04 Stimulants Flashcards
Stimulant list
CNC
AMMM(e)
Caffeine Nicotine Cocaine * Amphetamines Methamphetamine Methylphenidate MDMA (Ecstasy)
Methylphenidate Brand names (3) and use
Concerta, Ritalin
= Methylphenidate
Adderall
= Amphetamine
for ADHD
MDMA chemical name?
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine
What are they?
C
Increase x 3
Class of drug that elevate mood Increase – feelings of well-being – energy – alertness
Cocaine, what are the 2 forms?
powder and crystallized
Powder cocaine is a?
Made from?
a hydrochloride salt
made from the leaf of the Erythroxylum coca plant
Crack is the smokable form of cocaine.
How is it made?
Processed with ammonia or baking soda and water, and heated to remove the hydrochloride
Nicknames for powder cocaine?
, candy, Charlie,
Speedball:
coke, C, snow, flake, blow, bump
Nicknames for crystallized cocaine?
How is it smoked?
rock and crack for the smokeable form (name came from the crackling sound)
In a glass pipe
What is a speedball?
cocaine or crack combined with heroin
or
crack and heroin smoked together
How is cocaine used? (3)
Snorted in powder form, through the nostrils, where the drug is absorbed into the bloodstream through the nasal tissues
*
Injected, using a needle and syringe, to release the drug directly into the vein
*
Heated in crystal form and smoked inhaled into the lungs
What do street dealers to with cocaine?
Dilute it with cornstarch, talcum power or sugar
or with other drugs!
how is Powder cocaine is usually used? (3)
Powder cocaine is usually
– snorted
– injected (mainlining)
or can be rubbed into mucous tissues i.e. gums.
What does snorting cocaine do?
produces a high that is less intense but lasts longer
What does injecting or smoking cocaine do?
Why?
produces a rapid high (rush)
because it is absorbed in the blood stream quickly, intensifying its effects
Cocaine mechanism of action
Not…
Also inhibit…
Dopamine reuptake inhibitor - occupies receptor on cell surface normally used by the brain chemical that would transport dopamine back to its source neuron. Not selective. Also inhibits 5HT reuptake.
Describe dopamine
Neurotransmitter similar to adrenaline
What does dopamine affect?
AME
brain process that control
– ability to experience pleasure and pain
– movement
– emotional response
Dopamine plays a role in?
our mental and physical health
Where are (I guess) cells that produce dopamine located?
Clustered in midbrain called substantia nigra
Parkinson’s disease =
little to no dopamine (give L-DOPA)
Schizophrenia =
excess dopamine
Cocaine increases dopamine by preventing dopamine reuptake, leaving more dopamine in the synapse the other is…?
methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Cocaine binds to the reuptake site in the presynaptic neuron. Consequently…
(3)
Does not allow dopamine to recycle.
Dopamine builds up and floods the synaptic gap.
*
Flood ends after about 30 min. and the person is left yearning to feel as he or she once did.
Repeated use of coke =
tolerance
Amphetamines - chemical name
(alpha-Methyl benzene)
What do amphetamines do?
Mimic the effect of adrenaline on the body
Amphetamines Know as?
uppers, bennies, wake ups, eye openers
Amphetamines Appearance?
Vary in appearance, white pills to powder or crystals
Amphetamines Routes?
Ingested orally, injected, sniffed or smoked
Amphetamines - why do people think they are safe to take?
Because they are prescription drugs
Amphetamines - addictiveness? (2)
Highly addictive, develop tolerance very quickly
Amphetamines - mechanism of action?
Increase the activity of the monoamine neurotransmitters:
serotonin
norepinephrine
dopamine.
Amphetamines stimulate…
Which leads to…
They also inhibit?
the release of the monoamine neurotransmitters,
which leads to elevated levels in the synapses
*
monoamine oxidase (responsible for destruction of the neurotransmitters) further increasing the levels
Amphetamines most prominent neurotransmitter?
dopamine!
Amphetamines first synthesized where and when?
Germany (1887)
Amphetamines medically used in 1920s for?
initially used to treat asthma, bronchodilator
Amphetamines in WWII. Say more.
WWII, over 72 million tabs were given to soldiers to keep them alert awake and aggressive
Amphetamines and Hitler?
Hitler used them daily = contributed to his psychosis
Amphetamines today used mostly for? (2)
narcolepsy and ADHD
Amphetamines ST effects? head - DAD skin - DA high as shit - FUEL * hence the diet pill?
Dilated pupils Aching head (HA) Dry mouth * Dry, itchy skin Acne, sores * Fever, flushing & sweating Uncontrollable movements Elevated BP, increased HR, increased resp Lack of sleep - Insomnia * Anorexia: hence the diet pill!
Amphetamines LT effects?
PAWN Her Gems
Psychological Addiction Withdrawal Neurological damage * Heart disease GI and nutritional
Methamphetamines
Structure?
Similar in structure to amphetamines
Also known as:
Methamphetamines
What do they stimulate?
CNS stimulant
Methamphetamines
Made how? With what?
Made in clandestine labs with over-the-counter ingredients
Methamphetamines
AKA?
Smoked form AKA?
speed, meth, chalk
smoked form is known as ice, crystal, crank
Methamphetamines
General description
White, odorless, bitter-tasting, crystalline power that easily dissolves in water or alcohol
Methamphetamines
Effects?
Effects can last 6-8 hrs
Methamphetamines
After initial rush?
there is a state of agitation
Methamphetamines
Mechanism of action?
Increases the release AND blocks the reuptake of dopamine
Methamphetamines
Chronic use changes the brain function =
- Reduced motor skills & impaired verbal learning
* Structural and functional changes in areas of the brain assoc. with emotion and memory
Methamphetamines ST effects?
WIII HID
Wakefulness Increased physical activity Increased resps Increased BP * Hyperthermia Irregular heart beat Decreased appetite
Methamphetamines LT effects?
ME CAMP V
Meth mouth Extreme weight loss * Confusion Anxiety Mood disturbances Psychotic features * Violent behaviour
Why does meth mouth occur?
drug-induced xerostomia (dry mouth) bruxism (grinding of the teeth) poor nutrition eating too much sugar lack of dental hygiene
