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AS-Biology(*) > Mass Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Mass Transport in Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

why is the circulatory system knows as a double system

A

the blood passes through the heart twice in one circuit

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2
Q

what is the function of the vena cava

A

carries blood from body to heart

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3
Q

what is the function of the pulmonary artery

A

carries blood from the heart to the lungs

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4
Q

what is the function of the pulmonary vein

A

carries blood from the lungs to the heart

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5
Q

what is the function of the aorta

A

carries blood from the heart to the body

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6
Q

what is the function of the renal artery

A

carries blood from the body to the kidneys

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7
Q

what is the function of the renal vein

A

carries blood from the kidneys to the vena cava

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8
Q

diagram of heart

A

heart

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9
Q

the right side of the heart receives …….. blood

A

deoxygenated

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10
Q

the left side of the heart receives …… blood

A

oxygenated

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11
Q

the right side of the heart receives blood by the …….

A

vena cava

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12
Q

the left side of the heart receives blood by the ……

A

pulmonary vein

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13
Q

what is the difference between the ventricles and the atria and what does this allow

A

the ventricles have thicker muscular walls which allows them to generate high pressure to pump blood out of the heart

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14
Q

why do the atria not need as thick muscular walls as the ventricles

A

the atria just need to pump blood a short distance to the ventricles

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15
Q

true or false

the right ventricle of the heart has thicker muscular walls

A

false
the left ventricle has thicker muscular walls

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16
Q

explain why the left ventricle has thicker muscular walls than the right side

A

because the left ventricle has to pump blood all around the body whereas the right pumps blood to the lungs

17
Q

what is the role of valves

A

prevent backflow of blood

18
Q

heart valves open based on ……

A

the pressure of the heart chambers

19
Q

what are the 2 valves and what do they do

A
  • atrioventricular (AV) - link the atria to the ventricles
  • semilunar (SL) - link the pulmonary artery and aorta to the ventricles
20
Q

explain the process that leads to blood moving from the atrium into the ventricles

A
  • the ventricles relax and have a low pressure
  • the atria contract, causing the volume in the chambers to decrease and the pressure to increase
  • the AV valve opens and blood enters the ventricles down a pressure gradient
21
Q

explain the process that leads to blood moving from the ventricles into the aorta and pulmonary vein

A
  • atria relax and pressure decreases
  • ventricles contract causing the volume to decrease and pressure to increase
  • AV valves close
  • SL valves open and blood is forced into the aorta and pulmonary artery
22
Q

explain the process that leads to the cardiac cycle repeating

A
  • ventricles and atria relax
  • pressure is higher in pulmonry artery and aorta
  • SL valves close
  • blood returns to the heart as the pressure in the vena cava and pulmonary vein is greater than in atria
  • cycle repeats
23
Q

what is cardiac ouput

A

the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

24
Q

what is the equation to calculate cardiac ouput

A

cardiac ouput = stroke volume x heart rate

25
Q

define heartrate

include units

A

the number of beats per minute (bpm)

26
Q

define stroke volume

include units

A

the volume of blood pumped during each heartbeat (cm^3)

27
Q

what is the role of arteries

A

carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body

28
Q

explain 3 key features of arteries

A
  • thick outer walls that can withstand pressure
  • elastic tissue to help stretch when the ventricles contract and recoil when the ventricle relaxes. This helps maintain pressure
  • they have an inner lining called endothelium which is smooth. This reduces friction
29
Q

what is the role of arterioles

A

arteries divide into smaller blood vessels which carry blood from arteries to capillaries under a lower pressure

30
Q

what is the role of veins

A

take blood back to the heart from the body

31
Q

what is the role of capillaries

A
  • smallest blood vessels
  • site of substance exchange
32
Q

explain 4 key features of capillaries

A
  • walls are one cell thick which allows for a short diffusion pathway
  • contains fenestrations which allows large molecules to leave the blood vessel
  • they have a narrow lumen which reduces flow rate, giving more time for diffusion
  • endothelial cells are smooth and flat, this reduces friction
33
Q

tissue fluid is formed from ……

A

blood plasma

34
Q

explain the formation of tissue fluid and how it is returned

A
  • in the arterial end:
  • hydrostatic pressure inside the capillaries is higher than the tissue fluid
  • this pressure forces fluid out of the capillaries and into tissue space
  • proteins stay in the capillary becaue they are too large
  • this reduces the water potential of the capillary
  • hydrostatic pressure lowers
  • in the venous end:
  • hydrostatic pressure of the capillary is lower than the tissue fluid, therefore tissue is forced back into the capillaries
  • water re enters the capillary by osmosis
  • any tissue fluid that does not return to the capillary is drained away from the tissues by the lymphatic system
  • this fluid is referred to as lymph
35
Q

describe how tissue fluid is formed and how it is returned to the circulatory system

(5 marks)

A
  • high hydrostatic pressure
  • forces water / fluid out of the capillary
  • large proteins remain in capillary
  • these causes a low water potential in capillart
  • water enters capillary by osmosis
  • any tissue that does not return to the capillary is drained away and referred to as lymph
36
Q

what is cardiovascular disease

A

general term used to describe diseases associated with the heart and blood vessels

37
Q

what is coronary heart disease

A

any interference with the coronary arteries which supply blood to the heart muscle itself

38
Q

give 5 risk factors for heart disease

A
  • age
  • gender
  • genetic factors
  • stress
  • smoking
39
Q
A

AS-Biology(*) (22 decks)

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