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The Tudors > Mary > Flashcards

Mary Flashcards

1
Q

Reactions to Mary’s rule

A

-Tudor legitimacy
-HVIII’s will
-Northumberland unpopular
-Catholicism was popular??
Mary believed she was wanted because she was catholic
worries:
-1st ever queen -Matilda? given bad stick
-not got the political or military education
however
overall more positive than negative

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2
Q

Mary’s background

A
  • daughter of Catherine of Aargon-Spanish upbringing
  • Henry divorced Catherine: Mary loses her status, lost her engagement, lost her legitimacy and separated from her mother.
  • health wasn’t good
  • disliked Eliz more than Ed
  • the more protestant England became the more awkward her position
  • not the most attractive
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3
Q

what were Mary’s aims and priorities?

A
  • restore RC
  • marry Philip
  • have children
  • rearrange gov
  • deal with Northumberland
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4
Q

negative interpretations of Mary

A

ELTON:”positive achievements which were none” “sterility was its conclusive note” “lacked the essentials”
POLLARD”arrogant, bigoted, stubborn and stupid”
“bitter and narrow minded”

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5
Q

positive interpretations of Mary

A

ERIKSON:”met the challenges”

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6
Q

what is the traditional view of Mary’s system of government?

A
  • privy council=centre
  • too large to conduct business effectively
  • members don’t have political ability or administrative experience
  • regardless they were never fully in the queen’s confidence
  • clashes between Catholics: Gardiner and moderates: Paget
  • Mary didn’t show any leadership
  • used her Spanish advisor too much RENARD
  • parliament obviously opposed her policy
  • ignored wide spread dislike of the Spanish marriage
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7
Q

what positives can be seen in Mary’s system of government?

A
  • privy council remained at the centre of administration
  • kept many of the talented members of Northumberland’s council and although they were never fully in her confidence they provided the experience which was lacking
  • although there was a clear divide between moderates and Catholics the two cooperated and restored effective government
  • state affairs were handled by an inner council made up of experienced councillors
  • support of the clergy
  • the house passed everything even if there was debate
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8
Q

what does Guy say about Mary’s marriage?

A

“her piety and unmarried state gave her the intensity of a nun”

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9
Q

why does Mary want to marry Philip rather than the preferred English Courtney

A
  • alliance with Spain (super power) and the Netherlands
  • wants to marry a proper Catholic
  • wants to get married and have children-sort succession. Philip has already fathered children
  • she liked Philip
  • Charles V had huge influence
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10
Q

what did you council think about the marriage?

A

talks begin in late 1553

  • most were against the marriage because Philip was Spainsh
  • Gardiner was against Philip and in favour of Courtney (Courtney has royal blood and says he is catholic)
  • Paget was pro marriage
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11
Q

what year was the marriage treaty?

A

1554

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12
Q

what were the terms of the marriage treaty?

A

jan 1554

  • Mary would only entire into conflicts eg the Habsburg-Valios war if she chose to
  • Only M’s children had a right to the throne, other E is the heir
  • only Mary can make appointment and act as Queen-Philip is there for his sperm only.
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13
Q

what was the result of the marriage?

A 
jan 1554: rebellion
Mary very in love
Philip very not
no children
Spanish are unpopular 
big language barrier
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14
Q

what year was the Wyatt rebellion

A

jan 1554

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15
Q

what was the motive/cause of the Wyatt rebellion

A
  • announcement of the marriage in jan 1554 was v unpopular- xenophobia
  • didn’t want catholic restoration, they were protestants however they tried to underplay this in case it isolated anyone.
  • rebellion started in Kent: decline of cloth, social discontent industry and economic hardship-more liable to rebel
  • yesterdays men, why? because they were Northumberland’s men and protestant
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16
Q

when was the Wyatt rebellion

A

jan 1554 when the treaty for marriage had been finalised
this was earlier than the rebels had intended
also had to rebel earlier because someone-Courtney spoke to Gardiner
was originally going to be spring

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17
Q

who was involved in the Wyatt rebellion?

A

-Thomas Wyatt, Sir, landowner, protestant: yesterdays men. LJG’s father. Men of the old regime. Support of the French-they don’t like the alliance. Wider make up was “good honest English men” men with something to lose-ex army men. was meant to be 4 pronged with all the counties near London.

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18
Q

where was the Wyatt rebellion?

A

isolated to Kent other counties collapsed-embarrassing.

why kent? kent was close to the continent increased xenophobia

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19
Q

what did the Wyatt rebels do?

A

Rochester-capture the castle
government sends men-they join the rebels side
should have gone directly to London
but
loose momentum
London prepares, Mary made a good speech and they lose.
however they did get all the way to london before anyone stopped them

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20
Q

why did Mary win?

A
  • the rebels fled-they weren’t prepared to die for their cause
  • Mary exaggerated the protestant element
  • the protestantism put off many people
  • no one wants to be seen as a traitor
  • marriage treaty showed that the marriage wasn’t actually too bad
  • Mary was queen-she knows best
  • her speech was very good and inspiring-showing leadership
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21
Q

consequences of the Wyatt rebellion?

A
  • Mary is seen as the queen with authority
  • no more rebellions
  • marriage is unpopular but it goes ahead
  • Elizabeth is placed in the tower.
  • showed loyalty to the Tudor dynasty
22
Q

useful quotes for the western rebellion

A

Fellows: “link between the rebels religious grievances and their attack on the gentry: it was after all the gentry who gained from the reformation”
Loach: “religion was clearly the main driving force”
Fletcher: “people’s fears that government was deliberately destroying traditional spiritual ways and from rumours of new taxes”

23
Q

useful quotes for the Kett rebellion

A

Fletcher: “based firmly on a mixture of social, economic and religious discontent”
Heard: “the major cause of the popular unrest in 1549 was the hard economic conditions”
Cornwall: “in Norfolk religion was not an issue… protestantism was firmly established among the rebels”

24
Q

useful quotes for the Wyatt rebellion

A

Fletcher: “opposition to the royal marriage”

25
Q

how did weak government/faction/rulers spark the rebellions of the “mid-Tudor crisis”

A
  • western: Somerset had no authority to make religious changes. no respect:”we will have”. Edward was a minor. resented central rule. Believed Mary and Pole should be involved.
  • Kett: they believed government was on their side “we pray your grace” no strong local gentry/nobility
  • LJG: wanted to keep protestantism in and Northumberland in power.
  • Wyatt: they had been excluded under Mary betacse of P and being V North wanted a leadership change: E and Courtney
26
Q

how did religion spark rebellions in the mid Tudor crisis?

A
  • western:made up most of their demands-the new pray book sparked the rebellion. the rebellion had been taken over by priests wanted proper RC back no reformation
  • Kett: protestant they wanted to improve the church-teach their children and the ability to remove bad priests
  • LJG: needed to stay protestant-what Edward wanted and would ensure they stayed in power
  • Wyatt:they were protestant and feared they Spanish inquisition
27
Q

how did social tensions spark rebellions in the mid Tudor crisis?

A
  • western:no respect for nobility “we will have” resentment because they were changing their religious stuff and benefiting. “kill the gentleman” wanted to limit their households
  • kett: yeo man farmers they had something to lose they believed that the gentry and nobility were abusing their position of power
  • LJG: no
  • Wyatt: xenophobia not class tension
28
Q

how did economic issues spark rebellions in the mid Tudor crisis?

A

-Western: priests hijacked the rebellion. poor area rumours about more taxes-sheep tax angry about rent and inflation and the gentry profiting from the churches
-Kett: traditionally a prosperous area but trade had flopped. inflation enclosure and rent all economic issues wanted to return to HVII golden age for peasants
Wyatt: cloth trade

29
Q

key religious changes in 1553

A
  • prominent protestant clergy deprived of their living
  • parliament refused to repeal the act of supremacy but did undo all of Edwards stuff
  • Mary gave up the title of supreme head
30
Q

key religious changes in 1554

A
  • rich protestants leave
  • Royal injunctions- wife or your job, holy days etc
  • parliament initially rejected the return of the heresy laws but agreed so long as church lands were no returned.
  • Cardinal Pole returns
31
Q

key religious changes in 1555

A
  • publication of a catholic book of homilies
  • 1st protestant martyr
  • the burning starts
32
Q

key religious changes in 1556

A
  • 12 decrees up clerical discipline
  • more protestants burnt
  • Pole falls out with the Pope
33
Q

what happens in 1558

A

Mary and Pole die

34
Q

what were Mary’s attitudes and aims towards religious change

A
  • v passionate about RC
  • immediate aim was to restore papal supremacy
  • believed the nation supported her
35
Q

why was Mary urged to be cautious with her religious change?

A
  • Charles V and pope wanted caution
  • Gardiner and other english advisors weren’t enthusiastic
  • nobility liked royal supremacy -they had gained land from the reformation
  • bulk of the population was indifferent but would follow elite
36
Q

what royal proclamations did Mary make?

A
  • she buried Edward with a protestant service-respect
  • suspended the 1552 act of uniformity
  • mass was restored
37
Q

what and when was Parliament’s first act of repeal?

A

-reversed all Edwardian legislation
-there was debate but no organised resistance
-doctrine restored to the 6 articles of 1536
all achieved via parliament

38
Q

what happened in 1554 to the heresy bill?

A

it failed- there was a division in parliament between paget (mod) and Gardiner (RC)

39
Q

what happened to protestants?

A

protestant bishops and clergy were being deprived of their living
they had to pick their wife of their job
services returned to being in latin

40
Q

when did Pole return?

A

nov 1554

41
Q

when and what was the second act of repeal?

A

nov 1554
royal supremacy and headship ended
papal supremacy restored
all religious legislation after 1529 removed
heresy laws revived (in return monastic land wasn’t returned)
gave crown monastic lands back

42
Q

protestants under Mary

A
  • before burnings started protestants were leaving the country
  • many underground church and anti-catholic literature-especially in london
  • leading to the death penalty for those in possession of protestant literature
  • the burning increase anti pope feelings as well as sympathy (most people conservative but indifferent)
  • 280 in 3 years- a lot but not as much as else were in europe
  • Council urged caution and that they shouldn’t be so public
  • good Catholics reappointed
43
Q

what mistakes did Pole make?

A

he believed Catholicism to be more popular than it was
didn’t try very hard with the propaganda battle
didn’t allow jesuits in to help

44
Q

analysis of Mary’s polices

A
  • both pole and Mary died in 1558
  • in theory she restored Catholicism
  • parliament accepted her compromises
  • it was all in the short term
  • didn’t live long enough
  • people indifferent
45
Q

why and how did Mary lose Calais?

A
  • Philip failed to persuade Mary to join him in war against France
  • 2nd time they agreed, why? better weather-better harvests and france looking after protestants and encouraging them to cause trouble and would unite the country
  • regardless M would have had to get involved at some point
  • goes well until 1557-8 a surprise French attack-not the usual weather for battle, huge French army and the garrisons weren’t enforced meant that they won Calais.
46
Q

what is the traditional interpretation of Mary’s rule?

A

Pollard and Elton

  • negative, no achievements, female, sterile, “stupid & bigoted”
  • her personality negatively impacted government
  • opposition in parliament
  • council was too big-50 or so
  • didn’t trust or use privy council enough-opted for Spanish advisor instead
  • burnings made her unpopular
  • Calais
  • unpopular marriage
47
Q

what is the modern interpretation of Mary’s rule?

A

Loades, Titler, Whitelock
-Mary achieved most of her aims; marriage, children, RC: Loades
-very personal style of governing she personally directed policy driven by her faith and intelligence
-privy council worked hard and cooperated
-parliament didn’t stop her getting her aims-compromise
: Whitelock

48
Q

positive reforms Mary made

A

her council appeared too large to do its job but actually it did
revenue reform: exchequer regained dominance did a good job but could have saved more. Treasure opted for efficiency without radicalism.
royal finances: raising the price of rent and custom rates
the navy: developed
military: recruitment methods were updated
coinage: had plans for full re coinage

49
Q

negatives of Mary’s reforms

A

revenue reform: too safe more could have been done
royal finances: too late only helped Eliz
Coinage: didn’t have the balls

50
Q

positive historians comments

A

-Loades: “Mary’s government was not weak in any general sense of not being able to enforce its will”
“gave traditional doctrines and practises a new lease of life”
“followed the example of their betters and conformed”
Williams: “Mary secured her main objectives”
Heard: “willing to follow the religion of the legitimate monarch”
“prepared to follow their social superiors”

51
Q

negative historians comments

A

-Guy: “Mary will never appear creative”
“lacked the fire of true counter-reformation”
-Williams: “no one could pretend that the policies of Mary were popular”
“one great failure: the lack of a male heir”
-Loades: “protestantism gained more from persecution”
“protestantism turned out to be much stronger at the grass roots”

52
Q

indifference historians comments

A

Heard: “majority of people were still undecided about religion” “neither religion had a strong hold in England”

The Tudors (5 decks)

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