Material Deprivation - Textbook Flashcards
What is material deprivation?
Poverty and lack of material necessities such as adequate housing and income.
According to the Department for Education 2012 how many eligible for free school meals achieve 5 or more GCSEs A*-C?
Barely 1/3 against nearly 2/3 of other pupils.
What did Flaherty say was a significant factor in younger children’s non-attendance at school?
Money problems.
What is more likely of children from poorer families?
Exclusion and truancy - once children are excluded they are unlikely to return to mainstream education while 1/3 persistent truants leave school with no qualifications.
Where are 90% of failing schools located?
In deprived areas.
How is there a close link between poverty and social class?
W/c families more likely to have low incomes/ inadequate housing which can affect education.
How can overcrowding have a direct effect on education?
By making it harder for the child to study as overcrowding means less room for educational activities, nowhere to do homework, disturbed sleep from sharing beds/ bedrooms etc.
How can development be impaired through poor housing/ overcrowding?
Lack of space for safe play/ exploration.
How can living in temporary accommodation affect children’s education?
Having to move frequently can result in constant changes of school and disrupted education.
What are some indirect effects which poor housing can have?
- In crowded homes there is greater risk of accidents.
- Cold/ damp houses can cause ill health.
- Families in temporary accommodation suffer more psychological distress, infections and accidents which mean more absences from school.
What does Howard note young people from poorer homes have?
Lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals which affects health by weakening the immune system and lowering children’s energy levels which may result in more absences from school due to illness and difficulties concentrating in class.
What are children from poorer homes more likely to have?
Emotional or behavioural problems.
What did Wilkinson find among 10 year olds?
The lower the social class the higher the rate of hyperactivity, anxiety and conduct disorders which all have negative effects on children’s education.
What did Blanden and Machin find children from lower income families are more likely to engage in?
‘Externalising’ behaviour e.g. fighting/ temper tantrums which are likely to disrupt their schooling.
What does lack of financial support means children from poorer families have to do without? and what does Bull refer to this as?
Equipment and miss out on experiences that would enhance their educational achievement which Bull calls ‘the costs of free schooling’.
What did Tanner et als study in the Oxford area find?
That the cost of items such as transport, uniforms, books, computers, calculators, sports, music and art equipment places heavy burdens on poorer families.
As a result of Tanner et als study what do poorer children have to make do with?
Hand me downs and cheaper, unfashionable equipment which may result in being isolated, stigmatised or bullied.
What does Flaherty say fear of stigmatisation may help to explain?
Why 20% of those eligible for free school meals don’t take their entitlement.
What did Smith and Noble add that poverty acts as?
A barrier to learning in other ways e.g. inability to afford private schooling, tuition and poorer quality local schools.
What do lack of funds mean children from low-income families need?
To work.
What did Ridge find that children in poverty take on?
Jobs such as babysitting, cleaning and paper rounds which often had a negative effect on schoolwork.
What did Education Maintenance Allowances (EMAs) previously provide and what has happened to this?
Previously provided financial support to poorer students staying in education after 16 however this abolished in England by the Coalition government in 2011.
What did Callender and Jackson use and what did they find?
Used a nationwide questionnaire survey of nearly 2,000 prospective students and found tat w/c students were more likely to be debt averse and also saw more costs than benefits of going to university.
What did Callender and Jackson find attitudes to debt was important in?
Deciding whether to apply to university.
The most debt adverse students were 5x less likely to apply than most debt tolerant students.
What is the maximum amount of tuition fees per year since for 2025-2026?
£9,250 therefore increased debt burden may deter w/c students from applying to university.
According to UCAS 2012 what % did the number of applicants fall by compared to the previous year?
8.6% in 2012.
What are w/c students who go to university more likely to receive?
Less financial support from families.
What did A National Union of Students online survey from 2010 find?
81% of those from the highest social class received help from home as against only 43% of those from the lowest classes.
What can help to explain why only about 30% of university students come from working class backgrounds?
Fear of debt and more limited financial support.
What did Reay find w/c students were more likely to apply to?
Local universities so that they could live at home and save on travel costs however this gave them less opportunity to go to the highest status universities.
Also more likely to work part-time to pay for their studies making it harder to gain higher-class degrees.
What was the dropout rate at London Metropolitan?
16.6% but only 1.5% at Oxford
What did the National Audit Office 2002 find?
That w/c students spent 2x as much time in paid work to reduce their debts as m/c students.
