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Organisms Exchange Substances With Their Environment > Mass Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Mass Transport In Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What is haemoglobin

A

-A group of chemically similar molecules found in different organisms
-it is a protein with a quaternary structure and it carry’s oxygen in red blood cells

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2
Q

Describe the loading, transport and unloading of oxygen in relation to the
oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve

A

Areas with low partial pressure of oxygen (respiring tissues):
● Haemoglobin has a low affinity for O2
● So haemoglobin unloads and dissociates oxygen more readily
● So % saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen is low

Areas with high partial pressure of oxygen (gas exchange surfaces):
● Haemoglobin has a high affinity for O2
● So O2 readily loads / associates with Hb
● So % saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen is high

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3
Q

The oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve also shows co operative binding
What is co operative binding

A
  1. Binding of first oxygen changes quaternary structure of haemoglobin slightly
  2. This uncovers Haem group binding sites, making further binding of oxygens easier
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4
Q

What is the Bohr effect

A

Effect of CO2 concentration on dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin → curve shifts to right

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5
Q

Explain the advantage of the Bohr effect (eg. during exercise)

A

More dissociation of oxygen → faster aerobic respiration / less anaerobic respiration → more ATP produced

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6
Q

Explain effect of CO2 concentration on the dissociation of oxyhaemo

A
  1. Increasing blood CO2 eg. due to increased rate of respiration
  2. Lowers blood pH (more acidic)
  3. Haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen as shape quaternary structure changes slightly
  4. So more unloading of oxygen
    to respiring cells at a given pO2
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7
Q

Describe the Bohr effect at high partial pressure of carbon dioxide at respiring tissues and low partial pressure of CO2 at gas exchange surfaces

A

High
Curve shift to right,decreased affinity and therefore unloads more oxygen
Low
Curve shift to left,higher affinity therefore uploads more oxygen

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8
Q

Explain why different types of haemoglobin can have different oxygen
transport properties

A

● Different types of Haemoglobin are made of polypeptide chains with slightly different amino acid sequences
● Resulting in different quaternary structures → different affinities for oxygen

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9
Q

Humans have a what so blood passes through the heart twice in each circuit where one circuit delivers blood to the lungs and another to the rest of the body

A

A double circulatory system

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10
Q

What are the arteries and veins in the heart and function

A

Hearts Arteries
-pulmonary artery,-taking deoxygenated blood to lungs
aorta-sending oxygenated blood to the body
Hearts veins
-pulmonary vein-receiving oxygenated blood from lungs
-vena cava-receiving deoxygenated blood from the body

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11
Q

What are the 2 main artery and vein involved with the lungs

A

Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein

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12
Q

What is the 2 artery and vein involved with the kidneys and function

A

Renal artery=takes oxygenated blood to the kidneys
Renal vein=takes deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys to vena cava

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13
Q

What is a coronary artery

A

The supply the cardiac muscle on the heart with oxygenated blood

located on surface of the heart, branching from aorta

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14
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart

A

Right atrium and left atrium, at the top
Left ventricle and right ventricle at the bottom

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15
Q

Suggest why the wall of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right

A

● Thicker muscle to contract with greater force
● To generate higher pressure to pump blood around entire body

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16
Q

What is the structure of ventricles and how it relates to its function

A

-thicker muscular walls to enable contraction
This creates high blood pressure to enable blood to flow longer distances

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17
Q

Describe how blood is travelled round the heart by the 4 main blood vessels-hint veins=atrium

A

-pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs to become oxygenated
-pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs To the heart to the left atrium
-aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body
-vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium

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18
Q

What is the valve In the aorta and pulmonary artery

A

Semi lunar valve

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19
Q

What are the valves between atria and ventricles

A

Atrioventricular valves

20
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves found In the right and left side

A

Right side=tricuspid
Left side=bicuspid

21
Q

What is the function of valves

A

-they open when the pressure is higher behind the valve
-they close when the pressure is higher in front of the valve
-prevent back flow of blood

22
Q

What is the function of the septum

A

-separates the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
-it maintains high concentration of oxygen in oxygenated blood to maintain concentration gradient

23
Q

Explain how the structure of the arteries relate to their function

A

Function: carry blood away from heart at high pressure
-thick smooth muscle tissue-can contract to maintain blood flow and blood pressure
- thick elastic tissue - can stretch as ventricles contact and recoil as ventricles relax to maintain high blood pressure
-thick wall- withstand high pressure to stop bursting
-smooth/folded endothelium-reduces friction and can stretch
Narrow lumen- maintain high pressure

24
Q

Explain how the structure of veins relate to their function

A

Function - carry blood back to heart at lower pressure
-valves-prevent back flow of blood
- thin elastic and muscle tissue as the blood pressure is lower
-wider lumen - less resistance to blood flow

25
Q

Explain how the structure of arterioles relate to their function

A

Function- direct blood to capillaries
-thicker smooth muscle layer to:
-contracts- narrows lumen which reduces blood flow to capillaries
-relaxes-widens lumen- increases blood flow into capillaries
-thinner elastic layer as the pressure a lower as further from heart and ventricles

26
Q

Describe the capillary structure and how that is important to its function

A

-thin walls - one cell thick- layer of endothelial cells- reduces diffusion distance
-capillary bed is a large network of branched capillaries so increased surface area for diffusion
-small diameter/narrow lumen - reduces blood flow rate so more time for diffusion
-pores in walls between cells- allows larger substances through

27
Q

What are the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle

A

-diastole
-atrial systole
-ventricular systole

28
Q

Describe the diastole stage of the cardiac cycle

A

-both atria and ventricles relax - volume increases pressure decreases
-blood enters via the pulmonary vein and vena Cava
-semi lunar valves forced shut by pressure when pressure in arteries exceed pressure in ventricles
-Atrioventricular valves open when pressure in atria exceeds pressure in ventricles
-pressure increases in the atria as blood is flowing in

29
Q

Describe the atrial systole stage

A

-atria muscle walls contract decreasing the volume but increasing pressure
-causes atrioventricular valves to open when pressure in atria exceeds pressure in ventricles -blood to flow into the ventricles
-ventricular muscles are relaxed
Semi lunar valves remain shut

30
Q

Describe the ventricular systole stage

A

-atria is relaxed and walls of ventricles contract increasing pressure and volume decreases
-as pressure rises atrioventricular valves close to prevent back flow when pressure in ventricles exceeds pressure in atria
- semi lunar valves open when pressure in ventricles exceeds pressure in arteries
-blood is pushed out the ventricles into the pulmonary artery and aorta

31
Q

What is the equation of the cardiac output

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

32
Q

What is tissue fluid

A

A fluid containing water and oxygen ad other small molecules that leaves the blood plasma and bathes the tissues

33
Q

Explain the formation of tissue fluid

A

-higher hydrostatic pressure inside capillaries due to contraction of ventricles
-forcing water and dissolved substance out of capillaries
-large plasma proteins remain in capillary

34
Q

Not all the tissue fluid is absorbed by osmosis
Where doe the rest the tissue fluid go

A

Into the lymphatic system and eventually drains back into the bloodstream near the heart

35
Q

What is the affinity if oxygen of organisms that live in environments with low and high concentration of oxygen and explain the dissociation curve

A

Low concentration of oxygen-Haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen so dissociation curve shifts to the left
High concentration of oxygen - haemoglobin has lower affinity for oxygen as higher oxygen demand so dissociation curve shifts to right

36
Q

Explain the return of tissue fluid to the circulatory system

A

At the venule end of capillaries
1. Hydrostatic pressure reduces as fluid leaves capillary (also due to friction)
2. Due to water loss an increasing concentration of plasma proteins lowers water potential in
capillary below that of tissue fluid
3. Water enters capillaries from tissue fluid by osmosis down a water potential gradient
4. Excess water taken up by lymph capillaries and returned to circulatory system through vein

37
Q

Suggest and explain causes of excess tissue fluid accumulation

A

Low concentration of plasma proteins
○ Water potential in capillary not as low → water potential gradient is reduced
○ So more tissue fluid formed at arteriole end / less water absorbed at venule end by osmosis
● High blood pressure → high hydrostatic pressure

38
Q

Describe precautions that should be followed when performing a dissection -Required practical 5

A

● Cover any cuts with a waterproof dressing
● When using a scalpel, cut away from body onto a hard surface
● When using a scalpel, use a sharp blade
● When using a scalpel, carry with blade protected / pointing down
● Wear disposable gloves and disinfect hands / wash with soap
● Disinfect surfaces / equipment
● Safe disposal - put gloves / paper towels / organ in a separate bag / bin to dispose
● If poisonous chemicals / toxins involved, work in a well ventilated environment

39
Q

Suggest an ethical consideration when dissecting animals RP 5 - dissection

A

● Morally wrong to kill animals just for dissection
● So use animals for dissection that have already been killed (humanely) for meat

40
Q

Describe how you could prepare a temporary mount of a piece of plant tissue for observation with an optical microscope - RP 5 dissection

A
  1. Add a drop of water to glass slide
  2. Obtain a thin section of specimen and place on slide
  3. Stain (eg. with iodine / potassium iodide to view starch)
  4. Lower coverslip at angle using mounted needle without trapping air bubbles
41
Q

What are the rules of scientific drawing?

A

✓ Look similar to specimen / image, draw all parts to same scale / relative size
✓ No sketching / shading - only clear, continuous lines
✓ Include a magnification scale (eg. x 400)
✓ Label with straight, uncrossed lines

42
Q

Describe the structure of haemoglobin

A

● Protein with a quaternary structure
● Made of 4 polypeptide chains
● Each chain contains a Haem group containing an iron ion (Fe2+)

43
Q

Suggest the importance of a double circulatory system

A

● Prevents mixing of oxygenated / deoxygenated blood
-So blood pumped to body is fully saturated with oxygen for aerobic respiration
● Blood can be pumped to body at a higher pressure (p
○ Substances taken to and removed from body cells quicker / more efficiently

44
Q

Describe the general pattern of blood circulation in a mammal

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood in right side of heart pumped to lungs; oxygenated returns to left side of heart
  2. Oxygenated blood in left side of heart pumped to rest of body; deoxygenated returns to right side of heart
45
Q

Look at this:

Explain how graphs showing pressure or volume changes during the cardiac cycle can be interpreted, eg. to identify when valves are open / close

A

valves closed
● Pressure in [named] artery higher than in ventricle
● To prevent backflow of blood from artery to ventricles
SL valves open
● When pressure in ventricle is higher than in [named] artery
● So blood flows from ventricle to artery
AV valves closed
● Pressure in ventricle higher than atrium
● To prevent backflow of blood from
ventricles to atrium
AV valves open
● When pressure in atrium is higher than in ventricle
● So blood flows from atrium to ventricle

46
Q

How can heart rate be calculated from cardiac cycle data?

A

Heart rate (beats per minute) = 60 (seconds) / length of one cardiac cycle (seconds)

Organisms Exchange Substances With Their Environment (5 decks)

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