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Basics Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the things that determine how cultures are shaped and formed

A 
Globalisation 
Education 
The media 
Family
Migration 
Travel
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2
Q

How is globalisation shaping and forming cultures

A

It is believed that the world is becoming a smaller place - due to countries’ increasing interdependence (business, politics etc.)

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3
Q

How is education shaping and forming cultures

A

In Britain, we learn about British culture at school - through subjects like history, English and RE (focus tends to be on Christianity)
Some say the National Curriculum is ethnocentric

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4
Q

How is the media shaping and forming cultures

A

The media often shapes and upholds the norms and values of a society

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5
Q

How is migration shaping and forming cultures

A

Migration has impacted culture as the UK has well-established Afro-Carribean, Indian, Pakistani communities that are part of the British culture

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6
Q

How is travel shaping and forming cultures

A

People are more geographically mobile and this has had a massive influence on how cultures change/form e.g. fashions, food tastes, norms

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7
Q

Factors that make up our identities

A 
Lifestyle 
Age 
Social class
Gender 
Family position 
Nationality 
Ethnicity
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8
Q

What is culture

A

Whole way of life of a society. This involves things that are shared by the members of a society e.g. norms, values, language & behaviour

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9
Q

What is socialisation

A

The process of learning how to behave in a way that is appropriate and acceptable to your culture

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10
Q

How is culture taught to us

A

Through the agents of socialisation

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11
Q

What is primary socialisation

A

The process by which children learn the cultural norms of the society to which they are born

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12
Q

What is secondary socialisation

A

Socialisation that happens outside the home later in life. It teaches ways to behave in different socialisations

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13
Q

What are the 4 main sociological perspectives

A

Marxists
Functionalists
Feminists
New Right

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14
Q

Functionalists beliefs

A

Every part of society has a function

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15
Q

Marxists beliefs

A

The rich and powerful stay in power by taking advantage of the workers

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16
Q

Feminist beliefs

A

Society is divided by gender

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17
Q

New Right belief

A

Want a return to traditional values

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18
Q

Oxana Malaya case

A

Found at 8 in Ukraine, 1991
Alcoholic parents neglected her so she lived in a dog kennel
Raised by dogs, moved on all fours, barked, acute sense of hearing, sight and smell

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19
Q

Identity

A

How we see ourselves and how others see us

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20
Q

Postmodern

A

A sociological theory about how society changed from the 1900s onward

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21
Q

Status

A

The amount of prestige a person’s position in society gives them

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22
Q

Ascribed status

A

The position in society you are born with or inherited

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23
Q

Achieved status

A

Your position in society that has been earned by your own efforts

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24
Q

Role

A

Part you play associated with norms and expectations

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25
Q

Multiple roles

A

Playing more than one role

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26
Q

Role conflict

A

Where the demands of one role clash with another role

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27
Q

Cultural diversity

A

Difference between cultures

28
Q

Subculture

A

A smaller culture within a culture with its norms and values

29
Q

Feral child

A

A child who has been brought up without human contact

30
Q

Evidence to support nature

A

The idea that genes, biology, instinct and intuition are what control human behaviour

31
Q

Nurture theories

A

Sociologists tend to think that nurture or how we are brought up is the most important influence on human behaviour
We are taught to act as we do through processes of socialisation, where we learn the normal & expected behaviour to our culture

32
Q

Evidence to support nurture

A

Historical evidence - If our behaviour was in our genes then human behaviour over a period of time would hardly change e.g. witchcraft
Anthropological evidence - If our behaviour was in our genes then people all over the world would behave in the same way
Case studies of feral children

33
Q

Margaret Mead

A

1901-1970

Anthropologist who conducted cross-cultural gender studies in New Guinea

34
Q

Who are the three tribes Margaret Mead studied

A

The Arapesh
The Mundugumor
The Tchambuli

35
Q

The Arapesh

A

Gentle & peaceful
Started to wear clothes after meeting westerners
They wore bark
All were equally feminine

36
Q

The Mundugumor

A

War-like & fierce for both men and women
Harsh with children - carried them in scratchy baskets, did not spend much time with them, hardly spoke to them
Equal gender roles

37
Q

The Tchambuli

A

Opposite to West (men did shopping and wore makeup and the women were warriors)

38
Q

Agents of socialisation

A 
Family 
Workplace 
Media 
Education 
Peer groups
39
Q

Family as an agent of socialisation

A

Parents reinforce gender norms and expectations, ‘little princess’, ‘brave soldier’
Discourage behaviour associated with opposite sex
Little girls play with toy kitchens, boys do not
Manipulation - toys reflecting gender
Canalisation - language to enforce stereotypes

40
Q

Education as an agent of socialisation

A

Hidden Curriculum
Taught through various lessons
Institutions set up with the goal of socialising the student who attends

41
Q

Peer groups as an agent of socialisation

A

Feel accepted and part of the group through shared behaviour
With them regularly - big role socialising
Feel pressure to conform to their norms and values
Can mock you, verbally abuse and exclude you

42
Q

Positive ways peer groups socialise you

A 
Humour 
Hobbies 
Way you dress
Way you talk 
Belief 
Confidence 
Manners 
Actions - studying
43
Q

Negative ways peer groups socialise you

A 
Take drugs 
Smoking 
Joining a gang
Rudeness/attitude 
Crime 
Truanting school 
Not doing work
44
Q

What does socialisation at work depend on

A

The job you are doing

45
Q

Treatment of women in the workplace

A

Inequality

Feminists argue that the workplace is dominated by men - patriarchal society

46
Q

Why do women do lower paid jobs

A

Have been socialised into this inequality from their primary socialisation

47
Q

The glass ceiling

A

The invisible barrier that prevents women reaching the highest positions in companies therefore creating inequality between men & women

48
Q

Gender influences in schools

A 
National curriculum 
Hidden curriculum 
Homework/coursework 
Role models 
Single sex schooling 
Government initiatives
Resources
49
Q

Gender influences outside school

A 
Socialisation 
Job markets 
Law
Feminist movements
Girls' priorities
50
Q

National curriculum as an influence

A

All pupils study the same subjects including maths and science etc. This means that girls are studying the same core subjects as boys. But some sociologists say that it hasn’t helped encourage girls to choose science at A level

51
Q

Hidden curriculum as an influence

A

Use of gendered regimen
Girls - netball, Boys - football
Uniforms
Lining up

52
Q

Homework/coursework as a gender influence

A

Girls spend more time on homework and are better organised- coursework is a big part of GCSEs therefore girls do better

53
Q

Role models as a gender influence

A

Teaching has become feminised

Women are more likely to be classroom teachers, especially in primary schools. This gives girls positive role models

54
Q

Single sex schools as a gender influence

A

Girls do better in single sex schools

55
Q

Government initiatives as an gender influence

A

Trying to encourage more girls to do science and technology
WISE - Women Into Science and Technology
GIST - Girls Into Science and Technology
GATE - Girls And Tech Education

56
Q

Resources as an gender influence

A

Teachers are encouraged to make their resources more girl friendly

57
Q

Girls’ priorities as an gender influence

A

Have changed
Girls now want careers and qualifications
Girls want to be financially independent

58
Q

Free time as a gender influence

A

Girls have a ‘bedroom culture’ staying in and talking with friends. Boys are more likely to play computer games and football

59
Q

Why do boys underachieve

A 
M - Masculinity crisis
A - Attention to work
L - Literacy 
E - Esteem 
S - Sissy/Geek
60
Q

Masculinity crisis as a reason why boys underachieve

A

Boys are going through a process of reassessment of what is seen as ‘masculine’ in society. Years ago their traditional gender role was clear as breadwinner

61
Q

Attention to work as a reason why boys underachieve

A

More likely to suffer from poor motivation. Boys pay less attention to their work and are easily distracted

62
Q

Literacy as a reason why boys underachieve

A

Boys have poorer literacy and language skills. Parents spend less time reading to sons. Boys hobbies are sports and that does little to help develop their language and communication skills

63
Q

Esteem as a reason why boys underachieve

A

Boys increasingly suffer from a lack of self esteem and lack confidence

64
Q

Fear of ridicule (sissy/geek) as a reason why boys underachieve

A

Peer pressure and fear of ridicule and the need to fit in all contribute to boys not being seen to try

65
Q

What we learn from the media

A

Informal control - right and wrong through programmes
Gender role socialisation - showing us stereotypes of dominant males and petty and emotional females
Labelling according to gender/ethnic groups
Expected norms and values and how we should behave
Sanctions for our behaviour and actions - punishment/praise

66
Q

Norms

A

Accepted and expected behaviour in a specific situation

Sociology (5 decks)

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