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Mass Media Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What did Gauntlett (2002) write

A

The media provides advice abut how to be attractive to others through role models and stereotypes

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2
Q

What is mass media

A

Any form of communication that can be transmitted to many people at one time

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3
Q

What are the uses of the media

A

CEASE

To communicate 
To entertain 
To advertise
To socialise 
To educate/inform
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4
Q

How does the media indirectly support society’s social control

A

Showing underlying values of what is good
Demonising the undesirable
Showing consequences for action i.e. the good guy always wins (rewards/punishment)
Showing desirable norms and value
Showing role models

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5
Q

What does the media help create

A

Culture. The media helped second generation Indian families create their own set of norms and values, their own identity - Gillespie (1995)

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6
Q

What did Gerbner and Gross (1976) write of American media

A

Its chief function is to spread and stabilise social patterns.

It does this by presenting messages of what society sees as important. Materialism is valued in Britain and this is reflected through successful TV characters being rich

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7
Q

What are the 4 main industries that make wealth of people’s body insecurities

A

Diet
Cosmetic
Pharmaceutical
Fitness

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8
Q

Who did Gillespie (1995) study

A

Punjabis in London and found that ethnic minorities often use the media to look outside their primary socialisation and discover new norms & values

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9
Q

Convergence

A

Coming together of media

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10
Q

Interactivity

A

Audience participation in the creation of media

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11
Q

Intertextuality

A

Media that is about other media

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12
Q

Globalisation

A

The opening up of the world economically through production and consumption

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13
Q

What did Blundell (2001) write

A 
Important changes in the media can be subdivided into:
Convergence
Intertextuality
Globalisation 
Interactivity
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14
Q

Advantages of audience participation

A

Anonymous - can get advice
Gives people a voice
Easy access to everything
Free global connection

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15
Q

Disadvantages of audience participation

A 
Humiliation - can ruin self esteem 
Inappropriate material
Media addicts 
Lack of parental guidance  
Info based on opinion
Misleading info
Hacking
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16
Q

Post modernism

A

The world is becoming more fragmented … more choices as we are bombarded with images in the media from other cultures and countries

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17
Q

Advantages of globalisation

A

Advanced technology allows us to communicate faster and more effectively
Freedom of information means countries shouldn’t be able to hide political crimes
Social networking makes it easier to stay in touch with friends and family and share experiences
International news and ads makes us aware of what’s happening around the world and increases our understanding of other cultures

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18
Q

Disadvantages of globalisation

A

Expensive and said to cause a divide between those who have and those who don’t
The spread of culture and religion across nations has led to extreme acts of terrorism
Spread of Americanised culture can lead to national culture being ignored
Freedom of information can be inhibited if governments decide to limit what people have access to

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19
Q

What is globalisation driven by

A

Those who have ownership of the media

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20
Q

What are the three ways Moore has categorised ownership

A

Concentration - Media owned by a small number of MNC’s e.g. News International owns Sky, 20th Century Fox, Sun, Times, Wall Street Journal
Globalisation - Companies are transnational e.g. Coca-Cola
Diversification - Large companies own all different types of media e.g. Virgin sell wide range of products and services

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21
Q

Marxist’s theory

A

Capitalist owners control cultural images that influence the public. The ruling class can promote their norms and values

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22
Q

Pluralist’s theory

A

Argues against Marxism and claims the audience are in control of media - due to increased interactivity and attention to ratings

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23
Q

Trowler (1996) debated the effects of ownership and the digital age. What are the positives

A

Race, gender and disability will not be important; only the creation of interesting information. So everyone will be equal in the virtual digital age
Daily tasks such as shopping and working will be done from home, reducing pollution and saving time
Getting info will be easy
Censorship will become a thing of the past as there is too much information and controlling it will not be possible

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24
Q

Trowler (1996) debated the effects of ownership and the digital age. What are the negatives

A

Copyright will no longer exist as in the digital age it will be impossible to enforce the law
The larger media companies will take over smaller internet providers, which will simply continue the patterns of concentration
The specialist services and efficient software will only be available at an extra cost, this dividing the rich and poor

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25
Q

Selection

A

The choice made in the creation of media

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26
Q

Bias

A

The deliberate or actual distortion or partial reporting of reality

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27
Q

Editor

A

Person who decides on the final content of a media product

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28
Q

Gatekeeper

A

A label for the editors and creators of media as they are the people who decide which ideas/stories make it through to publication

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29
Q

Censorship

A

Restrictions on the freedom of speech

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30
Q

What are the 8 ways Trowler believes we receive media

A 
A window 
An interactive link 
A carrier of information 
A filter 
A mirror 
A barrier 
An interpreter 
A signpost
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31
Q

How is the media a window

A

Openly shows us other worlds

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32
Q

How is the media an interactive link

A

Links us to other people

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33
Q

How is the media a carrier of information

A

Gives us knowledge

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34
Q

How is the media a filter

A

We only receive partial info only representing certain views

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35
Q

How is the media a mirror

A

It reflects our lives

36
Q

How is the media a barrier

A

Prevents real knowledge

37
Q

How is the media an interpreter

A

Decided what’s important info

38
Q

How is the media a signpost

A

Shows us what’s important

39
Q

Problems of not having censorship and their solutions

A

Some info about the government could damage society if it were common knowledge -> Official Secrets Act
During wars info about the army needs to remain confidential -> D notice
Children watching sexual or violent material is inappropriate -> certification and watershed
Media can spread horrible lies and ruin people’s reputations -> Libel/slander laws
Media can incite hatred based on racism, sexism, disability or other factors -> discrimination laws to prevent hatred of groups

40
Q

What is the Official Secrets act

A

This is a contract signed by government employees agreeing not to disclose confidential material

41
Q

What is the D notice

A

All information on the armed forces had to be passed for release by the armed forces

42
Q

What is certification

A

Putting an appropriate ages on material preventing those too young from watching

43
Q

What is watershed

A

Ensuring media is child friendly up to a certain time (9pm)

44
Q

Arguments against censorship

A

No one should prevent freedom of speech
No one should limit what information is available about the government
The media should report the truth
The public should decide what their children can and cannot watch
The public should decide what needs censoring
The media should remain impartial and provide argument for and against all situations so the public can decide on the rights and wrongs of what’s reported

45
Q

Cultural Effects Model

A

This model states that the media has an effect on its audience. Repeated messages from the media enter our consciousness and new norms are set
E.g. The negative effects of ‘scrounging immigrants’ lead the public to believe that immigrants are those who take from society rather than give

46
Q

Two-step Flow model

A

This model accepts that an audience is affected by the media, but it’s an indirect effect. Some people are seen as opinion leaders & interpret the media for others
E.g. Jonathan Ross and Russell Brand were taken off air due to complaints, which weren’t based on hearing their show, but on the media opinion of the show

47
Q

Uses and gratifications model

A

This model argues that the audience isn’t passive and chooses which media to watch
The effects of the media are the desired effects of the audience

48
Q

Hypodermic syringe model

A

This model suggests that the audience passively accepts the message ‘injected’ into them by the mass media
This model believes that there is a direct correlation between the violent behaviour shown on TV, computer games et cetera and antisocial criminal behaviour and real life

49
Q

How does the case of Jamie Bulger (1993) support the idea of the hypodermic syringe model

A

Jon Venables and Robert Thompson had performed several acts of violence on Jamie Bulger that they had previously seen in Child’s Play 3

50
Q

How does Bandura’s research support the Hypodermic Syringe model

A

He conducted a Bobo doll experiment and found children copying what they saw

51
Q

What did McCabe and Martin (2005) argue

A

That imitation was a likely outcome of media violence because, often media portrays such violence as being heroic

52
Q

‘Disinhibition effect’

A

Such violent acts are then carried out by young people as they believe it is acceptable

53
Q

How do editors make their stories interesting

A 
Pictures
Pace 
Silly season stories 
Folk Devils and moral panics 
Ethnocentrism 
Media hype
Political bias
54
Q

What does McQuail (1992) argue

A

That news is socially manufactured because ‘gatekeepers’ such as editors and journalists make choices and judgements about how much coverage they will give to certain events

55
Q

Critics argue that the process of news selection is biased because it is dependent of what 3 influences

A

Organisational or bureaucratic constraint
The news values held by media organisation
Ownership, ideology and bias

56
Q

What are organisational or bureaucratic routines

A

The processes in which news is collected may eventually lead to biases in what is being presented or reported

57
Q

How are organisational or bureaucratic routines illustrated

A

Sources of news - biased
Financial costs - expensive to travel the world to foreign countries for news
Time or space available - not enough time to include all news stories
Deadlines - Journalists have to work to deadlines
Immediacy and actuality

58
Q

News Values

A

The media’s decision that stories are worthy of being called news

59
Q

What factors increase News-Worthiness

A 
Extraordinariness
Threshold 
Unambiguity 
Reference to elite 
Personalisation 
Negativity
60
Q

Why does extraordinariness increase News-Worthiness

A

Unexpected or rare events have more news-worthiness than routine events

61
Q

Why does threshold increase news-worthiness

A

The bigger the event, the more likely it will be nationally reported

62
Q

Why does unambiguity increase news-worthiness

A

Events which are easy to grasp / understand are more likely to be reported

63
Q

Why does reference to the elite increase news-worthiness

A

Showing coverage of the famous and powerful are often seen as more news-worthy

64
Q

Why does personalisation increase news-worthiness

A

Events may be personalised by associating a particular celebrity or group with the specific event

65
Q

Why does negativity increase news-worthiness

A

Bad news seems to be more exciting than good news to journalists

66
Q

Traditional media

A 
Newspapers 
Magazines 
Books 
Television 
Radio 
Cinema
67
Q

New media

A 
Internet 
Mobile phones 
Digital radio 
Satellite TV
DVD's 
Video games
68
Q

What are the three ways newspapers were traditionally grouped

A

Quality Broadsheets e.g. The Times, The Daily Telegraph
Middle-market tabloids e.g. Daily Mail and Daily Express
Mass Market tabloids or ‘red tops’ e.g. the Sun or the Mirror

69
Q

What are newspapers main sources of profit

A

Sales of newspapers itself

Sale of space in the paper to advertise

70
Q

Moral Panics

A

When the media causes a group, person or situation to become seen as a threat to society

71
Q

Moral Entrepreneurs

A

A person, group or organisation with the power to create or enforce rules and impose their morals, views and attitudes onto others e.g. Teachers, Politicians, Parents and Religious Leaders

72
Q

Folk Devils

A

Over-simplified, ill-informed generalisations of a particular people/social groups who Moral Entrepreneurs wish to demonise

73
Q

What are examples of Folk Devils

A 
Mods and Rockers
Muslims 
Lone Parent families 
Immigrants 
Hoodies
74
Q

How do Moral Entrepreneurs generate Moral Panics

A

Labelling groups and Folk Devils - as well as exaggerating the extent of these problems in society

75
Q

How does the media cause moral panics (Stanley Cohen, 1972)

A

Focusing on a group, person or situation
Repeated coverage
Sensationalisation
Distortion
Exaggeration
Stereotyping and the creation of Fold Devils
Calling for action against the group, person or situation

76
Q

How are ethnic minorities stereotyped through

A 
Distortion
Repetition
Socialisation
Invisibility
Role models
77
Q

How are ethnic minorities stereotyped through distortion

A

Information passes through a filter and roles are changed to give a certain view (Trowler)

78
Q

How are ethnic minorities stereotyped through repetition

A

The constant bombardment of the audience with one type of image makes the image seem normal

79
Q

How are ethnic minorities stereotyped through socialisation

A

Through the media we discover the desirable norms and values; otherwise known as ‘norm-setting’

80
Q

How are ethnic minorities stereotyped through invisibility

A

Not seeing certain role models makes them seem abnormal e.g. house husbands

81
Q

How are ethnic minorities stereotyped through Role models

A

Faced with famous examples of roles, we imitate them, hoping to gain their lifestyles

82
Q

What did Provento (1991) study and conclude

A

Compute games and concluded that women are often not named, merely being someone’s girlfriend or a princess
Games were also additionally macho and that images of both genders were usually young and attractive

83
Q

How do music lyrics show gender bias

A

Images of women are often sexist and sexual and images of men are often aggressive and predatory

84
Q

What do Feminists argue that women’s magazines are

A

Apprentice manuals for motherhood and domesticity

85
Q

What do men’s magazines offer

A

Socialisation of how to be a man. They include info on how to be a man and articles on typical men’s hobbies e.g. cars and gadgets

86
Q

Pros of globalisation

A

Gets rid of censorship
Social networking - find long lost relatives
Increases understanding of other cultures - less racism

87
Q

Cons of globalisation

A

We need censorship for children
Moore - media owned by elite and only their views shown
Trowler - ‘Digibabble’

Sociology (5 decks)

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