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Mate choice and hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis in hormones?

A

It regulates reproductive hormones by releasing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus, which travels to testes and stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH.

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2
Q

What hormones are released in males by the anterior pituitary?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

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3
Q

What does FSH do in males?

A

It acts on Sertoli cells, which release inhibin and androgen-binding protein (ABP).

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4
Q

Where are Sertoli cells located in men?

A

located in testes

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5
Q

What do sertoli cells release

A

Inhibin and ABP

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6
Q

What receptors do Sertoli cells have?

A

they express FSH receptors on their membranes so when FSH binds to a receptor it leads to the production of inhibin and ABP

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7
Q

What is the role of FSH in men?

A
  • controls sperm production in men
  • acts on Sertoli cells to release Inhibin and ABP
  • FSH and testosterone, along with other factors work together to support spermatogenesis, including maturation of sperm cells
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8
Q

What is the role of Inhibin in men?

A

hormone that acts to supress the release of FSH from pituitary gland, creating a negative feedback loop to regulate FSH levels

negative feedback to anterior pituitary

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9
Q

what does Androgen-Binding-Protein do?

A

binds to and concentrates testosterone within seminiferous tubles of testes where it is crucial for spermatogenesis

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10
Q

what happens in spermatogenesis?

A
  • sperm cell production occurs
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11
Q

What are the roles of inhibin and ABP?

A

Inhibin suppresses FSH release.

ABP binds and transports testosterone, ensuring high concentrations for spermatogenesis.

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12
Q

what is the role of LH in men?

A
  • produced by pituitary gland
  • acts specifically on Leydig cells to produce testosterone
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13
Q

what is the production of LH regulated by?

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG)

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14
Q

what are leydig cells?

A

responsible for synthesising and secreting testosterone

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15
Q

where are leydig cells located?

A

interstitial space of testes

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16
Q

How is testosterone regulated?

A

Testosterone and inhibin provide negative feedback, reducing the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH.

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17
Q

what is the role of testosterone?

A
  • combination with FSH triggers and maintains spermatogenesis
    -plauys a role in secondary male characteristics such as muscle growth, deepening of voice and increased body hair
    -
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18
Q

What hormones are released in females by the anterior pituitary?

A

LH and FSH

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19
Q

What are the primary hormones produced by the ovaries?

A

Estrogen and Progesterone

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20
Q

What is the function of FSH in females?

A

it stimulates the growth of immature eggs (follicles) and promotes estrogen production.

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21
Q

What role does estrogen play in ovulation?

A

It provides positive feedback to increase LH levels, leading to ovulation.

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22
Q

What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

Follicular phase (before ovulation) – Dominated by estrogen.

Luteal phase (after ovulation) – Dominated by progesterone.

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23
Q

what is estrogen responsible for?

A

thickening the uterine lining in preparation for pregnancy

triggers the release of LH

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24
Q

what happens to the follicle after ovulation

A

transforms into corpus luteum

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25
what does the corpus luteum produce?
Progesterone and estrogen
26
what happens to ovaries if pregnancy does not occur?
Corpus luteum degenerates and progesterone and estrogen levels drop
27
what is LH role in females
- triggers ovulation - stimulates formation of CL - works along side FSH to regulate estrogen and progesterone levels
28
when does LH peak in women
around day 14 of cycle- peaks during mid-cycle surge, leading to ovulation
29
how long is menstrual cycle?
28 days and in 4 stages
30
when is menstrual phase?
1-5 days - marks beginning of follicular phase
31
what occurs in menstrual phase?
uterine lining sheds leading to menstruation. FSH levels start to rise to stimulate follicle development estrogen and progesterone levels are low no ferilisation= menstruation
32
when does follicular phase occur?
days 1-13 - stimulates follicle growth in ovaries which release oestrogen to thicken lining - estrogen provides negative feedback to inhibit FSH (apart from dominant follicle) - around day 12-13 estrogen switches to positive feedback causing surge in LH
33
when does LH production in women peak?
2-3 days before ovulation
34
top hormones in follicular phase?
LH and estrogen
35
what surge triggers ovulation?
LH surge
36
in ovulation , where does the egg go to?
fallopian tubes where fertilisation may occur
37
when is a women most likely to get pregnant?
ovulation
38
when does ovulation occur?
day 14
39
in the luteal phase, what happens to the follicle?
ruptured follicle turns into corpus luteum which secretes estrogen and progesterone
40
in luteal phase, what does progesterone do?
maintains uterine lining for potential pregnancy- probability is low
41
what is the main hormone of luteal phase?
Progesterone
42
what happens if fertilisation does not occur in luteal phase?
corpus luteum degenerates, causing progesterone and estrogen levels to drop- triggering menstruation
43
what days is the luteal phase?
15-28
44
what are the levels of FSH in menstrual cycle?
slightly higher in follicular phase
45
levels of LH in menstrual cycle?
peaks in follicular phase just before ovulation
46
levels of Estrogen in menstrual cycle?
increasing in follicular phase, peaks just before ovulation
47
levels of progesterone in menstrual cycle?
rises in luteal phase to support pregnancy but drops if fertilisation does not occur
48
How is testosterone related to aggression in birds?
Higher testosterone levels are linked to increased aggression, especially during the reproductive season.
49
How does testosterone relate to male reproductive strategy?
Higher T levels in males pursuing mating opportunities. Lower T levels in males focused on parental care.
50
What was found in human studies about testosterone and relationship status?
Single men had higher testosterone than men in committed relationships. Married fathers had the lowest testosterone levels.
51
what is testosterone role in male behaviour?
Testosterone modulates reproductive behavior; higher levels may encourage mate-seeking, while lower levels may promote parental investment.
52
what is the main hormone in the challenge hypothesis?
testosterone
53
what is the challenge hypothesis?
The "challenge hypothesis" proposes that testosterone levels increase in specific contexts associated with aggression, particularly during social challenges relevant to reproduction, and that these increases facilitate aggressive behavior related to territory, dominance, and mate guarding.
54
what role may progesterone play in women's sexual behaviour?
progesterone may be deregulating sexual behaviour Estrogen regulating sexual desire and progesterone deregulating
55
What did the 2019 meta-analysis on testosterone and challenge hypothesis in humans find?
Single men had higher testosterone than committed men. Fathers had lower testosterone than married men without children. Supported the Challenge Hypothesis.
56
What effect did competition have on men’s mate preferences?
After playing a competitive shooting game, men preferred more feminized faces, suggesting testosterone changes mate preferences.
57
how did testosterone change facial preferences in men who are in short term and long term relationships?
T changes male preferences for a more feminised face in ST relationship and feminised faces are not so important for long term relationships
58
Does testosterone influence women's preference for masculine faces?
No significant effect was found between testosterone levels and facial masculinity preferences.
59
What is the Dual Mating Strategy Hypothesis (Gangestad et al., 2002)?
Masculine traits may indicate higher testosterone, better immunity, and stronger offspring, influencing female mate choice.
60
How do mate preferences change across the menstrual cycle?
In the follicular phase (high estrogen), women show a lower preference for feminized faces and prefer more masculine traits.
61
What body type preference do women show during high-fertility phases?
Women prefer more masculine bodies when fertility is high.
62
What hormone appears to regulate women’s general sexual desire?
Estrogen upregulates sexual desire, while progesterone downregulates it.
63
does a women's cycle impact voice preference?
no evidence for cycle shifts in women's preferences for vocal masculinity
64
instead of the HPA axis, which axis is used?
Hypothalamic- Pituitary- Gonadal (HPG) Axis
65
what is luteal phase?
day 15-28 ruptured follicle transforms into corpus luteum which secretes progesterone and some estrogen. progesterone maintains uterine lining for potential pregnancy if fertilisation does not occur- CL degenerates which causes progesterone and estrogen levels to drop, triggering menstruation
66
what phase is most likely to get pregnant
the days surrounding ovulation, including the 5 days lea
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