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Biology > Mass transport in mammals > Flashcards

Mass transport in mammals Flashcards

1
Q

What do the transport systems of many organisms need in order to carry materials?

A

A suitable medium - normally a liquid based on water

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1
Q

Why should the medium of transport systems be based on water?

A

Water readily dissolves substances and can be moved around easily
Can also be a gas

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2
Q

How do transport systems ensure that the transport medium is moved around in bulk over large distances?

A

They have a form of mass transport

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3
Q

What kind of system do transport systems need?

A

A closed system of tubular vessels than contains the transport medium

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4
Q

What kind of network should the closed system of tubular vessels in transport systems be?

A

A branching network to distribute it to all parts of the organism

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5
Q

Why do we need pressure differences in different parts of the transport system?

A

As we need a mechanism for moving the transport medium within vessels

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6
Q

How do animals achieve the requirements of transport systems?

A

They use muscular contraction either of the body muscles or of a specialised pumping organ

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7
Q

What do plants rely on to achieve the requirements of the transport systems?

A

Natural, passive processes

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8
Q

What kind of mechanisms do we need in plants?

A
  • A mechanism to maintain the mass flow of movement in one direction
  • A mechanism for the mass flow of water or gases
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9
Q

Why do plants need a means of controlling the flow of the transport medium?

A

To suit the changing needs of different parts of the organism

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10
Q

What kind of circulatory system do mammals have?

A

A closed, double one

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11
Q

What is the flow of blood like in mammals?

A

Blood is confined to vessels and passes twice through the heart for each complete circuit

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12
Q

Why does the circulatory system of mammals need to be a double one?

A

When blood passes through the lungs, its pressure decreases and its pressure would be too low to pass immediately through the rest of the body as circulation would be too slow
So it returns to the heart to boost its pressure

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13
Q

Why do blood and its substances need to be delivered to the rest of the body quickly?

A

Mammals have a high body temperature and thus a high rate of metabolism

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14
Q

What kind of organ is the heart and where is it located?

A

It is a muscular organ that lies in the thoracic cavity behind the sternum

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15
Q

Is the heart one pump?

A

No - it is 2 separate pumps lying side by side

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16
Q

What are the 2 chambers of the heart?

A

Atrium and ventricle

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17
Q

What is the atrium?

A

It is thin-walled and elastic and stretches as it collects blood

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18
Q

What is the ventricle?

A

It has a much thicker muscle wall as it has to contract strongly to pump blood

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19
Q

Do the 2 pumps of the heart pump in time?

A

Yes - both atria and then ventricles pump together, pumping the same volumes of blood

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20
Q

What are there between each atrium and ventricle?

A

Valves - to prevent the back flow of blood

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21
Q

Which valve is found on the right side?

A

The right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid)

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22
Q

Which valve is found on the left side?

A

The left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid)

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23
Q

What are vessels connecting the heart to the lungs called?

A

Pulmonary vessels

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24
Q

What is the aorta?

A

Connected to the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood to all parts of body except lungs

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25
Q

What is the vena cava?

A

Connected to right atrium and brings deoxygenated blood from tissues of the body

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26
Q

What is the pulmonary artery?

A

Connected to right ventricle and carries deoxygenated blood to lungs

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27
Q

What is the pulmonary vein?

A

Connected to left atrium and brings oxygenated blood back from lungs

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28
Q

How is the heart muscle supplied with oxygen?

A

By coronary arteries - branches off the aorta shortly after it leaves the heart

29
Q

What happens if the coronary arteries are blocked?

A

Leads to myocardial infarction - a heart attack

30
Q

What is the relaxation of the heart known as?

A

Diastole

31
Q

What happens as the atria fill with blood?

A

The pressure in them rises

31
Q
A
32
Q

What happens when the pressure in the atria exceeds the pressure in the ventricles?

A

The atrioventricular valves open allowing the blood to pass into the ventricles (aided by gravity)

33
Q

While blood passes from the atria to the ventricles, are the muscles of both chambers relaxed?

A

Yes

34
Q

What does the relaxation of the ventricle wall cause?

A

It causes them to recoil and reduce the pressure within the ventricle

35
Q

What happens as a result that the pressure in the ventricles is lower than the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery?

A

The semi-lunar valves close, accompanied by the ‘dub’ sound of the heart beat

36
Q

What is the contraction of the atria known as?

A

Atrial systole

37
Q

What happens after the blood has flown from the atria to the ventricles while the muscle of the chambers are still relaxed?

A

The atrial walls contract and this along with the recoil of the relaxed ventricle walls forces the remaining blood into the ventricle walls from the atria

38
Q

Are the ventricle walls relaxed while the atrial walls contract?

A

Yes

39
Q

What is contraction of the ventricles known as?

A

Ventricular systole

40
Q

What happens after the ventricles fill with blood completely?

A

After a short delay, their walls contract simultaneously

41
Q

What happens as a result of the contraction of the ventricular walls?

A

Blood pressure is increased, closing the atrioventricular valves to prevent back flow

42
Q

What happens to the pressure as a result of atrioventricular valves closing?

A

It increases

43
Q

What happens once the pressure in the ventricles exceeds that in the aorta and pulmonary artery?

A

Blood is forced from the ventricles into these vessels

44
Q

Why do ventricles have thick muscular walls?

A

So they can contract forcefully - this creates high pressure necessary to pump blood

45
Q

Why is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right?

A

The left has to pump blood to extremities while the right only has to pump blood to the lungs

46
Q

When are valves designed to close?

A

When pressure differences are reversed and blood would tend to flow in the opposite direction

47
Q

When do atrioventricular valves prevent back flow?

A

When ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure

48
Q

Where are semi-lunar valves located?

A

Aorta and pulmonary artery

49
Q

When do semi-lunar valves prevent back flow?

A

When pressure in aorta and pulmonary artery exceeds that in the ventricles

50
Q

When is the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery greater than in the ventricles?

A

When the elastic walls of these vessels recoil, increasing the pressure within them, and when the ventricle walls relax, reducing the pressure

51
Q

What are valves made up of?

A

A number of flaps of tough, but flexible fibrous tissue which are cusp shaped

52
Q

When do valves move apart to let blood pass between the cusps?

A

When the pressure is greater on the convex side of the cusps than on the concave side

53
Q

What happens when pressure is greater on the concave sides of cusps in a valve?

A
  • Blood collects within the ‘bowl’ of the cusps
  • This pushes them together to form a tight fit that prevents the passage of blood
54
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped by one ventricle of the heart in one minute

55
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

Volume of blood pumped out at each beat

56
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

57
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry blood away from the heart and into arterioles

58
Q

What do arterioles do?

A

They are smaller arteries than control blood flow from arteries to capillaries

59
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Tiny vessels that link arteries to veins

60
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood from capillaries back to the heart

61
Q

Do all of the blood vessels have the same basic layered structure?

A

Yes except the capillaries which only have a lining layer

62
Q

What are the layers that make up the blood vessels?

A

Tough outer layer
Muscle layer
Elastic layer
Inner lining
Lumen

63
Q

What is the tough outer layer of blood vessels like?

A

It is a tough fibrous outer layer that resists pressure changes from both within and outside

64
Q

What is the muscle layer of blood vessels like?

A

It can contract and so control the flow of blood

65
Q

What is the elastic layer of blood vessels like?

A

Helps maintain blood pressure by stretching and springing back (recoiling)

66
Q

What is the inner lining like?

A

Known as endothelium and it is thin to allow diffusion and smooth to reduce friction

67
Q

What is the lumen like?

A

Not an actual layer but the central cavity of the blood vessel through which blood flows

68
Q

How do arterioles differ from arteries?

A

They are smaller in diameter
Have a relatively larger muscle layer and lumen

Biology (15 decks)

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