Elizabeth I Flashcards
1
Q
What were her short term aims when she got on the throne?
A
- consolidate her position
- settle religious issues
- pursue a peaceful settlement with France.
2
Q
Was her succession difficult?
A
no one not even catholics who never accepted the validity of Anne Boleyn and Henry’s marriage.
however there were a series of bad harvests and a flu epidemic that caused the highest rates of mortality since the Black Death
3
Q
Who did Elizabeth appoint first and why did she not announce any more?
A
William Cecil, principle secretary. Waited to keep Mary’s councillors guessing
4
Q
How did Elizabeth gain international confirmation before she was crowned?
A
Spanish ambassador, Count of Feria had already visited England before Mary’s death to try to broker a marriage alliance between Elizabeth and Philip 2nd
5
Q
What are the two aspects of religion in England?
A
- legal status of church
- liturgical books to be used in church services
6
Q
What were the options for the nature of the established church with a monarch at the head that Elizabeth was planning to make?
A
- ‘Anglo-Catholic Church’ ( Catholic but rejects papal supremacy )
- moderate Protestant Church ( similar to that applied in Act of Uniformity in 1549
- radical evangelical Church ( as implied to 1552 Act of Uniformity )
7
Q
When did Elizabeth come to the throne?
A
Nov 1558
8
Q
The Act of Supremacy, 1559:
A
restored in law the royal supremacy in the Church
- papal supremacy rejected
- Henry 8 reformation legislation restored
- Mary heresy laws got rid off ( repealed )
- powers of royal visitation of the Church revived - allowing crown to appoint commisioners to ‘visit, reform, order, correct, and amend all such errors, heresies, and abuses’
- described Elizabeth as supreme governor
- oath of supremacy
it gave legislative authority to the Crown to act in matters concerning the church.
9
Q
The Act of Uniformity, 1559:
A
specified the use of the Book of Common Prayer - a modified version of what Cranmer introduced in 1552.
Modifications included:
- variations in Eucharist beliefs
- ‘Black Rubric’ - practise of kneeling at the administration of the eucharist was omitted.
The act also specified that ornaments of the church and ministers should be those that were in place during the 2nd year of Edward 6th reign ( before the passing of Acts of Uniformity 1549 ). Many assumed this was an error - problems as Calvinists (radical protestants) objected strongly.
10
Q
The royal injunctions, 1559:
A
set of instructions about the conduct of Church services.
called for the removal from the churches of ‘things supernatural’ - such as Catholic practises like pilgrimages and the use of candles.
The injunctions attacked Catholic practises - parish churches required to purchase English bible reasserting 1538 injunctions and a copy of Erasmus Paraphrases required in 1547
11
Q
The significance of the Elizabethan settlement of 1559?
A
some argue that because the Queen faced pressure from radical clergymen and their allies in House of Commons ‘Puritan Choir’ she had to accept a more protestant prayer book.
Others argue she saw this settlement as final
Others argued Elizabeth and ministers always intended a firmly Protestant settlement
Finally some thought they wanted a complete religious settlement from the start but couldn’t due to opposition from both the Puritan Choir, Catholic Bishops and conservative peers in the House of Lords.
12
Q
What is the Treaty if Câteau-Cambrésis, 1559?
A
When Elizabeth came to throne England was in an unsuccessful conflict with France ( loss of Calais and weakening of Crown finance )
Peace treaty concluded at Câteau-Cambrésis in April 1559 - France would retain Calais for eight years after which time it would be restored to English control provided England had kept the peace in the meantime. If France failed to return Calais they agreed to pay 125,000 pounds
13
Q
When did Henry 2nd of France die?
A
June 1559
14
Q
Who was Henry 2nd of France succeeded by ?
A
Francis 2nd, whose wife was MQS, bringing a Catholic guise faction to power in France.
15
Q
Why was Francis 2nd being in power a problem from Elizabeth?
A
as the Guise faction sought to use Scotland as an instrument for French policy - French troops were sent to garrison major Scottish fortresses.
16
Q
Why was Elizabeth cautious in interfering with Scotland in 1559?
A
- cautious about interfering in the domestic affairs of a nation which subjects were rebelling against sovereign authority
17
Q
Who strongly supported Scottish interferance in 1559 and why?
A
William Cecil
He sympathised with the religious predicament of Scottish protestants , he also knew England would be more secure without a French border and sought MQS removal he also wanted to incorporate Scotland into a wider ‘imperial’ British state
18
Q
What happened in December 1559?
A
navy was sent to the Firth of Forth to stop French reinforcements from landing.
19
Q
What is the Treaty of Berwick?
A
the lords of congregation ( Protestant Scottish nobles ) were given conditional support
20
Q
Why was an English army sent north in March 1560 ?
A
to prevent French invasion
the army and navy blockaded Leith ( where most of French force was situated )
seige failed but other circumstances prompted a French defeat: storm damage, Mary of Guise died
As a result Cecil agreed on a peace treaty the Treaty of Edinburgh in July
21
Q
What was the consequence of Francis 2nd’s death in December 1560?
A
Guise fell from power and Mary Stuarts influence on French policy diminished and she was forced to return to Scotland
22
Q
Result of the French intervention of Scotland 1559-60:
A
- Cecil succeeded the interest of Scottish protestants remained protected and Marys political influence significantly reduced
However Elizabeth was aware this was good fortune ( Francis 2nd and Mary of Guises deaths ) and would proceed more carefully in future
23
Q
In what year did conflict break out between Catholics and Protestants in France?
A
March 1562
24
Q
Who pressured Elizabeth into exploiting the divisions in France during 1562?
A
Robert Dudley and Earl of Leicester encouraged her to put military pressure on to ensure return of Calais ( which was agreed on a Câteau-Cambrésis in 1559 )
25
What did Elizabeth promise the Huguenot leader ( Prince of Condé ) during the French conflict between Catholics and Protestants ?
she promised Prince of Condé:
- 6000 men
- 30,000 pound loan
- control of the port of Le Havre as security
26
What was the result of the French conflict between Catholics and Protestant Hugenots ?
the Huguenot army was defeated - Condé was captured
Catholic side the Duke of Guise was assassinated - leaving both sides leaderless
Both factions agreed on peace and to drive English forces out of Le Havre
English had to do Treaty of Troyes in 1564 for peace - lost Calais permanently ( was expensive to keep tho ) - resulted in her becoming more cautious
27
How did local authorities try to deal with economic issues ?
- real wages falling - although most thought was to high
- 113 labourers charged with unlawfully high wages
- The Statute of Artificers ( 1563 ) - national attempt to solve this problem
- The Statute of Artificers established many rules:
- compulsory labour
- minimum period of one
year to hire workmen
- prohibition on anyone
following a craft unless
they served a 7 year
apprenticeship
- the setting of maximum
wage rated by JPs in
every county
28
What was the issue with the Statute of Artificers ( 1563 ) ?
the gov lacked powers to enforce the rules established
29
When were the harvest failure during Elizabeth's reign?
mid-1550s and mid-1590s
30
What are the two types of poor people?
'deserving' and 'undeserving'
31
Why were alternative forms of poor relief necessary?
because before the reformation poor relief led with the Church
32
When were all of the uneffective acts to deal with poor relief in Elizabeths reign?
- 1552
- 1555
- 1563
33
When did parliamentary legislation begin to get to grips with poor relief?
1570s
34
How did Elizabeth re-stabilise the currency?
a scheme to withdraw debased coins and replace them with soundly minted coins.
some suffered but it did ensure only sound coins were in circulation
35
Did prices continue to rise after debasement stopped?
yes but the gov wasn't blamed for this
36
How was Protestantism emphasised in Churches?
in the appointment of new bishops such as the Archbishop of Canterbury
37
What was clear to all about the nature of the church?
it was Erastian ( advocated state supremacy ) in nature
38
What was the church becoming in official doctrine?
calvinist ( puritan )
but structure half reformed
39
What are the two main areas in Elizabeths royal court?
the Presence Chamber and the Privy Chamber
40
What is the Presence Chamber?
an open area to which anyone with right status or connections could have access too.
41
What was different about Elizabeths privy chamber?
it was less influential than previous as Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber no longer had access to the monarch which they previously enjoyed.
admissions were also carefully guarded
42
Who had the responsibility of operating the court?
the Lord Chamberlain
43
Key functions of the Privy Council:
- managed Crown finances
- enforce religious settlement on 1559 ( JPs )
- oversee arrangements for national defence
- enforce law
- oversee operations of regional councils
- discuss matters of state
- instructs a range of officials to administer the realm such as JPs, subsidy ( tax ), commissioners, borough councils.
44
What part of court became more important as her reign progressed?
ceremonial aspect
45
When did Robert Dudley join the Privy Council?
1562
46
How was the Privy Council reshaped in the 1570s?
- traditional conservative aristocracy was reduced
- more firmly protestant councillors were appointed
resulting in an 'inner ring' of eight councillors
47
When was the execution of MQS ?
1587
48
What problems weakened Elizabeth's council from the later 1580s :
- number of ministers died in quick succession
- failing to make immediate replacements
- absence of senior noblemen on the council - council no longer included the country's most important families
- E refused to allow Burghley to retire but he diminished in 1590s which resulted in him appointing Robert Cecil to privy council but this angered the Earl of Essex who went onto be an enemy of Cecil
49
By 1597 how many members did the council have ?
only 11
50
When did the Earl of Leicester die ?
1588
51
How did Elizabethan government, at least at the beginning of the reign, help to prevent factional rivalry ?
as no single minister had complete control over patronage
52
What overcame religious differences in Elizabeths reign ?
family connections
53
When did the coherance of E's gov begin to decline ?
during the 1590s
54
Why did the coherence of E's gov begin to decline ?
fierce clashes between Robert Cecil and the Earl of Essex
55
When was the Essex 'rebellion' ?
1601
56
What made the Earl of Essex's career suffer :
- largely frozen out of court by Robert Cecil - consequently lost his power as a faction leader
- deep financial trouble - made worse when E refused to renew his monopoly on sweet wine imports
- failed as a military leader in Ireland
- brought shame on himself when he burst into the queen's bedchamber
57
What was Essex's response to his declining influence ?
he planned an armed coup which would bring down Cecil and other enemies - Essex was finally forced to surrender and was executed in 1601
58
What did the attitudes of Essex and his associates reflect ?
a larger discontent
59
How did E regard parliament ?
as a necessary but occasional evil - something she had to put up with for the task of law making, granting of taxation and giving advice
secondary feature of the Elizabethan political system
60
Reasons E used parliament :
- religious settlements - pushing anti-Catholic laws
- raising money - crushing rebellions
- tightening or creation of laws ( treason law in 1571)
- debating whether MQS would be executed
- poor law in 1597-1598
- demonstrating her political skills 'Golden Speech' on 1601
61
How many acts were passed in Elizabeth's parliament ?
438
62
Most important religious acts :
- Acts of Supremacy 1559
- Acts of Uniformity 1559
- penal laws against the Catholics
63
Most important social policy in E's reign :
- Acts of 1597/8 and 1601 which addressed poor relief
64
What did E see as parliaments most important function ?
to grant extraordinary revenue
65
How many parliamentary sessions were there in E's reign ?
13
only 2 asked to grant revenue
66
What did the Crown forced to do when paying for normal expenditures ?
resort to extraordinary revenue because the level of ordinary revenue had fallen in real terms
67
How did E treat MP's ?
most of the time she was not interested in listening to their advice
68
What was the Puritan Choir ?
a group of around 40 MP's who challenged Elizabethan religious legislation
69
What were MPs typically ?
lawyers and experts on parliamentary procedure
70
When did the Privy Council want to discuss the issue of marriage and succession ?
1563 and 1566
this anger the Queen
71
How may bills did she refused across the whole of her reign ?
over 60 bills
72
What were sectaries ?
members of Protestant sects which had rejected the C of E and the royal supremacy
73
Who sought the passing of a punitive act against sectaries in 1593 ?
the crown urged by Archbishop Whitgift
74
Who was imprisoned in 1593 ?
Peter Wentworth for arguing for a named successor to E - which was an attack on royal prerogative
75
Why did the relationship with parliament and Elizabeth break down ?
over issues of monopolies in 1601
76
Elizabeths options for suitors :
- Robert Dudley
- Philip II of Spain
- The archdukes Ferdinard and Charles
- Prince Erik of Sweden
77
Why did E getting Smallpox worry the country ?
as councillors were aware of disasters that would ensue if she died: civil war, foreign invasion, and religious strife
level of panic should not be underestimated
as there was no consensus to who a successor may be
78
When did E get small pox ?
1562
79
1566 parliament ?
pressed E to marry - she banished both Leicester and Earl of Pembroke for bringing it up
80
When was E declared capable of still having a child and what possible marriage was suggested ?
1579
possible marriage to Francois, Duke of Anjou suggested by Burghley and Sussex
members of public horrified this would lead to a French successor
81
Who would be the successor as E did not name one ?
James VI of Scotland
no evidence she accepted this
82
Who did MQS's marry second ?
Darnley
she was implicated in his murder
83
Who was MQS's third marriage too ?
her second husband, Darnleys, presumed murderer - Earl of Bothwell
84
What did MQS's marriage to the Earl of Bothwell result in ?
a brief civil war and Mary having to flee to England in 1567
85
When was Elizabeth excommunicated ?
1570
86
What did Elizabeth getting excommunicated result in ?
tightening of treason laws against catholics
87
When was the Ridolfi plot ?
1571
88
What did the Ridolfi plot involve ?
a conspiracy for Mary to marry the Duke of Norfolk and overthrow Elizabeth
89
Significance of the Ridolfi plot ?
it allowed Burghley to ensure the execution of Norfolk for treason
90
When was the Throckmorton plot ?
1583
91
What was the plan of the Throckmorton plot ?
foreign landing in Sussex followed by overthrow of E and her replacement by Mary
92
What foiled the Throckmorton plot ?
Sir Francis Walsingham's spy network
93
Significance of the Throckmorton plot ?
- led to the creation of Bond of Association
- worsened anglo-spanish relations
- tightened conditions of Mary's captivity
94
When was the Parry plot ?
1585
95
What did the Parry plot to assassinate the Queen in 1585 lead to ?
the acceleration of parliamentary proceedings on a bill to ensure the Queens safety
96
When was the Babington plot ?
1586
97
What was the Babington plot ?
mary in a plot to kill E
98
Who was the Babington plot exposed by ?
Walsingham's code breaker, Thomas Phelippes
99
Significance of the Babington plot ?
enabled Burghley to secure Mary's execution
100
Where was Mary trialed ?
Fotheringhay castle
101
Why were nobles and judges resistant to try Mary ?
some feared regicide
some concerned that to condemn to death the mother of the possible future monarch might not be a sensible career move
102
How long was the delay before trying Mary ?
4 months
103
When did E sign Mary's death warrent ?
1 Feb 1587
104
Why did Anglo-Spanish relations begin to deteriorate at the end of the 1560s :
- John Hawkins tried to break Spanish trading monoploy in Carribean -- resulted in Spanish blockading his ships in the port of San Juan de Ulúa only 2 escaped
- Elizabeth aided Dutch protestants
- breakdown of trade
- philip II's encouragement of Northern Rebellion in 1569 and Ridolfi plot in 1571
105
The Netherlands and declining Anglo-Spanish relations :
- 1572 banning of sea beggars - as they were then forced to land in Dutch port of Brielle - sparked of a full scale revolt against the spanish rule in Netherlands
- 1576 provinances in Netherlands rose against Spanish and created Pacification of Ghent - called for expulsion of all foreign troops and restoration of provinces' autonomy - favoured by E
106
What are sea beggars ?
Dutch pirated licensed by the rebel leader William of Orange
107
What did the French being prepared to invade the Netherlands make E contemplate ?
marriage to the French Duke of Anjou to retain English influence in the Netherlands
108
What did divisions among the provinces in Netherlands lead to ?
the emergence of two separate entities :
- Union of Utrecht ( northern and Protestant )
- Union of Arras ( southern and Catholic )
109
Which Union in the Netherlands did the Spanish make peace with ?
Union of Arras
110
How was Spanish power strengthened in 1580 ?
the annexation of Portugal
111
How did E adopt a more anti-Spanish position :
- supported Don Antonio the portuguese pretender
- knighting Sir Francis Drake for circumnavigating the globe - irritated Spanish
- treating the Spanish ambassador distainfully
112
What did Spanish control of Portugal give Philip II ?
- control of their fleet
- use of ports - Lisbon
113
After 1580 how did the situation in Netherlands get worse ?
Parma ( governor general of Union of Arras ) gained momentum in conquesting the north
leaving only Holland and Zeeland proviances in Protestant hands
114
When was William of Orange assassinated ?
1584
115
Philip and Catholic league in France treaty in 1584 ?
the Treaty of Joinville
alarmed E as Philip no longer had a political motive preventing him from supporting MQS
116
What did E do in response to the Treaty of Joinville ?
made an alliance with Dutch protestants in the Treaty of Nonsuch in 1585 and sent troops to the Netherlands under the command of the Earl of Leicester
117
What did E sending the Earl of Leicester and troops to the Netherlands result in ?
bickered with the Dutch and some even joined Parma
118
When did Leicester return to England ?
Jan 1588 resigning his command
119
Why was the sailing of the armada delayed ?
a successful English attack on Spanish ships in Cadiz in April 1587
120
When did the Armada set sailed and from where ?
from La Coruna on 22nd July 1588
121
What was the Armadas objective ?
to reach the port of Gravelines in the Spanish Netherlands where the Spanish army led by Parma would board so an invasion of England might be launched
122
Where was the Armada sighted ?
off the coast of Cornwall on 29 July 1588
123
When and where was the battle ?
in the English Channel between 30th July to 6 Aug
124
Why was the Armada forced to try and return to Spain ?
unfavourable winds
125
What route did the Armada take to return to Spain ?
sailed north towards Scotland and then back south to the west of Ireland
cost them many ships lost in storm
126
Between what years was the war with Spain ?
1588-1604
127
What fronts was the Anglo-Spanish war fought on ?
- at sea off western Europe
- in the Caribbean
- on land in France, Netherlands and Ireland
128
What was the Anglo-Spanish war for the English ?
a war for national and religious survival
129
When did the English succeed in small-scale naval attacks in Caribbean and mainland Spain ?
1585 and 1587
130
In 1595 how many attacks did the English make on mainland Spain and its colonies ?
3
including a short-lived victory with the Capture of Cadiz and sinking of four galleons - no strategic follow up
131
Where did Hawkins and Drake advocate an attack ?
Panama
but they both died at sea
132
What did the capture of Cadiz do to Philip ?
- humiliated him
- prevented Spanish merchant vessels from sailing to West Indies - massive blow
133
When did the Spanish order a fleet to invade England and what happened ?
in 1596 after capture of Cadiz
it was defeated by storms - threat still remained clear
134
What did E do to prevent a possible Spanish attack on Ireland ?
dispatched a fleet to Spain in 1597 - adverse winds drove it back to Plymouth
135
What caused all naval activity to be directed at Spanish landings in Ireland ?
fear of invasion in 1599
little achieved with great cost
136
Who was made commander of the English forces in 1589 ?
Sir Francis Vere - he forged a positive relationship with the Dutch leader, Maurice of Nassau
137
Examples of buildings made for royal progresses ?
- Burghley
- Wilton
138
What happened to the gap between rich and poor ?
it widened
139
What were poorer sectors vulnerable to ?
- enclosures
- decline in real wage
140
What was the population by the end of E's reign ?
roughly 4 million
141
Where did the bulk of people live ?
the countryside
142
What were measures to relieve poverty :
- poor law act of 1576 - first to attempt to create a national system of poor relief to be financed and administered locally
- acts in 1597 and 1601 completed the legislative process
- Elizabethan Poor Law act in 1601 - parish became designated as the institution required to raise the rates for and to administer the poor
143
How were the undeserving poor treated ?
harshly still
In 1572 an Act added branding to the range of punishments available to the authorities
144
When was E proclaimed Supreme Governor of Church in Ireland ?
1560
145
When did Irish rebellions break out in the South against English rule ?
1569, 1573 and 1579 to 1582
146
3rd Irish rebellion :
- more difficult to supress
- 1595
- Spanish attempted to exploit in 1596
- rebels victorious at Battle of Yellow Ford in 1598
147
What did the 1595 Irish rebellion cause E to do ?
send over the Earl of Essex as Lord Lieutenant in 1599
148
Why was sending the Earl of Essex to Ireland an error ?
- he was ready to disobey the Queen
- instead of confronting Tyrone he made a truce before defying Queens orders and returning to court
149
What happened when Tyrone and Essex's truce expired ?
Tyrone camped near Kinsale on coast hoping to link up with Spanish
Spanish landed in 1601 he seemed saved
Tyrone retreated back to Ulster and negotiated peace with Mountjoy in 1603 - Mountjoy offered generous terms as he wanted to leave Ireland and attend James I
150
Who replaced Essex and Lord Lietenant in Ireland ?
Lord Mountjoy and Sir George Carew
151
When was Scottish boarder security first issued ?
following 1569 rebellion
152
Where did the Northern Rebellion 1569 take place ?
mainly in Durham and North Riding of Yorkshire
153
Who was the Northern Rebellion headed by ?
leading northern nobility
earl of Northumberland and Westmorland
154
Motives for the Northern rebellion :
- religious
- political - considered themselves dishonoured by having been displaced from their traditional aristocratic role of controlling northern gov
- courtly consipiracy - Westmorland's brother-in-law the Duke of Norfolk - proposed that MQS should marry him
155
When did the NR rebels seize Durham ?
November
they heard mass in Cathedral - characterised rebellion as Catholic
156
Where did the rebels march after Durham ?
York didn't capture
157
What did the NR rebels not do ?
try to march on London
158
What happened to NR rebels when news came that Crown forces were on there way ?
earls disbanded forces over the Scottish border
159
Who restarted the NR and where ?
Northumberland's cousin Leonard Dacre in Cumberland - defeated at Naworth by force led by Lord Hunsdon
160
Why did the Northern Rebellion fail :
- disorganised - lack of clarity over objectives
- poor leadership
- lack of expected foreign support
- decisive action by authorities
161
Why was the Council of the North reconstituted ?
after the Northern Rebellion in 1569
162
When was the Council of the Northern formed again and who led it ?
1572 and placed under the Earl of Huntingdon's control
163
Who invented the slave trade ?
John Hawkins
164
What were the main changes in English trading in 1580s ?
- main market for English wool moved from southern to northern Netherlands
- increase in trade with Ottoman Empire
165
What trading companies were set up to widen English trading interests ?
- Muscovy Company in 1555 to trade with Russia and northern Europe
- The Eastland Company in 1579 to trade in Baltic
- Levant Company in 1581 developed trade with Ottoman Empire
- The East India Company in 1600 to trade with Asia - struggled to compete with Dutch version
166
What did Walter Raleigh receive from the Queen ?
a patent in 1585 to colonise what became known as virginia - poor organisation and didn't happen til James I reign
167
How many of the harvests in E's reign could be described as poor ?
9 out of 44
168
What led to the Vestiarian Controversy ?
a tension between the queen and puritans
169
What did puritans refuse to do ?
wear catholic dress
obey act of Uniformity
170
How many clergymen refused to wear the catholic uniform ?
37
resulting in them being deprived of their posts
171
What conflicting pressures were reforming bishops caught between ?
- need to obey royal supremacy
- desire to remove remaining vestiges of Catholic practise in the church
172
What was the Presbyterian movement a part of ?
the broader Puritan movement
173
What did Presbyterians believe in ?
the introduction of a Calvinist form of Church government : the office of bishop abolished, all ministers equal and lay elders should have a key administrative role
174
What did some Presbyterians begin to question ?
the scriptural basis for the authority of bishops
175
What is Calvinism ?
a more radical form of Protestantism put forward in Geneva by the French reformer John Calvin
176
Where was Presbyterian criticism voiced ?
in the two Admonitions
177
What did the first Admonition state ?
it attacked the book of common prayer and called for the abolition of bishops
178
What did the second Admonition state ?
it provided a detailed description of a Presbyterian form of government
179
What did Presbyterians argue was spiritually flawed ?
a gov founded on supersitious popish principles
180
What did Presbyterians want to modify ?
the 1559 settlement
181
People who saw advantages of Presbyterianism ?
- Earl of Huntingdon
- Earl of Leicester
- Lord Burghley
182
When did the Presbyterian movement grow ?
1580s
183
Who was determined to destroy Presbyterianism ?
Archbishop of Canterbury, John Whitgift
184
What were Whitgifts 3 articles to destroy Presbyterianism :
- acknowledgement of royal supremacy
- acceptance of Prayer book
- acceptance of 39 articles conformed to the word of god
185
Who had to subscribe to Whitgifts 3 articles ?
clergy
186
Why did Whitgift have to amend the three articles ?
many thought the 2nd one they couldnt accept "acceptance of the prayer book as containing nothing 'contrary to the word of God'
as many clergy thought it lacked scriptural jurisdiction - and obviously Presbyterians disagreed with it too
187
What did he reduce the 2nd article to ?
an acceptance of the prayer book
188
What success did Whitgifts three articles have :
- some
- complete support of queen
- by 1580s Presbyterianism was in decline
- very few Presbyterian clergymen prepared to break with church so accepted the articles
189
When did John Fields die and what did this do ?
1589
as he was a key organiser for Presbyterianism this weakened the movement further
190
What are marprelate tracts ?
a set of satirical attacks written in the late 1580s about some of the bishops of the time
presbyterian movement was attacked using these
191
What was the most extreme form of Puritanism ?
Separatism
192
What did Separatists want to to ?
separate from the C of E and create there own independent church as they saw the C of E as incapable of reforming itself sufficiently
193
When did Separatism emerge ?
1580s
194
Who led Separatist movements in London ?
Henry Barrow and John Greenwood
195
What led to passing of the Act against Seditious Sectaries in 1593 ?
separatist action as a sect that separated from the C of E
196
Why did Puritanism decline in late 1580s :
- deaths of Leicester, Mildmay and Walsingham
- defeat of Armada reduced Catholic threat
197
In what articles were Calvinist beliefs reaffirmed ?
the Lambeth Articles of 1595
198
What was the 1559 Book of Common Prayer accepted as ?
an acceptable base for both Protestants and Catholics for worship
199
What severe acts against Catholics were passed in the 1570s and 80s :
- 1571 Act made publication of papal bulls treasonable
- 1581 Act to Retain the Queen's Majesy's subjects in their Due Obedience -------- made it treason to withdraw allegiance from Church or Queen it also stated Mass was punishable by a fine and imprisonment and that there was a fine for not attending church - 20 pounds
- 1585 Act against Jesuits and Seminary Priests --------- made it treasonable for priests ordained under the Pope's authority to enter England ( from 1586 to 1603 123 priests were executed under this )
200
When was the fine for rescusancy changed to 20 pounds ?
1581
201
How was the recusancy law tightened in 1587 ?
any recusance who didn't pay fines could have two thirds of his estate seized by the Exchequer
202
Why was penal legislation tightened ?
partly as a response to the worsening relations with Phillip II and partly because of the fear of a Catholic rebellion
203
When and where was a college founded to train Catholic priests to send to England and keep Catholicism alive ?
in 1568 -- at Douai in Spanish Netherlands
the preists were called seminary priests
204
How many seminary priests were there in England by 1580 ?
about 100
205
When did the Society of Jesus begin sending Jesuit priests to England ?
1580
206
What is the Society of Jesus ?
it looked to reconvert places which had become protestant during the reformation
207
What did Jesuits try and do ?
re-Catholicise England
208
Were the Jesuit priests successful ?
- success limited
- catholic gentry able to retain faith
- they often became household chaplains so Catholicism became more of a 'country-house religion'
- priests became divided as a result over leadership of the missionary movement thereby weakening the mission
209
Why were courtiers and wealthy individuals able to afford extravagant building projects ?
because they bought the land at knock-off prices
210
What was Foxe's book called ?
'Book of Martyrs' - puritan book
