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Tudors > Mary > Flashcards

Mary Flashcards

1
Q

Causes for failure of Lane Jane Grey plot

A

Mary
↳acted decisively & without hesitation
↳legitimate claim
↳Catholicism got committed & broad support

Northumberland
↳not mobilise full military
↳not act decisively enough
↳unpopular

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2
Q

Reception of Mary’s succession

A

London street decorated & citizens cheered
↳recognition as rightful queen?
↳reflect hopes return to Catholicism?

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3
Q

Problems faced 1553

A

Authority
↳first female monarch
↳loyalty of nobles & gov ministers
↳potential rebellions

Had no heir

Insolvent crown finances

Relations w/ France & Scotland

Economic hardship

Reaction to counter-reformation

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4
Q

Mary’s aims

A

Restore Catholicism

Establish royal authority

Secure succession

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5
Q

Potential marriage candidates

A

Edward Courtenay
↳Gardiner’s choice
↳Mary felt English marriage risked factionalism

Philip of Spain
↳Not popular with the English

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6
Q

Marriage treaty cause

A

Parliament worried England become subservient to Spain

Agreed to marriage - condition treaty signed

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7
Q

Marriage treaty motivation

A

Any children inherit England & the Low Countries - not Spain
↳Philip can’t leave country with children without permission from nobility

Philip nor his heir inherit throne if Mary dies/has no heirs

Philip not possess sovereignty in own right
↳doesn’t account for influence

Philip not promote foreigners to English office

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8
Q

Evidence Spanish marriage unpopular

A

Hostility because Spain perceived as enemy under Henry VIII

Parliament delegation led by Gardiner tried to dissuade Mary

Sparked Wyatt Rebellion 1554

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9
Q

England became Spain pawn

A

Philip helped Cardinal Pole return as Papal Legate 1554 to negotiate return of Pope

Philip’s name on all official docs & worked closely with councillors (eg. Paget & Renard) to influence policy

Keen to get English support for war in France - persuaded navy build 6 ships

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10
Q

England didn’t become Spainish pawn

A

Parliament refused Philip’s coronation 1555 & wouldn’t include him in new treason law 1554

Mary joined war with France after French supported attack by Thomas Stafford
(Yorkist - weak claim to throne)

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11
Q

Causes of Wyatt Rebellion

A

Spanish marriage
↳influence of foreigners at court

Counter-reformation

Decline of cloth industry

Lady Jane Grey’s father involved
↳some support for removal of Mary

Wyatt planned replace Mary with Edward Courtenay

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12
Q

Outline of event - Wyatt Rebellion

A
  1. 4 rebellions March 1554
  2. Forced move to Feb - difficult keep secret
  3. 3/4 failed immediately
    ↳Only Wyatt gain popular support - approx. 3000 men
  4. Marched to London - London Bridge closed
    ↳Failed convince Londoners join
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13
Q

Outcome of Wyatt Rebellion

A

Mary ordered execution of Wyatt, LJG & Guildford Dudley (LJG husband) & approx. 100 others

Elizabeth arrested
↳released - lack of proof of involvement

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14
Q

Wyatt Rebellion significant threat?

A

Yes
↳Threatened capital
↳Demonstrate large opposition & possible dynastic threat
↳Showed Protestantism strong in sections of society
↳Showed popular suspicion to Spanish marriage & damaged her reputation

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15
Q

Mary’s main advisors

A

Lord Paget
↳Close to Somerset - marred relationship w/Mary

Gardiner
↳Supported divorce/break from Rome but retained conservative Catholic views
↳Imprisoned for opposing Book of Homilies
↳Mary never really trusted

Cardinal Pole
↳Left England 1532 - oppose break from Rome

Simon Renard
↳Imperial Ambassador of Charles V - not working completely in England’s interest
↳Influence declined after Spanish marriage - Philip not trust

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16
Q

Problems with gov at start of reign

A

Fundamental religious differences

Mostly Protestant council & Parliament

Not brought up to rule - little political experience
↳loyal supporters also little experience

Had to rely on men responsible for policies she opposed

17
Q

Who included in council

A

Gardiner
Paget
Churchmen excluded under Edward
More conservative councillors

18
Q

Use of council

A

Appointed 50 councillors
↳led to inefficient & faction-ridden gov

Most important decisions never discussed with council
↳awarded title ‘councillor’ more honorary title

Working council smaller & dominated by figures eg. Gardiner & Paget
↳Most trusted advisor, Pole, never member

Most trusted advisors - Philip & Renard
↳caused suspicion in gov & weakened authority in popular opinion

19
Q

Relationship with council

A

Never really at ease with key councillors

Had to rely on Gardiner - gov weakened by death in 1555

20
Q

Relationship with Parliament

A

Cautious cooperation

Substantial minority MPS opposed reversal of Edward’s reforms - majority passed

Opposed Mary over property rights
↳motivated by self-interest
↳Mary chose not to overrule - monastic lands not return to Church

Tried to oppose marriage & clashed over issue of succession

21
Q

War with France background

A

French-Spanish conflict for over 30 yrs

Spanish marriage - England not easily neutral party

Pope anti-Spanish & supported France
↳war w/France - opposes Pope

22
Q

War with France key events

A

Mar 1557 Philip tried persuade Mary join & support Spanish w. funds/naval support/troops

April 1557 France provoked
↳supported invasion of Thomas Stafford - attempt remove Mary

June 1557 Mary declares war

July 1557 7000 troops sent to France
↳initial success at Battle of St Quentin
↳defeated Scottish border raids

Jan 1558 French captured Calais - last remaining possession in France

23
Q

Significance of loss of Calais

A

Loss of trade through port
↳market declining importance

Prestige - claimed land around Calais since 1347 & loss humiliating

Springboard for Henry VIII’s invasion
↳expensive to maintain & defend
↳strategically becoming less important

Protestants used as evidence of God’s punishment for reversion to Catholicism & Spanish marriage

24
Q

Strengths of foreign policy

A

Navy reorganised, improved & managed better
↳no. battleships increased 5-21

Recruitment troops reorganised
↳Troops raised by JPs & Lord Lieutenants not lords & gentry
↳System of militia (Militia Act 1558) last over 300 yrs

Philip brought £40,000 of bullion from Spain - improved finances

25
Q

Problems facing counter-reformation

A

Political elites favoured Protestantism
↳financially benefitted

Protestantism official religion
↳protected by Statute

Protestantism entrenched in London & parts of South East

26
Q

Causes of counter-reformation

A

Mary’s personal beliefs

Spanish influence

Popular support for Catholicism/dislike of Protestantism

Support from some members of clergy

Pressure from Pope/Cardinal Pole

27
Q

Others approach to religion

A

Gardiner - not keen to return papal supremacy (lose some power)

Renard - worried about impact reclaiming Church lands (opposition to reform)

Charles V - urged caution to avoid unrest

Philip - hoped gain credit with Pope

Cardinal Pole - main aim papal legate restore papal supremacy (increases power)

28
Q

Counter-reformation phase 1:

A

Aug-Sep 1553
↳prominent Protestant clergy removed
↳Archbishop Cranmer arrested
↳Latimer, Ridley & Hooper imprisoned

Oct 1553
↳Parliament pass First Act of Repeal - removed legislation approved under Edward (doctrine restored to Catholicism)
↳Parliament refused repeal Act of Supremacy - Mary gave up title ‘Supreme Head of the Church’

Jan 1554
↳approx. 800 Protestants fled to Germany & Switzerland

Mar 1554
↳Royal injunctions ordered bishops repress heresy, remove married clergy & restore Holy Days
↳Gardiner deprived hundreds married clergy of their living
↳Key bishops removed & replaced by committed Catholics

29
Q

Counter-reformation phase 2:

A

Nov 1555 - Parliament passed Second Act of Repeal
↳Undid legislation since 1529
↳Removed Act of Supremacy & restored Pope
↳Church lands & property not restored
↳Mary effectively acknowledged Supremacy of Parliament over Church

30
Q

Counter-reformation phase 3:

A

Commissioned new publications & educating clergy

Possession of treasonable books resulted in death penalty

1555
↳publication of Bonner’s Book of Homilies
Feb
↳John Rodgers (translator of bible) burned under restored heresy laws - 1st martyr
Oct
↳Ridley & Latimer burned for heresy in Oxford
Dec
↳Cranmer replaced with Pole
Nov
↳5 Protestants burned in Canterbury
Mar 1556
↳Burning of Cranmer in centre of Oxford - originally ‘recanted’ then decided to stand by belief & withdrew

31
Q

Impact of burning Protestants

A

Approx. 300 executed for heresy
↳most commoners dying for personal beliefs
↳John Foxe’s ‘Book of Martyrs’ published 1563

32
Q

Reason for burning

A

Helped ‘cleanse their souls’

Ensured total destruction of corpse & prevent use of body parts for relics

33
Q

Evidence reforms were popular

A

New Catholics priests easily recruited from places eg. Lancashire & Kent

34
Q

Evidence reforms unpopular

A

Little opposition to return to Protestantism under Elizabeth

Est 19,000 copies of 1552 Prayer Book circulated & more Protestant writings circulated that Catholic works

Foxe gives impression martyrs well supported at burnings

35
Q

Economic hardship

A

Population growth
↳2.5 million (1520) to 3 million (1550)
↳increased demand for food/goods & high level of inflation

Inflation
↳caused by debasement since 1540

Harvest failure
↳1548, 1555, 1556
↳widespread hunger & loss of income
↳contributed to increased prices

Epidemics
↳’sweating sickness’ 1557 & 1558
↳6% mortality - highest annual death toll since Black Death
↳widespread hardship/loss of income/food shortage
↳increased poverty/vagrancy/social discontent

36
Q

Policy to manage economic hardship

A

Enforcing laws against grain hoarding

Encouraging people to grow crops - not graze animals on farm land

Neither effective at dealing with scale of problems

37
Q

Affect of economic hardship on Mary’s authority

A

Monarch expected to focus on security, royal authority, patronage, law & order

Crisis damaged popularity
hardship viewed as evidence of losing God’s favour
↳Protestants interpreted as punishment for counter-reformation

38
Q

Domestic policy

A

Changed administration of revenue collection

New Book of Rates modernised setting of customs revenues
↳increased crown income over 200% in just 1 year

Court of the Exchequer took over Court of First Fruit and Tenths & Court of Augmentations

Devised plans for recoinage & ways to support trade after loss of Calais

Cut general expenditure & increase revenue from Crown lands

Left relatively minor debt of £227,000

Tudors (4 decks)

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