Elizabeth book 1 Flashcards
what had Elizabeth’s life been like before the throne?
-daughter of hviii and anne boylen
-age 2/3 mother was beheaded, why? witch, 6 fingers, heresy, relations with other including her brother
-age 3 e has gone from being a princess to not
-parliament also makes her a bastard
-still retained a good relationship with HVIII and some status.
-very well educated, interested in religion, musical, attractive, charismatic, gets on with Parr.
under Edward she is part of Catherine Parr’s household-has an issue with Thomas Seymour this damaged her reputation
-Northumberland excluded her
-ed says she is illegitimate
Under Mary she is suspected and placed in the tower once again her reputation is damaged
what was E like when she became queen?
- 25-young but not too young
- single-could be used as a diplomatic weapon
- good personality-her father’s daughter
- inherits a small population, better harvests, working governement system
- threats-MQS
what problems did Elizabeth face when she took the throne
- privy council: too big who to keep-needs experience
- religion: E is a protestant if she doesn’t change it back:looks v weak however the people are indifferent so does it matter?
- dispute over succession: needs an heir however this doesn’t bother her
- French troops in Scotland-threat
- end war with France: wants calais but unlikely
- debt 300,000 debt
- keeping up the traditional alliance with catholic Spain
- Ireland-v catholic wants to keep control
problems facing England in 1558
- inexperienced queen
- religious division whatever she does people will care-protestantism stronger near London but Catholicism stronger in more isolated areas.
- unemployment: however this was fixing itself-deaths had meant there were more jobs and the harvests were improving
- loss of calais: unlikely but looks bad if she doesn’t try
- threat from abroad: Spain unlikely to be a threat however MQS & France might be especially if she tries to get Calais back.
what was Elizabeth’s new administration like?
by jan 1559 she had sorted out her new council and household
Household:
Catholics had to be replaced because their loyalties would be divided between her and the pope
Council:
most of Mary’s removed but those that stayed did so because of talent
no bishops or religious radicals
included many factions: aimed to rule with support of as wide a group as possible
however still a protestant majority
what did Elizabeth want from her church?
catholic things she wanted:
she had learnt the works of a catholic humanist
she liked vestments
didn’t like clergy marrying
she liked some of the pretty things
Protestant things she wanted:
educated by leading humanists/protestants
no transub
YES CONSUB
privy council was dominated by Protestants
what was the religious make up of the house of Commons House of Lords Privy Council Population The Church
-House of Commons: largely protestant (and some very vocal puritans and radical protestants) with some hard-line Catholics. However mostly pragmatic
-House of Lords: catholic bishops able to use conservative peers to block progressive legislation-Catholic majority. Lords will be a problem
-Privy Council: largely protestant and dominated by William Cecil
-Population: conservative but indifferent
-The church:
clergy: many catholic and urged population to resist the settlement (how do you impose a settlement when the clergy (who are meant to enforce it) are undermining it?)
don’t like a woman as head of the church
NO ONE IS HAPPY WITH A WOMAN AS HEAD OF THE CHURCH
How did Elizabeth pass the Act of Uniformity and Supremacy in 1559?
- initially bill is rejected by the house of Lords
- tries again and the Lords offer to removed the heresy law (wont get burnt for being a protestant)
- looks very weak for E
- breaks for Easter
- Lords want a debate 2 get arrested and then 2 don’t turn up to the vote
- bills get passed
- splits the bill into two and compromise eg not head but governor
what did the 1559 act of supremacy say?
- removes the pope
- Catholics are tolerated
- english sovereignty
- Elizabeth has full powers
- oath of supremacy means people have to agree to it all
- no more debate
what did the 1559 act of uniformity say?
- moderate protestantism
- E decides on thing which aren’t mentioned in the bible eg vestments
- church is inclusive 12 d fine
- ambiguity
who likes Elizabeth’s religious changes?
- middle of the road
- moderates are pleased
- e is pleased
who isn’t pleased with Elizabeth’s religious changes?
- RC
- Puritans-starting tape finishing line
what is a traditional and a modern view on Elizabeth’s religious settlement?
trad: Elizabeth set out to create an Anglican church
middle: Neale: puritans make religious changes more radical
modern: Haigh return to traditional
enforcing the settlement: catholic clergy and bishops
- bishops were allowed to retire gracefully
- most took the oath disagreed with it but didn’t rebel
- didn’t want to lose their living
- catholics who resigned were replaced with talented protestants
enforcing the settlement: lack of clergy/problems with lower clergy
-Marians undermine the new settlement
but
no one to replace them with
enforcing the settlement: The Royal Injunction
1559
royal visiations to bring the image of the churches into line
no rebellions even though people aren’t necessarily happy
-the “jewel” this church is more in line with first church and very clear about consub over transub
enforcing the settlement: Foxe’s Book of Martyrs
made M and catholics look bad
enforcing the settlement: the 38 (1563) and 39 (1571) articles
never legally rules out transub
puritans are disappointed that the changes does go further
just enforces changes already made
what was Elizabeth’s book of common prayer based upon? 1559
1552 prayer book with some transub ambiguity
it was supported by Jewel’s apology
Elizabeth’s view of the religious settlement
- she has full power
- doesn’t like clergy marrying
- not happy that some priests have refused to wear vestments-she is in charge needs Parker to enforce the advertisement and the ornament rubric says she can decide adiaphora
- wants uniformity
RC bishops view on the religious settlement
- everything that pole and mary has been undone
- tried to block the settlement
- refuse to take the oath of supremacy lost job but nice retirement
- no foreign support-doesn’t know whether to rebel or not
Puritan minister view on the religious settlement
- don’t like the 1559 prayer book too compromise
- glad supreme gov
- feels principles are being compromised
- not wearing vestments even if taken oath and they’re adiaphora
- queen or conscious
what did the general public think of the religious settlement
- will go to church to avoid the 12d fine
- church is plain and boring
- likes the no pope
- likes the English
- queen isn’t going anywhere
what did Elizabeth want to achieve with the religious settlement
- uniformity
- protestant theology
- supremacy
- traditional element eg vestments
- practical:won’t spark rebellion
evidence that the settlement suceeded
-act of supremacy gave her full power over the church
-oath of supremacy meant loyalty
-act of uniformity everyone uses 1552 with some minor adjustments (ambiguity)
-ornaments rubric control over all adiaphora
-only the revolt of the northern earls
Jewel’s apology and Parker’s advertisement enforce further and offer support
why did the religious settlement succeed?
- Mary burnings, repression, bad harvests: remembered negatively-welcome E
- indifference
- compromise-ambiguity transub
- keeps some con bits eg vestments
- sensible enforcement doesn’t create martyrs
- Parker enforces it
- Jewel’s apology
- she is in control
- no foriegn reaction
- nobles happy they keep their lands
evidence the settlement failed?
- puritans not happy with the settlement try to undermine it
- extreme Catholics don’t like it and go into exile
- priests still marry
- catholic recusants
- continuation of the old ways away from london
why did it fail
- no way to please everyone
- had to let priests marry
- compromise was necessary
key things which enforced the settlement
- Act of Supremacy 1559 (supremacy, oath, full power)
- Act of Uniformity 1559 (prayer book 1552 with alterations)
- Royal Injunctions 1559 (clear orders permits some con features)
- Jewel’s Apology 1562 (justifies the church)
- Foxes book of Martyrs (1563)
- 38 articles 1563 (theology)
what was the treaty of Cateau Cambresis?
1559
face saving solution to the problem of calais
they say they’ll give it back in 8 years
peace
what foreign policy problems did Elizabeth inherit?
- Calais
- France not happy
- no alliance with Spain
- France in Scotland
what’s the problem with Scotland and what happens?
- French presence in Scotland Guise family
- protestant nobles not happy:revolt
- in secret E supports them
- E was told by Cecil to send troops (would create a p Scotland and a union and make MQS less of a threat)
- E dithered (didn’t want Philip to be annoyed, didn’t want to break the treaty, didn’t want defeat)
- very lucky-france has problems in france
- Treaty of Edinburgh 1560 both France and Scotland will keep out and let Scotland establish its own government
- result a protestant Scotland with a less than powerful MQS
when was the treaty of Edinburgh?
1560
what are relations like with France
- Council want to help French protestants (they support a religious foreign policy)
- Treaty of Richmond E agrees to help the Huuenots however E lands in France. France unites removes E. leading to the treaty of Troyes 1564 lose calais forever
when and what was the Treaty of Troyes?
1564
lose of Calais forever
a result of England trying to help French protestants
what financial problems does Elizabeth inherit?
- debt from war
- debasement of coinage
- inflation price of living rising faster than income
- people are leaving the countryside
