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AS-Biology(*) > cells and microscopy > Flashcards

cells and microscopy Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A
  • stores genetic information
  • location where semi-conservative replication occurs
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2
Q

explain the 4 parts of the nucleus

A
  • the nuclear envelope - double membrane that surrounds the nucleus. It controls the entry and exit of substances in and out of the nucelus
  • nuclear pores - allow the passage of large molecules such as mRNA out of the nucelus
  • chromatin - linear DNA which is protein(histone) bound
  • nucleolus- manufactures rRNA and makes ribosomes
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3
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria

A
  • where ATP is synthesised by aerobic respiration
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4
Q

what are the 4 structures a mitochondrion is made up of and explain them

A
  • the double membrane - the 2 membranes control the entry and exit of molecules
  • cristae - provide a large surface area for enzymes such as ATP synthase
  • intermembrane space - the space between the inner and outer membrane
  • matrix - contains proteins, lipids, mitochondrial DNA and 70s ribosomes
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5
Q

what is the difference between the rough and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

the rough has ribosomes on the outer surface membrane

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6
Q

what are the 2 functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • synthesis of proteins
  • package proteins into vesicles
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7
Q

what are the 2 functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • synthesis, store and transport lipids
  • synthesis, store and transport carbohydrates
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8
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus

A

sorts and modifies proteins which are then packages into vesicles

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9
Q

what are the functions of lysosomes

A
  • they contain and release hydrolytic enzymes
  1. fuse with foreign materials ingested by phagocytic cells and then release its hydrolytic enzymes
  2. release enzymes to the outisde of the cell in order to hydrolyse and breakdown molecules outside of the cell
  3. they breakdown damages and worn out organelles so the useful molecules can be reused
  4. break down cells after they have died
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10
Q

what is the function of ribosomes

A
  • synthesise proteins
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11
Q

what are the 2 different types of ribosomes and explain them

A
  1. 80s ribosomes - larger, found in eukaryotic cells
  2. 70s ribosomes - smaller, found in prokaryotic cells
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12
Q

what is the function of the cell surface membrane

A

controles the passage of molecules in and out of the cell

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13
Q

what are the 3 additional organelles called in a plant cell

A
  • chloroplasts
  • cell wall
  • vacuole
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14
Q

what is the function of the chloroplast

A

carry out photosynthesis

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15
Q

explain the structure of chloroplasts

A
  • double membrane surrounds the organelle known as the chlorplast envelope
  • inside the chlorplasts, the grana are stacks of up to 100 disk like structures called thylakoids
  • within the membrane is the photosynthetic pigment called chlorophyll
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16
Q

what is the function of the cell wall

A

provide strength and rigidity

17
Q

what are the functions of vacuoles

A
  • provide support, making cells turgid
  • sugars and amino acids stored
  • pigments may colour petals and attract pollinating insects
18
Q

what are the different organisation levels in an organism

A
  1. specialised cell
  2. tissue
  3. organ
  4. organ system
  5. organism
19
Q

give 4 differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

A
  1. prokaryotic cells have circular DNA whereas eukaryotic cells have linear DNA
  2. prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bound organelles whereas eukaryotic has membrane-bound organelles
  3. prokarytoic cells have no ‘true’ nucleus and the DNA is free in the cytoplasm whereas eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and the DNA is contained in a nuclear membrane
  4. prokaryotic cells contain 70s ribosomes whereas eukaryotic cells contain 80s ribosomes
20
Q

what are features of viruses

A
  • non-living
  • require a living cell to replicate inside
  • contain DNA or RNA
  • the envelope contains attachment proteins
  • they have no organelles
21
Q

what is meant by resolution

A

the ability to distinguish between two objects that are close together

22
Q

what are the two types of electron microscopes

A

TEM and SEM

23
Q

explain how we can see specimens using a TEM

A
  • the specimens are in a vacuum and stained using heavy metals
  • specimens are fixed in resin and sliced thin
  • electrons are fired through the specimen to enable the viewing of internal structures
  • it is 2D
24
Q

explain how we can see specimens using a SEM

A
  • the electrons bounce off the surface of the specimen
  • they produce a 3D image
25
Q

compare light microscopes and electron miscroscopes by the following:
1. illumination
2. maximum magnification
3. what can you observe
4. specimens
5. staining process

A

Light on the left, Electron on the right
1. light rays, beam of electrons
2. x1500, x500000
3. larger organelles, smaller organelles
4. living, dead
5. easy, complex

AS-Biology(*) (22 decks)

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