italian art and architecture developed during the 15th century characterized by the development of linear perspective, chiaroscuro, and in building, the freed and inventive use of classical details
Early Renaissance
A technique developed in the Italian Renaissance period that uses of light and dark to achieve a heightened illusion of depth
Chiaroscuro
Method of rendering a specific object or figure in a picture in depth; developed during the early Italian Renaissance; where the artist records, in varying degrees, the distortion that is seen by the eye when an object or figure is viewed at distance or at an unusual angle
Foreshortening
He was often considered as the founder of Renaissance painting by breaking away from Byzantine tradition of painting to naturalism, humanism, and composition; first naturalistic painter of Italy; work includes:
- The Death of St. Francis
- The Adoration of the Magi
- The Matrimony of Joachim and Anna
Giotto di Bondone
A disciple of Giotto; first great painter of the Italian Renaissance; his frescoes are the earliest monuments of Humanism, and introduce a plasticity previously unseen in figure painting; works include:
- Expulsion from the Garden of Eden
- Tribute Money
Masaccio
Aka: Tomaso Guidi
An Italian Renaissance artist and Dominican monk; all of his art was religious; he used luminous gem-like colors, diffused light, and slender forms; work include:
- The Annunciation
Fra Angelico
Aka: Guido di Pietro da Mugello
An Italian Renaissance artist who is a complete antithesis of Fra Angelico; more concerned with physical beauty than the inside or spiritual depth; secularism - real emotions; work includes:
- Madonna with Babe and Angels
Fra Lippo Lippi
An Italian Renaissance artist who was instrumental with the opening roof the stories and characters of classical mythology; classed with the sentimental, devotional group and also learned from scientists; works include:
- Spring
- The Birth of Venus
- Primavera
Alessandro Boticelli
Most prominent painter of the early Northern Renaissance style; perfected the process of painting with oil and varnish; works include:
- The Arnolfini Marriage
- Worship of the Lamb
Jan Van Eyck
A sculptor in the early Italian Renaissance known for sacred themes; works include:
- David (bronze)
- St. Mark
- Gattamelata
- and statues of Old Testament prophets for the walls of the Florence Cathedral
Donatello
Early Renaissance sculptor of the north and east doors of the baptistery of San Giovanni, Florence
Lorenzo Ghiberti
Architectural style that originated in Italy in the 15th to 16th century characterized by an emphasis in symmetry, exact mathematical relationships between parts and an overall effect of simplicity and prose
Early Renaissance Architecture
Structure designed by Filippo Brunelleschi; the distinctive octagonal design of the double-walled dome, resting on a drum and not in the roof itself, allowed for the entire dime to be built without the need for scaffolding from the ground
The Duomo or The Dome of the Cathedral of Florence
Means ‘The Foundling Hospital’ and designed by Filippo Brunelleschi and built by Giovanni Medici for the poor; series of round arches supported by slender columns and framed by pilasters that carried flat horizontal entablature
Ospedale Degli Innocenti
A style of Renaissance art and architecture characterized by an emphasis on draftsmanship, the illusion of sculptural volume in painting, and in building, the limiting use of whole orders and compositional rules after the precepts of Vitruvius and the precedents of existing ruins
High Renaissance
Modeling technique which consists of blurring sharp outline with subtle, tonal gradations, imparting a mysterious enigmatic quality, hinting at the subject’s spiritual dimension
Sfumato
A part of a Romanesque Basilica described as the semi-circular walkway with chapels off it surrounding the sanctuary
Ambo/ Ambulatory
A big name in the High Renaissance Art; he created a style which laid the foundation for Baroque-Mannerism; protege of the Medici’s; works include:
- Sistine Chapel ceiling
- The Statue of David
- Pieta
- The Last Judgement
Michelangelo Buonarotti
Big name in High Renaissance art; A devout catholic and artist who trained in Umbria but studied in Florence; painted beautiful, gentle, calm women in courteous manner; works include:
- The School of Athens
- The Marriage of the Virgins
Raphael Sanzio
The most famous of the Venetian Renaissance painters; works include:
- The Tempest
- Sleeping Venus
Giorgione
Venetian High Renaissance painter whose works include:
- Tempest
- Sleeping Venus
Giorgione
Leader of the 16th century Venetian school of the Italian Renaissance; works include:
- Assumption of the Virgin
- The Rape or Europa
Titian
A German artist known as the Leonardo of the North; works include:
- Apocalypse
- St. Jerome in his Study
- 4 Apostles
Albrecht Durer
Greatest Flemish painter of the 16th century; Flemish/ Dutch Renaissance painter and printmaker known for his landscapes and peasant scenes; greatest landscape painter; works include:
- Peasant Wedding
- Hunters in the Snow
- The Blind Leading the Blind
Pieter Bruegel The Elder
High Renaissance architectural landmark meaning ‘small temple’; marks the spot of St. Peter’s crucifixion; 15ft. in diameter; by DONATO BRAMANTE
Tempietto
High Renaissance architectural landmark composed of the Palace of the Senate, the Conservatory, and the Capitoline Museum, and where the statue of Marcus Aurelius stood; it is an abstraction of the human figure; by MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI
Capitoline Hill
Term applied to exaggerate steels, stroking visual effects characterized by elongated or over muscular figures set in extravagantly contorted panes; revolt against the fundamental design principles of classism of clarity, visibility, and stability
Mannerism
Founded Mannerism
Michelangelo Buonarotti
Famous artist of the Mannerism style whose famous work includes:
- The Descent from the Cross
Jacopo Pantorno
Famous artist of the Mannerism style whose famous work includes:
- Madonna of the Long Neck
Parmigianino
Famous artist of the Mannerism style known for his phenomenal energy in painting therefore given the name IL FURIOSO, and his dramatic use of perspective space and special lighting effects that made him the precursor of the Baroque art; Venice’s master of Mannerism; work includes:
- The Conversion of St. Paul
- The Last Supper
Tintoretto
Famous artist of the Mannerism style known as a supreme colorist and for his illusionistic decorations in both fresco and oil; his works elaborate narrative cycles executed in a dramatic and colorful mannerist style; work includes:
- The Marriage Feast at Cana
Paolo Veronese
They comprise the triumvirate of pre-eminent Venetian painter of th late Renaissance
- Paolo Veronese
- Titian
- Tintoretto
Famous artist of the Mannerism style who excelled in cool mannerist portraits; Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time; work includes:
- Portrait of a Young Man
Agnolo Bronzino
A dominant mannerist and an Italian architect regarded as the greatest architect of the 16th century Northern Italy; his designs for palaces and villas made him one of the most influential figures in Western architecture; works include:
- Villa Rotonda
- Villa Capra
Andrea Palladio
The desire to evoke emotional states by appealing to the senses, often in dramatic ways, underlies its manifestations
Baroque Style
___________ art is characterized by asymmetrical compositions, powerful effects of movement, and strong lighting in combination with dramatic interpretations of the object matter
Baroque Art
Is an Italian Baroque pioneering artist who made use of dramatic, realistic, tenebrism, and chiaroscuro technique; he chose ordinary people as figures in his religious work; works include:
- The Conversion of St. Paul
- The Entombment of Christ
Michelangelo Caravaggio
The use of sharply contrasting light and dark; meaning obscure (tenebroso), it describes the use of dark, overall tonality of the painting
Tenebrism
(Baroque) The greatest genius of the Dutch school who painted portraits and scenes of genre and religious subjects; developed a unique technique of handling light and shadow called ** Lighting - the graded transition from light to dark with shadows in warm colors; works include:
- Night Watch
- Belshazzar’s Feast
Rembrandt van Rijn
(Baroque) Known as the Little Dutch Master next to Rembrandt; his subjects usually focus on women doing household chores; his palette consists mostly of blue and yellow because it has the most contrast visually; work includes:
- Maidservant Pouring Milk
Jan Vermeer
The greatest Flemish painter of the Baroque; he assimilated Italian ideas with Flemish tradition; also the most prolific painter and produced about 2,000 paintings; works include:
- The Descent from the Cross
- Samson and Delilah
Peter Paul Rubens
A Baroque artist who specialized in aristocratic portraiture that featured with exquisite technique, details of silken fabrics, fine layers, and trimmings; work includes
- Earl of Warwick
Anthony Van Dyck
A Baroque sculptor who was influenced by Michelangelo Buonarotti and by the intensity and animation of the Mannerist and Baroque paintings; works include:
- Ecstasy of St. Teresa
- Fountain of Trevi
Gianlorenzo Bernini
Baroque comes from the Portuguese word ___________, which means odd shaped
Baroco
Is characterized by richly sculpted surfaces (sculptural classicism), surfaces that are treated as a continuous whole; elements of it include (1) scrolled buttresses, (2) broken pediments, and (3) flying sculptures
Baroque Architecture
An architectural landmark of Italian Baroque designed by GIANLORENZO BERNINI, the facade by CARLOS MADERNO, and the Dome by MICHELANGELO BUONAROTTI
St. Peter’s Basilica
By Gianlorenzo Bernini; is the largest Baroque fountain in Rome
Fountain of Trevi
An architectural landmark of Italian Baroque constructed by Francisco Borromini; features an alteration of concave and convex elements in the facade, and a drum that supported an oval dome; it has no straight lines
S. Carlo alle Quattro Fontane
An architectural landmark of Italian Baroque constructed by Baldassare Longhena; a Roman Catholic Church that has a vast octagonal building with two domes and a pair of picturesque bell towers at the back; full of Marian symbolisms
S. Maria Della Salute
An architectural landmark of Italian Baroque constructed by GIACOMO VIGNOLA; the mother church of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order known as the Jesuits; its facade introduced the baroque style into architecture
Church of Il Gesu
Claimed to have been the prophet to Allah
Mohammed
The arts o the Mohammedan countries
Islamic Arts
Work of writing that uses the Arabic text as the basis of written text
Arabic / Islamic Calligraphy
Are materials primarily used to cover the floors of mosques and houses and sometimes used as wall decorations; usually made of sheep’s wool, goat’s or camel’s hair
Carpets
The first half of the __________ century was considered the Golden Age of Carpet Procuction
16th Century
Technique of hammering metal to create an embossed effect
Repousse
A type of Islamic/ moorish pottery produced in Egypt and Iraq and were influenced by the Chinese blue and white porcelain
Tin-glazed
A type of Islamic/ moorish pottery with an over-glaze finish containing copper and silver or other materials that give the effect of irridescence
Luster-painter/ Lusterware
A type of Islamic/ moorish pottery that is Italian for ‘scratching’; produced by applying contrasting colored layers of plaster or slip and then scratching or incising a design on to the surface
Sgraffito
Characterized by the building of large mosques and elaborate fortress-palaces; no essential difference in techniques between religious and non-religious buildings, important architectural endeavor is normally expended on buildings having direct social or community purpose, decorations use geometric, calligraphic, and plant motifs; symmetry and balance; centered upon God
Moorish Architecture
A Moorish Architectural form described as their principal place of worship; a building used for Friday prayer
Mosque / Masjid
Neighborhood mosque or a big mosque
Jami Masjid
A mosque has no positive object of attention or adoration conceived around an axis toward the ____________ and terminates at __________
Mecca; Mihrab
A part of the mosque described as the courtyard of a mosque
Sahn
A part of the mosque described as the covered area in front of the qibla wall
Haram
A part of the mosque described as the niche oriented towards Mecca
Mihrab
A part of the mosque described as the reading desk for delivering messages
Dikka
A part of the mosque described as the raised platform for ceremonial announcement
Minbar
A part of the mosque described as the open-fronted vault facing a court
Iwan or Ivan
A part of the mosque described as the screen dividing men from the women
Maqsura
A part of the mosque described as the tower from which a call to prayer (adhan) is made
Minaret
A part of the mosque described as an axis oriented towards Mecca
Qibla Wall
A part of the mosque described as the gateway
Bab
A part of the mosque described as the central area for prayer; literally means place for prayer
Musalla
A part of the mosque described as the women’s chamber or a private chamber of a house or palace
Harem
A part of the mosque described as the men’s or guest’s quarters
Selamlik
The oldest Islamic monument; believed to be the place from which the prophet Muhammad ascended into heaven
Dome of the Rock/ Great Dome of Damascus
The site of Muhammad’s birth
Mecca
A white splendored tomb built by Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his favorite wife, Arjumand Banu Begum; aka: Mumtaz Mahal or ‘Chosen of the Palace’
Taj Mahal
The largest mosque ever built, it has a cone shaped minaret that is encircled by an outer ramp on the form of a spiral
Great Mosque
A Spanish-Islamic style characterized by the fusion of Romanesque and Gothic with Islamic elements; Christian working with Muslim traditions
Mudejar Architecture
A Spanish-Islamic style influenced by the Byzantine Architecture
Ottoman Architecture
Known as the Middle Kingdom because it was thought to be the center of the universe
China
Four man social classes of China
- Scholar-gentry
- Peasants
- Artisans
- Merchants
A period in Chinese history known as the bronze period; known for bronze casting or the manufacture of metal using clay models; the royal family lived inside a walled palace and the first to bring order/ rule over warring states
Shang Dynasty
The king of the Qin Dynasty was renamed _____________ meaning “first” and “emperor and divine ruler”
Shi Huangdi
During the Qin dynasty, he unified China by implementing strict laws, taxing everyone; he introduced one script for writing, and standardized money, weights, and measurements; he also ordered the burning of scholarly books
Qin Shin Huangdi
3000 life-size foot soldiers buried in the tomb of Qin
Terra Cotta Warriors
A period in Chinese history founded by Lui Bang; where the control over the Silk Road that linked Asia to Europe was established; Buddhism started to spread
Han Dynasty
A period in Chinese history considered as the Golden Age of Chinese Arts
Tang Dynasty
A ceramic material made by heating raw materials, generally including clay in the form of kaolin, in a kiln
Porcelain
Kind of porcelain where blue decoration is painted on to the body, using finely ground cobalt oxide mixed with water, before glazing using a transparent porcelain glaze
Blue and White Wares
A kind of white or monochrome porcelain made at Dehua in Fujiyan porvince
Blame de Chine
Is the symbol of vitality and authority in the China
Jade
____________, a symbol of eternal life, is placed on the mouth of a deceased person
Jade Cicada
Chinese writing done on silk or paper
Calligraphy
3 Principles of Chinese Architecture
- Taoism
- Confucianism
- Buddhism
A principle in Chinese architecture that teaches individualism and transcendence through direct connection with the natural world
Taoism
Incomprehensible natural ford which all events in the universe unfailingly follow
Tao
A principle in Chinese architecture that emphasize strict adherence to social conventions and rituals for the proper functioning of the state
Confucianism
A principle in Chinese architecture described as a path of practice and spiritual development leading to insight into the true nature of reality; enlightenment
Buddhism
An principle of architecture where the decoration reflects the pursuit of luck and fulfillment, long lifespan, and excision into the fairyland
Taoism
An principle of architecture that resorts to nature topography to build towers, pavilions, and other garden structural units
Taoism
Fall under the Taoism principle of architecture in which all structures surround the Danlu (stove to make pills of immortality) in the center according to ** position request; reflects the Taoist philosophy that the human cosmos follows the natural cosmos to integrate energy, qi, and spirit
Bagua Style
A Chinese imperial architecture zoomorphic symbolism for the emperor
Dragon
A Chinese imperial architecture zoomorphic symbolism for the empress
Phoenix
A Chinese imperial architecture zoomorphic symbolism for the guardian of palatial structures
Lion
Is a Chinese architectural element defined as the structural member found between the top of a column and across a beam; formed by a double bow-shaped arm (GONG), which supports a block of wood (DOU) on each side
Dougong Bracket
Is a Chinese architectural element defined as a high-grade building material in old China that was used extensively on palace buildings of the imperial house of the big mansions of nobles and high officials
Glazed Tiles
Is a Chinese architectural element defined as a ceiling with a central, deepest, and round part called well or Jing, an octagonal middle part called well, and an outermost square part coming down to the same level as the rest of the ceiling; dominating the center of the ceiling is a coiled dragon with a huge pearl on its mouth
Caisson or Zaojing Ceiling
Is the general term, in the English language, for a tiered tower with multiple eaves erected as a memorial or to hold relics; originally built to preserve Buddhist relics
Pagoda
A part of a Chinese pagoda that resembled the original image of the stupa from India
Top
A part of a Chinese pagoda used to enshrine a statue of Buddha, held to various styles of traditional Chinese architecture
The Body
Part of a Chinese pagoda used for burying Buddhist relics, usually took the form of an underground chamber or underground hole attached to a tomb in Ancient China
The Base
A Chinese monumental archway or gateway with one, three, or five openings erected as a memorial at the entrance to a palace, tomb, or processional way
Pai-lou or Paifang
A Chinese architectural landmark described as the home of 24 Chinese errors for nearly 500 years; composed of a palace complex, the Gate of Great Peace, Quiniandan Hall of Prayer, and Hall of Supreme Justice
The Forbidden City
A Chinese architectural landmark described as a fortified wall commenced under Zhou Dynasty to protect China against nomads from the north and to serve as means of communication
Great Wall of China
China’s largest existing complex of ancient sacrificial buildings
Temple of Heaven
Built as a residence of Dalai Lama
Potala Palace
A national style of painting based on geometric forms rather than the fluid forms of China
Yamato
Painting executed on vertical silk rolls
Kakemono
Painting executed on horizontal silk rolls
Makimono
Means ‘scenes of the floating world’; a genre of Japanese woodblock prints and paintings featuring motifs of landscapes, tales from history, the theatre, and pleasure quarters
Ukiyo-e
A kind of ceramic pattern characterized by delicate angular flowering branches painted with iron fed, two tones of green and blue, and subtle touches of gold
Kakiemon-de Pattern
A kind of ceramic pattern characterized by strong floral and brocade design painted in heavily saturated colors
Imari Pattern
Layer upon layer of lacquer added to base material then polished to a smooth brilliant surface; gold and silver dust or particles were introduced into the topi layer of the lacquer before finishing
Lacquework
The Japanese Lacquerwork is called __________ in England and ____________ in France
Japanning in England;
Verni Martin in France
Japanese sword of the Samurai
Katana
Japanese sword of the guards
Tsuba
Dagger
Kozuka
A choreographic ritual of preparing and serving Japanese green tea
Ocha or Japanese Tea Ceremony
Japanese term for tea caddy
Chai-re
Japanese term for hemp cloth
Chakin
Japanese term for whisk made from one bamboo
Chasen
Japanese term for a tea scoop
Chasaku
Japanese term for a tea bowl
Chawan
The Japanese art of cultivating miniature trees
Bonsai
The Japanese art of flower arrangement
Ikebana
Traditional Japanese theatre
Kabuki
The Japanese art of folding paper
Origami
Japanese theatre with actors wearing masks
Noh
Japanese theatre plays with all actor ensemble are wearing heavy makeup
Kabuki
Characterized by a synthesis of ideas from China and native conditions producing a distinctive style characterized by lightness and delicacy refinement
Japanese Architecture
Buddhist principle of being the to the materials
Wabi-sabi
A High Renaissance artist who attempted to unite science with art; used the sfumato technique; works include:
- Monalisa
- The Last Supper
- Madonna on the Rocks
Leonardo Da Vinci
Means the way of the gods; belief that purification, prayers, and offerings to the Kami will keep away evil spirits
Shintoism
Shinto gods are called
Kami
A Japanese architectural form with the main purpose is for the enshrinement and worship of the Kami
Shinto Temple or Jinja
Japanese hall of worship of the Shinto shriek usually in front of the Honden, open to the laity
Haiden
Part of the Shinto temple described as the Shinto Gate
Torii
Part of the Shinto temple described as the approach to the shrine
Sandō
Part of the Shinto temple described as the purification front to cleanse one’s hands and mouth
Chōzuya or Temizuya
Part of the Shinto temple described as the decorative stone lanterns
Tōrō
Part of the Shinto temple described as the building dedicated to Noh or the sacred kagura dance
Kagura-den
Part of the Shinto temple described as the shrine’s administrative office
Shamusho
Part of the Shinto temple described as the wooden plaques bearing prayers or wishes
Ema
Part of the Shinto temple described as small auxiliary shrines
Sessha/ Massha
Part of the Shinto temple described as “lion dogs” or guardians of the shrine
Komainu
Part of the Shinto temple described as the oratory or hall of worship
Haiden
Part of the Shinto temple described as the fence surrounding the Honden
Tamagaki
Part of the Shinto temple described as the main hall for enshrining the Kami
Honden
Japanese formed roof finials
Chigi
Japanese short horizontal logs as shrine ornamentation
Katsuogi
Part of a Japanese Buddhist temple described as an assembly hall for monks and where the sacred texts are read
Kodo
A Japanese Buddhist temple pagoda
To
Part of a Japanese Buddhist temple described as the Golden Hall; where the main image of worship is kept in a Japanese Buddhist temple
Kondo
Part of a Japanese Buddhist temple described as the principal south gateway to a Japanese Buddhist temple
Nandaimon
Part of a Japanese Buddhist temple described as the inner gateway
Chumon
Are Japanese fortresses composed primarily of wood and stone; composed of 6 corridors to 3 different pavilions for the Emperor’s family; sometimes protected by a concave batter walls and a moat
Palaces
Measured between 2 x 4 1/2 tatami to accommodate a cha-no-yu or a tea ceremony
Cha-Shitsu or Tea Houses
Japanese bath houses
Sento
A Japanese architectural landmark described as the most famous and oldest Shinto temple in Japan; it enshrines the sun goddess Amaterasu Omikami, believed to be the ancestor of the Japanese imperial family
Ise Shrine
A Japanese architectural landmark described as the most impressive of the fortified residences; created by the samurai under the Shogonate
Himeji Castle
Also known as Traditional art or Vernacular art of the Philippines
Pre-colonial Art
Any product that is obtained through the action of fire upon any material
Ceramics
A funerary vessel, found in the Tabon Caves of Palawan, with incised designs around its body; its cover had a boat containing two figures symbolizing the pe prehistoric Filipino’s journey to the afterlife
Manunggul Jar
Ilocano native term for a large earthenware mainly used for fermentation and storage of liquid
Burnay
Southern Tagalog term for a water container for the kitchen
Tapayan
Tagalog earthenware for cooking
Palayok
Are red, high-polished tiles associated with the Spanish Colonial houses in Vigan
Vigan Tiles
A Filipino handwoven mat for sleeping and sitting
Banig
Maguindanao tube skirts usually in ikat
Malong
T’boli tie dye fabric
T’nalak
A style of weaving that uses a resist dyeing process similar to tie-dye on either the warp or weft yarns before the threads are woven to create a pattern or design
Ikat
The process of making a basket which is a receptacle made of interwoven fibrous material
Basketry
Ifugao fertility jewelry used as a necklace, pendant, or earring; often given as a wedding gift
Ling-ling-o
A Maranao ceremonial vessel
Gadur
Traditional Philippine brass or bronze vessel
Galang
Philippine Betel nut containers with bone or pearl inlay
Lotoan
An Ifugao wood carving of their rude god
Bulul
Central post or king post in an Ifugao house of the same carved human figure as the Bulul
Kinib-bigat or Kinabagat
An Ifugao wooden bench with slightly arched midsection; ultimate symbol and proof of the owner’s economic and political power
Hagabi
Ifugao pig sculptures used as a toy
Binabuy
Leaf and vine pattern motif associated with Mindanaoan woodcarving
Ukkil (Tausug) or Okir (Maranao)
A bird or cock form; symbol of messenger
Sarimanok
A Philippine pre-colonial architecture described as a botanic windscreen with a windpole support used by nomadic groups
Lean-to Dwelling
A Philippine pre-colonial architecture described as a cube house with pitched or gabled roof with stilted support
Bahay Kubo
An Ivatan traditional house of stone and mortar that has a cotton thatch roof and a big roof net to protect its dwellers against strong rains and winds
Rakuh
An Isneg one-room abode with a large concave roof that resembles an inverted traditional Isneg Boat
Binuron
A Kalinga octagonal dwelling
Binayon
An Ifugao house for the affluent and whose pyramidal hipped roof covers the floor of the house
Fale or Bale
Cylindrical rat guard in Philippine pre-colonial dwellings
Halipan
A Philippine pre-colonial architecture described as a dwelling with a detachable A-frame roof and is supported by a “katig” that allows the goat to float steadily
Badjao House Boat
A Philippine pre-colonial architecture described as a traditional Tausug house on stilts supported by a pitched roof; distinguished by carved wooden finials ‘tadjuk pasung’ placed on one or both ends in the roof
Bay Sinug
A Philippine pre-colonial architecture described as a dwelling built on six-foot stilts; homes are generally about 50 feet long and nearly 30 feet wide and are typically constructed of bamboo, wood, and palm fronds
T’boli Long House
A Philippine pre-colonial architecture described as a Mindanao sleeping place; a house of the sultan known for its colorful Panolong (butterfly wing floor beam ends) with a Pako Rabong or dragon motif
Torogan
Sanskrit for dragon/ serpent, represents the cosmological model for wave or water
Naga
A Philippine pre-colonial mosque that can accommodate a small group of worshipers; commonly built in rural areas
Langgal or Ranggar
A Philippine pre-colonial mosque that is larger, more pemanent structure that includes a dome and minaret
Masjid
A Paete artist during the Spanish Colonial Period; probably one of the earliest recorded painters in Philippine art history; his works include:
- Langit
- Lupa at Impierno
Jose Luciano Dans
A Paete artist during the Spanish Colonial Period; the most popular artist who worked in the Tipos del Pais Style - watercolor paintings that show the different inhabitants of the Philippines in their different native costumes and social status or occupations
Damian Domingo y Gabor
A Philippine Spanish Colonial artist who developed a style that combines both Tipos del Pais and genre paintings by forming the lets of the patron’s name from figures of people in local costumes doing everyday activities
Jose Honorato Lozano
A sculpture that houses the tabernacle and the image of the town’s patron saint; referred to as a “cabinet of saints”; Mexican for “behind the altar”
Retablo
Carved images in relief; usually depicts the Via Crusis, it may also show holy images in religious scenes
Relleves
The earliest known sculptor in the Philippines
Juan De Los Santos
The Christian Doctrine in the Spanish and Tagalog Language; the first book printed in the country published by the Dominicans in 1593
La Doctrina Christiana en la Lengua Española y Tagala
Prints of miraculous images in block printing usually featured portraits of saints and religious scenes
Estampas and Estampitas
The grouping and resurrection in number of formerly scattered Varangians into compact and larger communities to facilitate religious conversion and cultural change
Reduccion
A kind of town planning in which the fort and the church were integrated centrally and concentrically with the social classes
Plaza Complex
An evolved bahay kubo with improved air circulation and lighting; strength of the masonry and the flexibly of the bahay kubo
Bahay na Bato
Apartment dwellings; single or two-storey structures having multiple units defined by common party walls shared by adjoining units and a separate door at the facade
Accessoria
Part of an ecclesiastical structure described as a screened gallery with entry form the second floor of the convent
Tribunas
An ecclesiastical landmark also known as the Manila Cathedral; a Roman Catholic minor basilica in the capital of the Philippines, Manila; Romanesque Style
Minor Basilica of the Immaculate Conception
An ecclesiastical landmark known for its sinking bell tower
Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte
An ecclesiastical landmark known as “earthquake Baroque” church in the Philippines; distinguished by its enormous side buttresses with scroll-like bases; has the largest bell
Paoay Church
An ecclesiastical landmark described as the first religious structure built on the island of Luzon
San Agustin Church
An ecclesiastical landmark described as the biggest Spanish church in the country
Taal Church, Batangas
The first fort in the country originally made of bamboo
Fort San Pedro, Cebu
The first stone front in the country
Nuestra Señora de Guia, Intramuros
A civic building described as the residence of the highest official of the land
Palacio de Gobierno or Palacio Real
A civic building described as the seat of colonial governance in the country
Ayuntamiento
A civic building described as the trial court
Real Audiencia or Tribunal
A civic building described as the customs house
Aduana
A civic building described as a smaller version of the Ayuntamiento in provincial towns
Case de Municipal or Casa Real
A civic building that housed the administration of the hacienda
Casa Hacienda
An artist of the Philippines during the American Colonial Period; the first painter of the 20th century; noted for his realistic portraits, genre, and landscapes in subdued colors; the first dean of the UP Fine Arts School; work includes:
- Rice Planters
Fabian Dela Rosa
An artist of the Philippines during the American Colonial Period; he is the first and among the few Filipino painters who have captured the different striking colors and character of the country’s magnificent sunlight; works include:
- The Offering
- Dalagang Bukid
- Planting Rice
Fernando Amorsolo y Cuerto
An artist of the Philippines during the American Colonial Period; trained in the classical style in Rome who made the Oblation in the University of the Philippines
Guillermo Tolentino
A single story raised slightly above the ground; constructed in reinforced concrete and wood; win an extended veranda in front
Chalet
___________ developed plans for Manila, Baguio, and Pagsanjan, Laguna; executed by _____________
Daniel H. Burnham (developer); William Parsons (executor)
Was part of the first generation of architects in the Philippines; works include:
- Philippine General Hospital
- Manila Hotel
- Philippine National College
William Parsons
Was part of the first generation of architects in the Philippines; he was sent to the United States as one of the first pensionados in architecture; works include:
- UP Palma Hall
- Jones Bridge
- Metropolitan Theater
Juan Arellano
Consulting architect in 1938 until his retirement in 1954; one of the pioneer professors of Mapua Institure of Technology
Antonio Toledo
He holds the distinction of being the first registered Architect of the Philippines; founded the Mapua Institute of Technology and the first Architectural Association in the Philippines; works include:
- De La Salle College
- CEU
Tomas Mapua
Was part of the second generation of architects in the Philippines; the first national artist for architecture; works include:
- Arellano University Building
Juan Nakpil
Was part of the second generation of architects in the Philippines; son of the famous 19th century expatriate Filipino painter, Juan Luna; introduced new architectural forms in the Philippines by using the Art Nouveau style; work includes:
- The Crystal Arcade
Andres Luna de San Pedro
Triumvirate of Philippine Modern Art
- Victorio C. Edades
- Galo B. Ocampo
- Carlos “Botong” Francisco
Triumvirate of Philippine Modern Art; Father of Philippine Modern art
Victorio C. Edades
Triumvirate of Philippine Modern Art; with his ‘Brown Madonna’, Filipinized western canonical iconography
Galo B. Ocampo
Triumvirate of Philippine Modern Art; Angono-based painter depicted Philippine history in his ‘History of Manila’ mural at the Manila City Hall; his trademark fluid lines and brilliant colors filled up the entire pictorial space of the of the mural, defying the rules of linear perspective set by the local academy
Carlos “Botong” Francisco
Is a group of Filipino artists who were reacting to the academic style of Luna and Hidalgo and to the sweet style of Amorsolo
Thirteen Moderns
Is considered as the major proponent of Cubism in the country; works include:
- Jeepneys
- 14 Stations of the Cross in the UP Chapel
- Madonna of the Slums
Vicente Manansala
He formed the Triumvirate of Neo-Realists together with Vicente S. Manansala and Cesar Legaspi; his artworks were nationalistic and reflected the harsh realities of the country after WWII; his works are the first purely non-representational art produced in the country; works include:
- Genesis
- Beefsteak
Hernando R. Ocampo
Part of the Triumvirate of Neo-realists who is remembered for his depiction of the masses; work includes:
- Gadgets
Cesar Legaspi
Her works are characterized by sharply outlined figures of bandanna wearing peasant women going about in their daily chores
Anita Magsaysay-Ho
The Philippines’ leading abstract expressionist
Jose Joya
Philippine national artist for Visual Arts; masterpieces are minimalist, geometric abstracts, alluding to the modern virtues of competence, order, and elegance; evokes universal reality and mirrors an aspiration for an acme of true Asian modernity
Arturo Luz
Father of Philippine Modern Sculpture
Napoleon Abueva
3rd National Artist for Architecture in the Philippines
Leandro Locsin
Through his works, the indigenous ukkil, Sarimanok, and naga motifs have been popularized and instilled in the consciousness of Filipino nation and other peoples as original Filipino creations
Abdulmari Imao
The founding museum director at CCP and pioneer of conceptual art in the country
Roberto Chabet
National artist; known for pioneering the neofigurative style
Bendicto Cabrera
Known for his bronze sheet monuments
Eduardo Castrillo
A sculptor and an architect who create sculptural form in glass as a medium
Ramon Orlina
Japanese building that contains the body of the Goshintai or the sacred body of the Kami
Honden
The most important reliquary in the Romanesque Period
Stavelot Triptych
Evolved fro the work of avant garde artists and designers in Germany and other European countries during the first decades of the twentieth century; example: works of Eric Mendelssohn
Expressionism (Contemporary)
An avant-gardist modernist approach, but one that starts from the premises of local or regional architecture
Critical Regionalism (Contemporary)
Is an approach to building design that attempts to view architecture in bits and pieces; basic elements of architecture are dismantled
Deconstructivism or Deconstruction (Contemporary)
Examples of this style includes:
- Guggenheim Museum by Frank Gehry
- Jewish Holocaust Museum by Daniel Librskind
Deconstructivism or Deconstruction (Contemporary)
Emphasizes form; where the architect is interested in visual relationships between the building parts and the works as a whole; example:
- Bank of China Tower- I.M. Pei
Formalism (Contemporary)
