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AS-Biology(*) > Carbohydrates, lipids and water > Flashcards

Carbohydrates, lipids and water Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is maltose?

A

disaccharide formed by condensation of two glucose molecules

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2
Q

what is sucrose?

A

disaccharide formed by condensation of glucose and fructose

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3
Q

what is lactose?

A

disaccharide formed by condensation of glucose and galactose

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4
Q

what are the two isomers of glucose

A

beta and alpha

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5
Q

what is glycogen and starch formed by

A

the condensation of alpha glucose

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6
Q

what is cellulose formed by

A

the condensation of beta glucose

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7
Q

what is a monomer

A

small units from which larger molecules are made

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8
Q

what is a polymer

A

molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together

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9
Q

what is a condensation reaction

A

joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and involves the elimination of a water molecule

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10
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction

A

breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and involves the use of a water molecule

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11
Q

what are two groups of lipid

A

triglyceride and phospholipids

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12
Q

how is a triglyceride formed

A

condensation of one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid

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13
Q

condensation reaction between glycerol and a fatty acid forms a what

A

an ester bond

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14
Q

what can the r group in a fatty acid be

A

saturated or unsaturated

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15
Q

what happens in a phospholipid that is different from a triglyceride

A

one of the fatty acids of a triglyceride is substituted by a phosphate-containing group

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16
Q

explain 5 properties water has that is important in biology

A
  1. a metabolite - water can be involved in metabolic reactions such as condensation and hydrolysis
  2. a solvent - allows metabolic reactions to occur and allows the transpor of substances
  3. high specific heat capacity - buffers changes in temperature
  4. large latent heat of vaporisation - provides a cooling effect
  5. cohesion - supports the formation of continuous columns of water. Produces surface tension which supports small organisms
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17
Q

what are organic molecules

A

molecules with carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds

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18
Q

1)what do carbohydrates contain
2)what does q1 answer contain

A

1)sugars and starches
2)carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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19
Q

1)what do lipids contain
2)what does q1 answer contain

A

1)fats and oils
2)carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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20
Q

1)what do nucleic acids contain
2)what does q1 answer contain

A

1)nucleotides
2)carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus

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21
Q

1)what do proteins contain
2)what does q1 answer contain

A

1)amino acids
2)carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

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22
Q

name 3 monosaccharides

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

23
Q

name 3 disaccharides

A

maltose
lactose
sucrose

24
Q

name 3 polysaccharides

A

starches
cellulose
glycogen

25
Q

what does saccharide mean

A

sugar

26
Q

whats the molecular formula for glucose

A

c6h12o6

27
Q

what is formed when two monosaccharides join together in a condensation reaction

A

glycosidic bond

28
Q

what is a polysaccharide

A

type of polymer formed by joining many monosaccharides (3+) together by condensation reactions

29
Q

what is an example of a storage polysaccharide in plants

A

starch

30
Q

explain 4 structure features of starch and how it helps its function

A

1)helical structure which makes it compact allowing many alpha glucose molecules to fit into a small area
2)branched structure which gives it a larger surface area allowing for faster enzyme action
3)large so it cant diffuse out of cells
4)insoluble so doesn’t affect water potential

31
Q

explain 3 structure features of glycogen and how it helps its function

A

1)coiled making it compact allowing many alpha glucose molecules to be packed together
2)insoluble so doesn’t affect water potential
3)large molecule so it cannot cross the cell membrane and diffuse out of cells

32
Q

give 3 ways glycogen has specific adaptations compared to starch

A

1)shorter chains
2)more highly branched
3)larger surface area

33
Q

what is cellulose a polymer of

A

beta glucose

34
Q

where is cellulose found

A

plant cell walls

35
Q

where is the OH group in alpha glucose

A

below

36
Q

where is the OH group in beta glucose

A

above

37
Q

explain how celluloses structure helps its function

A

-Several chains of cellulose are joined together into layers by weak hydrogen bonds formed between OH groups. Hydrogen bonds in large numbers are very strong!
-this forms microfibrils which wound together to form cellulose fibres
-these fibres provide rigidity/strength and support to the cell wall

38
Q

what are the three different tests for carbohydrates

A

1)benedicts test for reducing sugar
2)benedicts for non-reducing sugar
3)iodine test for starch

39
Q

name 5 reducing sugar

A

1)glucose
2)galactose
3)lactose
4)maltose
5)fructose

40
Q

name a non-reducing sugar

A

sucrose

41
Q

explain the benedicts test method for reducing sugar

A

1)add equal volume of benedicts solution and sample to a test tube
2)heat to 95 degrees
3)if there is a reducing sugar there will be a formation of a brick red precipitate

42
Q

explain the benedicts test for non-reducing sugar

A

1)boil a fresh sample with hydrochloric acid for 5 minutes
2)neutralise the solution by adding sodium hydrogen carbonate
3)then follow the same steps as reducing sugar

43
Q

why do you use hydrochloric acid for the non-reducing benedicts test

A

it hydrolysis the glycosidic bond to produce glucose and fructose which are both reducing sugars

44
Q

what is the main role
of lipids

A

main component of the cell surface membrane

45
Q

explain 3 other roles lipids have

A

source of energy- lipids provide twice as much energy as carbohydrates when they are oxidised
insulation- fats dont conduct heat well
protection- layer of fat surrounds organs

46
Q

how is a triglyceride formed

A

one molecule of glycerol joined to 3 fatty acids by a condensation reaction which forms 3 ester bonds between the carboxyl group of the fatty acid and the hydroxyl group of glycerol

47
Q

whats the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

A

saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbons. Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds

48
Q

explain properties of tryglycerides

A

-triglycerides are hydrophobic
-contain a lot of energy
-have a low energy:mass ratio making it excellen for storing energy(compact)
-release water when oxidised

49
Q

explain the emulsion test for lipids

A

-add ethanol to sample and mix
-add water and mix
-if present a white emulsion will appear

50
Q

how is a phospholipid formed

A

1 glycerol joins to 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group by a condensation reaction

51
Q

how many bonds are in a:
1)triglyceride
2)phospholipid

A

1)3 ester bonds
2)2 ester bonds

52
Q

what are the 2 different parts of a phospholipid called

A

-hydrophilic head
-hydrophobic fatty acid tail

53
Q

explain the hydrophilic head in phospholipids

A

it is attracted to water, so it interacts with it. This is caused by the polar(charged) nature of the phosphate group

54
Q

explain the hydrophobic tails in phospholipids

A

they are repelled by water and face away from it. This is because they are non-polar(not charged)

AS-Biology(*) (22 decks)

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