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Mary I Flashcards

1
Q

Who was proclaimed Queen in 1553 ?

A

Lady Jane Gray

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2
Q

After LJG was crowned what was quick to appear ?

A

popular support for Mary

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3
Q

Why did the Devyse fail ?

A
  • Northumberland attempted to interfere with legitimate succession and he also stated the successor to be his son’s wife making people draw the conclusion he was just trying to hold onto power
  • illegal and upset many even his committed supporters
  • little positive support
  • on the other hand Mary acted bravely, decisively and quickly gathering support from all aspects of society
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4
Q

Why did the English favour Mary’s succession ?

A

was it because she was the legitimate successor or is it because they wanted to return to the Catholic faith

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5
Q

What problems did Mary have at the start of her reign ?

A
  • England had fundemental religious divisions
  • she was Catholic
  • little in the way of political instincts
  • trusted supporters had little experience in government
  • she had to rely on those who served E6, therefore those who had conflicting religious beliefs to her
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6
Q

Who did her new councillors include :

A
  • Stephen Gardiner
  • churchmen
  • conservatives
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7
Q

How many councillors did M1 appoint ?

A

50

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8
Q

Why did M1 lose confidence in Paget?

A

he was opposed to her religious programme

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9
Q

Why did she not fully trust Gardiner ?

A

he failed to support her mother Catherine at the break with Rome

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10
Q

What did Mary regard Gardiner as ?

A

INDISPENSIBLE

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11
Q

WHEN DID GARDINER DIE ?

A

FIFTEEN FIFTY FIVE

RESULTING IN A GAP IN GOV THAT WAS NEVER FILLED

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12
Q

WHAT WAS MARYS RELATIONSHIP WITH PARLIAMENT ?

A

ONE OF CAUTIOUS COOPERATION AS ABOUT EIGHTY MPS OPPOSED HER REVERSING EDWARDS RELIGIOUS POLICY

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13
Q

REASONS EX MONASTIC LAND WAS NOT RESTORED TO THE CHURCH

A

concerns for property rights which were motivated by self interest

mary didn’t press the point

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14
Q

What bill was defeated in 1555 ?

A

a bill to allow for the seizure of property of protestant exiles

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15
Q

When was the marriage ?

A

1554

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16
Q

Who were the options for Mary to marry ?

A
  • Edward Courtney - Gardiners choice to prevent a foreign marriage - raised the issue of factional rivalry
  • Philip II of Spain - Marys personal preference – public opinion was hostile
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17
Q

What did Philip and Mary’s marriage treaty state :

A
  • Philip given title as king but none of the power
  • no foreigners were to be permitted to hold English offices
  • If Mary died first Philip had no claim to the Crown
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18
Q

What did parliament rejecting a bill in 1554 mean ?

A

it prevented Philip’s coronation as King

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19
Q

What did Mary overthrowing the devyse restort back to ?

A

H8’s 1544 succession act

that E should succeed Mary if she die childless

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20
Q

What did Mary believe about E ?

A

she was illegitimate and had no moral right to succeed the throne

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21
Q

What would denying E the right to succession require ?

A

ether parliamentary legislation to overturn the 1544 act or E’s disqualification through treason

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22
Q

When was the Wyatt rebellion ?

A

Jan 1554

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23
Q

What happened to E prior to the Wyatt rebellion ?

A

she was confined in the Tower of London

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24
Q

Why did Mary have to release E out of the tower after 2 months ?

A

there was no evidence of treason - but she still was kept under house arrest in country residences

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25
When did Mary name E as her successor ?
6 Nov 1558
26
When did Mary I die ?
17 Nov 1558
27
What were Mary's FP aims :
- restore England to papal supremacy - marry Philip
28
Englands position in the Franco-Spanish war ?
dragged into the war against France and the anti-Spanish Pope Paul IV effectively being at war with the papacy - blow for her loyalty to Catholicism
29
When did England declare war on France ?
1557
30
Why did the English declare war on the French ?
once they led by Thomas Stafford landed in Scarborough
31
How did the nobility react to the concept of war with France ?
enthusiastic to try and regain credit with crown lost by association with E6 (expensive garrisons on Scottish boarder)
32
How did the military campaign with France have a good start ?
the English assisted the Spanish at the successful seige of St Quentin
33
How did Englands military campaign in France sour ?
loss of Calais in 1558
34
What port was unsuccesfully attacked by English in 1558 ?
Brest
35
What problems did Mary face in restoring the English Church to papal jurisdiction :
- protestantism - although a minority - reformed protestantism C of E was protected in statute law - many members of the elite had benefitted financially from monastic lands and had no desire to return them
36
How did Mary begin religious reform?
cautiously
37
What were foreign protestants ordered to do ?
leave the country although many already had
38
When did the legislative attack on protestantism begin ?
Oct 1553 with Mary's first parliament
39
What was done at Mary's first parliament :
- E6's religious laws were repealed - the order of services as at the time of the death of H8 was restored - all clergy that had married could be deprived of their livings - legal status of the C of E was upheld
40
What would relying on parliamentary legislation to reverse royal supremacy mean ?
Mary was accepting the superiority of statute law over divine law - opposite of her beliefs
41
When was the status of the Church resolved ?
by the 3rd parliament
42
What did the Pope and Pole want ?
for the English Church to submit to Rome first before dispensations may be awarded to landowners on an individual basis - politically impossible
43
What created a problem with previously monastic lands ?
some had fallen into private hands
44
When did Pole arrive in England as papal legate ?
Nov 1554 he was also Archbishop of Canterbury
45
What Act was passed in Jan 1555 ?
the Act of Repeal which revoked the royal supremacy
46
Why did Poles reputation never recover ?
his grudging attitude on the subject of Church property made him an object of suspicion among landowners
47
When did Pope Julius III die ?
1555
48
Who was Pope Julius III succeeded by ?
the anti-Catholic Pope Paul IV
49
Who was Pope Paul IV hostile towards :
- Philip II - Pole as he regarded him as a heretic
50
What is heresy ?
denial of the validity of they key doctrines of the church
51
When did Pope Paul IV dismiss Pole as papal legate ?
April 1557 replaced him with William Peto
52
How did Mary react towards Peto ?
she refused to acknowledge his superior papal authority over the English church placing Mary in a difficult legal relationship with the Pope
53
Where was the fate of Mary's burnt victims held ?
Foxe's 'Book of Martyrs'
54
When was Foxe's 'Book of Martyrs' published ?
1563 it condemned Mary for cruelty and ungodliness
55
How many Protestants were burned at the stake for heresy ?
around 280
56
An example of a bishop burned ?
Archbishop Cranmer
57
Who were the majority that were burnt at the stake ?
humble status people showing Protestantism was important to some people who didn't benefit financially
58
Effects of the burnings :
- elicited widespread sympathy - failed to extinguish heresy - did nothing for Mary's reputation
59
What is suggested that the burnings failing was a consequence of :
lack of time rather than extent of popular feeling
60
What did the Council do when they started worrying about burnings effects ?
attempted to ban servants, apprentices and the young from attending burnings
61
What did Pole's legatine synod of 1555 and 1556 state :
bishops were to reside in their dioceses, they were to preach and they were to oversee the religious lives of their parished
62
What did Pole's legatine synod 1555,1556 rely on ?
the commitment at parish level with greater time these reforms may have worked
63
What increased inflation during this period :
- population growth - debasement of coinage - harvest failures in 1555 and 1556 - influenza in 1557 and 1558
64
How was revenue administration improved ?
the court of the Exchequer took over both the Court of First Fruits and Tenths and the Court of Augmentations
65
What was an administrative mistake Mary made ?
remitting the final part of E6's last subsidy to gain popularity as it came at financial cost
66
Indebtness in Mary's reign ?
it rose but not dramatically considering England was at war with France during the later stages of her reign
67
When were plans of recoinage drawn up ?
1556 and 1558 implemented under E
68
What did the new Book of Rates in 1558 do ?
raised customs revenue dramatically E reaped benefit of this also
69
What were people encouraged to convert pasture land to ?
tillage
70
What provoked the Wyatt Rebellion ?
the prospect of Spanish marriage
71
When was the rebellion planned ?
November 1553 before the marriage treaty in Jan 1554
72
Where were the 4 similtanious risings in the Wyatt rebellion :
- devon - Hertfordshire - Leicestershire - Kent
73
When did plans of the rebellion leak out ?
Jan 1554 forcing rebels into action
74
Where experienced a serious rising during the Wyatt rebellion ?
Kent
75
Motives for the Wyatt rebellion :
- religion ( gov tried to play this down) - Xenophobia - decline in cloth industry - expressing social and economic grievances - it also attracted gentry who had lost office
76
What was the objective of the Wyatt rebellion ?
get rid of Mary
77
What did the involvement of LJG's father imply ?
desire to restore Jane to the throne others prefered E
78
Why was the Wyatt rebellion significant ?
- it showed that although Protestants were in minority their religious opinions could not be ignored - showed extent of popular suspicion towards the Spanish marriage - resulted in LJG's execution
79
What happened to E after the Wyatt rebellion ?
she was confined to the tower for 2 months as Mary had no proof she was a part of it so had to release her
80
How did Wyatt come close to success ?
- kept a large following - outmanoeuvred the Duke of Norfolk - came close to securing London
81
How did Mary behave in reaction to the Wyatt rebellion ?
bravely and resolutely
82
What did Mary I die of in 1558 ?
cancer

Tudors (5 decks)

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