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Addictions > Mate again > Flashcards

Mate again Flashcards

1
Q

Four components of addiction according to Mate

P DIC

A

1) Persistence or relapse, despite evidence of harm
2) Dissatisfaction, irritability, intense craving when object – drug, activity, other goal – is not immediately available
3) Impaired control over behaviour
4) Compulsive engagement/preoccupation with behaviour

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2
Q

Tolerance

A

addict needs to use more and more of same substance or engage in more and more of the same behaviour to get the same rewarding effects

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3
Q

Physical dependence

A

manifested when a person stops taking substance and, due to changes in brain/body experiences withdrawal sx

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4
Q

“Dependence”

A

a powerful attachment to harmful substances or behaviours
The addict depends on the substance to make him feel momentarily
calmer
more excited
less dissatisfied
with life

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5
Q

What do not necessarily imply addiction

A

physical dependence

withdrawal

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6
Q

physical dependence and withdrawal do not necessarily imply addiction. for addiction you need…

A

craving and relapse

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7
Q

Addiction and the continuum. Say more

A

Central defining characteristics are active in all addicts, regardless of how severe or not severe
Honoured workaholic to criminal crack fiend

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8
Q

Drug dependency rates after use
Tobacco
Heroin
Alcohol/MJ/Coke

A

32%
23%
15%

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9
Q

Do drugs cause addiction?

A

Addiction is a human problem that resides in people,

not the drug or the drug’s capacity to produce physical effect

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10
Q

What 3 factors need to coincide for substance addiction to occur?

A

susceptible organism
drug with addictive potential
stress

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11
Q

Elaborate on the triad

A

Just like playing cards don’t make someone a gambling addict…
The triad must be present

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12
Q

3 brain changes with cocaine

NAG

A

Number of D receptors reduced
Age-related expansion of white matter absent
Grey matter in cerebral cortex reduced

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13
Q

Alcohol/heroin brain change?

Correlated with?

A

Grey matter in cerebral cortex reduced

Correlated with years of use

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14
Q

Opiates and nicotine brain changes (2)

A

altered structure

altered branching of nerve cells

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15
Q

Brain change in all addicts?

A

reduced activity in parts of cerebral cortex responsible for regulating emotional impulses and making rational decisions

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16
Q

What is D responsible for in the brain?

DIMES

A 
Drive for normal activities
Incentive
Motivation
Energy
Stamina
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17
Q

What does nicotine do to dopamine?

A

directly triggers D release from cells into synaptic space

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18
Q

What does alcohol do to D?

A

reduces inhibition of D-releasing cells

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19
Q

Describe what goes on in the brain with:
ST drug use
LT consequences

A 
• "high" produced by means of rapid chemical shift
• brain's 
– chemical structure
– anatomy
– physiological functioning 
are remodelled
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20
Q

When is the disease model useful? (3)

A

Since the brain determines the way we act, biological changes lead to altered behaviours.
*
In the sense of a drug-affected brain state, the disease model is useful.
*
Does not fully define addiction, but helps define some of its most important features.

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21
Q

Addiction is not a natural state, but

A

The brain regions in which its powers arise are central to our survival

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22
Q

The circuits that addiction “subverts” are part of?

A

our central machinery for survival

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23
Q

3 major networks involved w/ addiction?

A

Opioid apparatus
Dopamine system (incentive-motivation apparatus)
Self-regulation system

24
Q

Opioid apparatus (3)

A

brain system that governs attachment instinct
*
feelings of reward and soothing
*
hels consumate reward-seeking activities by giving us pleasure

25
Q

Dopamine system (incentive-motivation apparatus)

A

initiates reward-seeking activities in the first place

26
Q

Self-regulation system (2)

A

rational decision making

impulse regulation

27
Q

Opioids fit our endorphin receptors. What do they do? (2)

A

Soothe physical/emotional pain

Reduce consciousness of pain as unpleasant stimulus

28
Q

Endorphins can be described as

A

the brain’s natural narcotics

29
Q 
Our endorphins ...
Relationships
NS
Gut
Mouth
Regulate
A 
Enable mother/child emotional bonding
tranquilizers and painkillers
slow down muscle contractions
diminish secretions
BP, HR, breathing, temp
30
Q

Describe placebo effect

A

when relief of pain expected, opioid receptor activity increases, thus leading to decreased pain perception

31
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A 
• orgasmic pleasure
• induces labour
• affects 
– mother's moods
– physical/emotional nurturing of kid
32
Q

Is oxytocin an endorphin?

A

No.

It increases the sensitivity of the brain’s opioid system to endorphins.

33
Q

Oxytocin increases the sensitivity of the brain’s opioid system to endorphins. For what purpose?

A

Nature’s way of ensuring we don’t develop tolerance to our own opioids

34
Q

Alcoholics and opioid receptor activity

A

diminished in several regions

this is assoc. with increased craving

35
Q

Cocaine and opioid receptor activity

A

activates opiate pathways and results in increased opioid activity

36
Q

Ventral tegmental apparatus >

A

gives rise to intense feelings of elation/desire

37
Q

Ventral tegmental apparatus gives rise to intense feelings of elation/desire.
This triggers

A

D release

38
Q

Ventral tegmental apparatus gives rise to intense feelings of elation/desire.
This triggers D release, where?

A

in the nucleus accumbens

39
Q

How does the nucleus accumbens play a central role in addiction?

(2)!!!

A

all abusable substances raise levels of D in the nucleus accumbens. this rise sets off the initial excitement and elation experienced by drug users

40
Q

What is the purpose of the incentive-motivation apparatus?

For this reason?

A

performance of survival-related behaviours
*
food and sex trigger VTA activation and D release in the NA

41
Q

The incentive-motivation apparatus. How is consummatory behaviour incited?

A

a cue associated w/ a previously pleasurable experience triggers a surge of D in the NA and incites consummatory behaviour

42
Q

3 networks involved w/ addiction?

A

Opioid apparatus
Dopamine system (incentive-motivation apparatus)
Self-regulation system

43
Q

Opioids =

Dopamine =

A

pleasure-reward aspects of addiction

incentive and reinforcement

44
Q

opioid circuites and dopamine pathways =

A

important components of limbic system

the emotional brain

45
Q

Emotions modulate what 2 drives essential to human life?

A

Attachment - love, compassion, healthy social interaction

Aversion - facilitates self-protection

46
Q

Attachment/Aversion - when impaired?

A

Addiction = one of the chief dysfunctions

47
Q

What happens to the # of D receptors in the brain of a chronic user?

A

they are reduced

driving the addict to use the drug simply to make up for the loss of D activity

48
Q

What is the self-regulation system in charge of?

A

rational decision-making

impulse regulation

49
Q

What happens to the “choice option” for using according to science? (3)

A

1) Self-regulation system impaired
2) Incentive/reward mechanisms drive craving
3) Circuits that inhibit and control those mechanisms are not up to task

50
Q

3 networks involved w/ addiction?

A

Opioid apparatus
Dopamine system (incentive-motivation apparatus)
Self-regulation system

51
Q

What is the orbitofrontal cortex responsible for?
works abnormally in drug users

E AI BI

A

• Evaluates nature/potential value of stimuli based on present info. and prev. exp.
*
• Assesses interactions
• Interprets emotional content of communications
*
• Balancing ST objectives against LT consequences in decision-making process
• Inhibits acting out on impulses that would be harmful

52
Q

Why is the orbitofrontal cortex called the “apex of the emotional brain?”

A

rich connections with limbic systems

serves as its control room

53
Q

What is found in the orbitofrontal cortex?

For this reason?

A

abundant supply of opioid and D receptors
powerfully affected by drugs
powerfully reinforces all manner of addictions

54
Q

“Either you got it or you don’t…” subtle and extensive continuum

A

central defining qualities are active in all addicts

workaholic to crack fiend

55
Q

Cross addiction

A

addicts, once addicted, are far more likely to get hooked on other drugs or behaviour in addition to drug of choice

56
Q 
origins of drugs
opium
cocaine
hemp
alcohol
A

basis for heroin. tx pain, diarrhea, alter mind state
*
antidote for fatigue and hunger on long mtn journeys
*
nasal and bronchial congestion
*
Greek elders in decision making

Addictions (5 decks)

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