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mass transport Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a haemoglobin

A

A group of chemically similar molecules found in a wide variety of organisms. Haemoglobins are protein molecules with quarternary structure that makes it efficient at loading and unloading oxygen.

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2
Q

Haemoglobin structure

A

Primary- sequence of amino acids in the four polypeptide chains
Secondary- each of the polypeptide chains coil into a helix
Tertiary- polypeptide folded into a precise shape
Quarternary- 4 polypeptide chains are linked together to form globular structure. Each polypeptide is associated with a haem group- which contain a Fe²+ ion. This makes a total of 4 o² molecules that can be carried around by a single haemoglobin molecule in humans

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3
Q

What is loading oxygen

A

Loading oxygen is where haemoglobin binds to oxygen. This takes place in the human lungs

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4
Q

What is unloading oxygen

A

Unloading oxygen is where the haemoglobin releases its oxygen which takes place in human tissues

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5
Q

Pros and cons of high affinity with oxygen

A

Positives are that it carrys a lot of oxygen. Negative is that is it hard to offload

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6
Q

Pros and cons with low affinities of oxygen

A

Positive is that it offload easily but negative is that it doesnt have much oxygen

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7
Q

What is the role of haemoglobin

A

The roles of haemoglobin is to transport oxygen. To be efficient at this it needs to be readily associated with oxygen at the surface and it need to be able to readily dissociate for oxygen to respiring tissues

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8
Q

What happens in the lungs

A

In the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillaries and into the red blood cells where is associates and forms oxyhaemoglobin

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9
Q

What is partial pressure

A

Partical pressure is measured of concentration of that gas in a mixture of gases

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10
Q

How is O² and PO² linked

A

When there is a higher concentration of O² there is a higher affinity of PO² in haemoglobin. When there is a low affinity, pO² promotes oxygen unloading.

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11
Q

Dissociation curve and CO²

A

When there is a low amount of CO² the curve shifts to the left. When there is a lot of CO² it shifts the the right

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12
Q

What is a single circulatory system

A

2 chambers which blood passes throughoncd a circuit

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13
Q

What is a double circulatory system

A

Hsart has 4 chambers and blood passes through the heart twice every circuit

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14
Q

What are the blood vessel tissue layers

A

Smooth muscle layer- contracts to control the flow of blood in arteries
Elastic layer- allows the vessel to stetch and recoil in arteries
Endothelium- thin layer lining which is smooth to reduce friction

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15
Q

Comparing arteries and veins

A

Arteries=AWAY
Veins= towards heart
Veins=VALVES

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16
Q

What happens when skeletal muscles contract

A

Compress the veins to maintain high pressure and push blood along

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17
Q

Pressure gradient

A

Blood always goes from high to low.

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18
Q

What is tissue fluid

A

Tissue fluid is formed by blood plasma leaking into capillaries. Surrounds the cells in the tissue and provides then with oxygen and nutrients. Net outflow of plasma from arterial end of capillaries due to high hydrostatic pressure.

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19
Q

What happens to excess tissue fluids

A

Its drained into vessels of lymphatic system

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20
Q

Heart structure

A

Right pumps deoxygenated, left pumps oxygenated.

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21
Q

What is cardiac muscles

A

Made up of cardiomyocytes, specialised cells with are myogenetic. Contract without nervous impulses.

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22
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

Connected to the right ventricle which Carrie’s deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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23
Q

Aorta

A

Connected to left ventricle and Carrie’s oxygenated blood to all parts of body but not lungs

24
Q

Vena cava

A

Veins connecting to left atrium to bring oxygenated blood back from lungs

25
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

A vein is connected to the left atrium and bring oxygenated blood back from the lungs

26
Q

Atrium

A

Where blood first enters the heart from veins on each side. Thin muscular walls

27
Q

Ventricles

A

Thick muscular walls so can push blood out. Left is thicker.

28
Q

Steps of cardiac cycle

A

Atrial systole-ventricles relaxed and atria contract. Decreases volume so increases pressure. AV valve opens and closes when pressure reduces.
Ventricular systole- atria relaxed and ventricle contracts. When pressure is high enough SL valve opens and blood goes through arteries
Diastole- both atria and ventricles are relaxed.

29
Q

why does the AV valve close

A

Because the pressure in the ventricle has become higher than the atrial pressure because its contracting

30
Q

Why does the SL valve open

A

Because the pressure in the ventricles has become higher than the pressure in the arteries as they are contracting

31
Q

Why does the SL valve close

A

Because the pressure in the ventricles drops as they are relaxing and pressure is higher in the aorta is now higher

32
Q

Why does the AV valve open

A

As the pressure in the atria is increasing as blood flows in and is higher than ventricular pressure as it is relaxed

33
Q

Equation to calculate heart rate in beats per minute

A

Time it takes for one cardiac cycle=one heart beat

34
Q

What is atheroma?

A

They are fibrous plaques made of fatty material which narrows the lumen of the arteries. This increases blood pressure

35
Q

How does atheroma form

A

Then the lining or the artery is damaged usually high blood pressure. White blood cells and platelets arrive to try the repair the damage. Clump together with lipids from the blood to form fatty streaks. Harders into plaque

36
Q

What is aneurysm

A

Blood can build up behind a blockage causing the artery wall to bulge and weaken. Increases the chances of the wall splitting and internal bleeding occurs.

37
Q

What is myocardial infarction

A

Heart attacks can be caused by blood clots. The walls around a plaque are stiffened making them prone to cracks. Clot can block the whole artery

38
Q

Risk factors for CVD

A

Hypertension
Obesity
Alcohol consumption
Not exercising

39
Q

Why do plants need water

A

Photosynthesis
The transport minerals
Maintain structural rigidity
The regulate temperature

40
Q

How are water and minerals obtained by the plant

A

Water is absorbed by osmosis and moves us the stem. Mineral ions absorbed by active transport from the soil

41
Q

What is nitrate needed for

A

DNA, among acids and chlorophyll

42
Q

What is phosphates needed for

A

DNA & ATP

43
Q

Structre and fiction if the xylem

A

They are dead cells, there is no end wall, thick walls made of lignin, gaps in the cell walls

44
Q

Fuction of the xylem

A

Their hollow lumen makes an uninterrupted tube allowing water to pass through the middle
The lignin forma so walls are strong
Gaps in the lignin

45
Q

Cohesion tension theory

A

.Water evaporates from the mesophyll due to heat from the sun
.This increase in water tension pulls more water into the leaf. Known as transpiration pull
.Water molecules are cohesive due to the fact they form hydrogen bonds. Known as cohesion
.water enters the stem through the roots

46
Q

What is a xerophyte

A

A plant that us adapted to reduce water loss to enable it to survive in very dry conditions

47
Q

Water loss

A

Transpiration will always happen. Water loss is unavoidable.

48
Q

How to combat water loss

A

. Waxy cuticle on leaf
. Stomata on underside of leaf to reduce evaporation
. Stomata close at night
. Lose leave sin winter when less water is available

49
Q

What is translocation

A

Translocation is the process by which products of photosynthesis are transported from a source. Translocation is bidirectional. It’s an active process. Carried by the phloem tissue

50
Q

Phloem structure and function

A

. Sieve tubes
. No nucleus or organelles
. Companion cella which have organelle. Have lots of mitochondria to produce ATP
. There are end walls and sieve plate

51
Q

Translocation from source to sink

A

Source- where solutes are produced so there is a high concentration
Sink- up where solutes are used up so there are low concentrations

52
Q

Tracer experiment

A

Isotope makes radioactive CO² in sugars via photosynthesis. X ray image is black where radioactive isotope has travelled.

53
Q

Ringing experiment

A

Bark and phloem removed. Build up of water and minerals. Lack of water and minerals tissues die

54
Q

Evidence of mass flow

A

Maple syrup trees

55
Q

Mass flow hypothesis

A

Source- releases sucrose into phloem. High sucrose concentration, sucrose moved into sieve tubes by active loading. Decreasing water potential

Biology (11 decks)

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