01 History Flashcards
First drug Act in Canada - when, name, purpose
1908 ~ Opium Act ~ Prohibit non-medical use of opiates
Over time, act extended to include?
CAPE Meth
Cannabis & Coke Alcohol & Tobacco Prescription and OTCs Ecstasy & Inhalants Methamphetamine
Canada’s drug strategy is a key initiative by the federal government. It addresses harmful effects like?
Health/safety/economic consequences
for
Individuals/families/communities
1987
5 year $210-million strategy with six major areas
1987 – six major areas of concern II EET A
Information & Research International cooperation Education & Prevention Enforcement & Control Tx & Rehab A national focus
1992
Federal gov’t renewed its commitment (2nd phase) by merging:
National Strategy to Reduce Impaired Driving
and
National Drug Strategy and became “Canada’s Drug Strategy”
1992 – Saw merging of... National Strategy to Reduce Impaired Driving and National Drug Strategy... these became?
“Canada’s Drug Strategy”
1992 – “Canada’s Drug Strategy” objectives? (2)
Reduce harmful effects of substance abuse on individuals/families/communities
Address both supply/demand of licit and illicit substances
1998
Took 1987’s 6 major areas of concern and morphed them into 4 pillars
1998 – four pillars (KNOW per KDS) EET H
Education & Prevention
Enforcement & Control
Tx & Rehab
Harm reduction
1998 – what made program delivery problematic?
Funding was reduced
2003
Government of Canada will invest $245 million but included a comprehensive renewed drug strategy
2003 what remained?
The 4 pillars
2003 – The 4 pillars remained but now included?
4 new areas of activity
2003 – The 4 pillars remained but now included 4 new areas of activity… they really went out on a LIMM
Leadership
Intervention & Partnerships
Monitoring & Research
Modernized legislation & policy
Review of Canada’s Drug Strategy occurs when?
Every 2 years
Objectives of Canada’s Drug Strategy?
Decrease PINES
Increase x 1
DECREASE:
Prevalence of harmful drug use
Incidence of communicable diseases r/t abuse
Number of young Cdns who experiment
Economic/social/health costs that are avoidable
Supply of illicit drugs
INCREASE:
Use of alternative justice measures (drug treatment courts
3 models of addiction
Abstinence
Harm Reduction
Biopsychosocial
When did the Abstinence Model come about?
Early 1900s and became AA in the 60s
Abstinence Model AKA?
Disease Model
Abstinence Model defines addiction as?
A unique, irreversible and progressive disease that cannot be cured, but can arrested through abstinence
Abstinence Model causes for addiction? (2)
Abnormality inherent in the individual
Constitutional disease or disorder
Abstinence Model tx includes? (3)
And, also, how?
Identification/confrontation of the addiction disease
Medical intervention/help
Lifelong abstinence/sobriety
How = peer groups (AA, etc.)
KDS one pro/one con re. abstinence model
Pro: in any healthy model of addiction, abstinence must be considered
Con: people who are addicted don’t like to see self as diseased
Harm Reduction Model of Addiction – initial emergence?
Dutch drug policy in the 1970s
Harm Reduction Model of Addiction – REemergence – when and why?
1980’s from concern about the social integration of people who use drugs into society
Harm Reduction Model of Addiction – goal?
SHOT
Minimizing the contact that problematic drug users have with social health other community services treatment
Harm Reduction Model of Addiction – received attention in Canada when and where?
1990s / BC
Harm Reduction Model of Addiction – first received attention in BC in the 1990s but not formally used until? In what program?
2003 / Insite
Harm Reduction Model of Addiction – what is it? (2)
PP
Part of a continuum of health promotion * Policy designed to decrease the harms associated with drug use without expecting cessation of drug use.
Harm Reduction Model of Addiction – focus?
Prevention harms linked to drug use, not preventing drug use itself
Harm Reduction Model of Addiction – Goals
Decrease PRPS
Increase x 1
Prevent x 1
DECREASE:
• Public disorder
• Risky licit and illicit drug use
• Public health risk r/t discarded dirty drug use equip
• Spread of infectious diseases (HIV, Hep B & C, TB)
INCREASE:
• Access to addiction tx/other health services
PREVENT:
• Drug overdose deaths
5 examples of Harm Reduction programs in Canada? SSNM P
Substitution tx (methadone clinics) Safer injection sites (Insite) Needle exchange (street nursing) Managed drinking programs (Impaired driving programs) Peer programs
Harm Reduction Model of Addiction – KDS “chant/belief” and who said it?
“If a person is not willing to give up his or her drug use, we should assist them in reducing harm to himself, herself and others” (Buning 1993).
Biopsychosocial Approach to addiction states?
There are biological, psychological and sociological reasons for addiction
Biopsychosocial Approach is?
multidimensional / multidisciplinary
Biopsychosocial Approach attempts to?
Attempts to unify competing addiction theories into an integrated conceptual framework
Biopsychosocial Approach focuses on?
Focuses on the treatment of the whole person, not just the addiction
Biopsychosocial Approach first articulated by? When?
George Engel – 1977
Others have expanded the concept to reflect the multiple pathways to addiction such as… BING
Behaviour that is learned
Impact of one’s family
Genetic predisposition
Need for self-medication
