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Elizabeth Flashcards

1
Q

Importance of propaganda

A

Portraits used to give impression of
power, crontrol, wealth & majesty
sought to convey youthfulness as grew older
celebrate successes eg defeat of Armada
convey idea of strong gov & political stability

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2
Q

Problems 1558

A

Gender - women not seen capable of ruling
danger trying to secure heir

Religion - years of upheaval
officially Catholic
Protestants want radical reform - Catholics oppose

Gov & politics - large Privy Council (loyal to Mary)
factional rivalry threat
vulnerable to potential rivals to throne (had no heir)

Soc & eco - high inflation
debasement of the coinage problems not solved
Mary war debts - insolvent crown & Crown lands sold

Foreign policy - war with France not settled
danger of Auld Alliance
Habsburg-Valois war coming to end (France/Spain larger threat)
Protestantism risk of invasion by Catholic countries
lack of control in Ireland

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3
Q

Immediate consolidation of power

A

17 Nov 1558 proclaimed Queen by Parliament

Appointed William Cecil Secretary of State
Reduced size Privy Council (40-20) - 9 new men (factionalism?)

Dec 1558 Royal Proclaimation forbade preaching prayer/practices unless already enshrined in law (stability)

15 Jan 1559 coronation - magnificence (religious aspect - God crowning)

Philip of Spain confirmed lack of opposition

1559 Elizabetthan Religious Settlement

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4
Q

Aims for religion

A

End turmoil & establish doctrine followed by all subject

Own views mostly Protestant
but did like some aspects of Catholic ceremonies

Felt faith private matter - not for state to intervene in

Viewed disobedience to religious laws challenge to authority

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5
Q

Via Media

A

Middle Way
to satisify both conservatives & reformers

Only ally 1558 = Catholic Philip of Spain
middle way essential

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6
Q

How she achieved religious aims

A

Appointed Privy Council that was Protestant

Took measures ensure complete control over clergy
1559 11 diocesses with vacancies for bishop - easily appoint Protestants
most clergy swore Oath of Allegiance

Most population conformed - little initial resistance

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7
Q

‘Purtian Choir’

A

Protestants in Parliament
pushed in more radical direction

Much opposition came from demands for more radical reform

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8
Q

Act of Supremacy

A

1559

Re-established monarch & removed Pope
Eliazbeth adopted title ‘Supreme Governor’
as compromise for Catholics

Crown had complete authority
Cleary required swear oath of loyalty
Counrt of High Commission established
to prosecute those whose loyalty was suspect

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9
Q

Act of Uniformity

A

1559

Appearance of churches restored to 1549
New english prayer book used
Communion tables replaces stone alters
(crosses & candles could be placed on)
Priests wear traditional vestments
Church attendance compulsory - fined for failure
Heavy fine for attending Catholic Mass - execution for leading

Commoners more affected by ceremonial change - compromise reflects
Fines for non-attendence initially small & often not imposed

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10
Q

Royal Injunctions

A

1559

Preachers needed license from Bishop
Every church display English bible
Pilgrimages outlawed
No more stone altars destroyed
Music allowed

Made sure only Protestant practises & services took place

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11
Q

Prayer Book

A

1559

Merged wording of 1549 & 1552 prayer books
Compromised transubstantation - 2 different wordings

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12
Q

Thirty-Nine Articles of Faith

A

1563

Set about re-writing doctrine & liturgy
Made law in 1571
Emphasised importance of predestination

Long-lasting - principle of CoE today

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13
Q

Act of Exchange

A

1559

Churches taxes paid to monarch not Pope
Parliament gave Elizabeth permission to take over Bishops’ property

Helped shortage of Crown Finances
Rarely confiscated land
threat useful deterrent & may explain lack of opposition from Bishops

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14
Q

Success of Religious Settlement

A

Established personal authority (in line w/ own belief’s)
Compromise evidence of leadership skills
Seen as final settlement - end turmoil
Vague enough to please Catholics & Protestants
No initial damage to international security
Prioritised order&conformity over devotion (unlike Edward’s gov)

Radical Protestants expected further change - small challenge
Hardcore Catholic support remained

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15
Q

Catholic reaction to Religious Settlement

A

Initially seemed relatively content
few prosecutions from non-attendence
few executed for refusing to swear Oath of Supremacy
no widespread non-attendance
lack of leadership of Catholics to rally against Settlement

1562 Pope prohibited Catholics attending Anglican services
all bishops (bar 1) rejected - replaced & imprisoned
est. 400 clergy lost post/resigned
gradually became more organised - led to Northen Rebellion

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15
Q

Protestant reaction to Religious Settlement

A

Some saw as first step of reform
some refused to accept compromise (eg. Foxe)
Puritans refused to accept - stronger in London/south/midlands
1563 Puritans tried include further measures
(eg.reduction of Holy Days / simplification of vestements)
1566 Vestiarian Controversy emerged of clothes worn by priests

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16
Q

Foreign policy aims 1558-1566

A

Protect border with Scotland
Protect trade in English Channel
Remove England from conflicts to restore Crown finances
Consolidate position

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17
Q

Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis

A

1559
End of Habsburg-Valois conflict
England agreed:
Calais remain under French control for 8 years
returned to England if peace maintained
if France failed return - pay England £125,000

Removed England from unaffordable conflict
Less likely Scotland cause problems

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18
Q

Crisis in Scotland/changing relations with France

A

Francis II became French King 1559
Married Mary Queen of Scots
brought Catholic Guise faction to power
- Mary of Guise Scottish Regent

French troops sent to Scotland
Protestant Scottish Lords asked England for assistance
Cecil urged Elizabeth to intervene & support Protestants
Cecil threatened to resign if not support

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19
Q

Intervention in Scotland 1560

A

Initially support limited by money & armaments
Dec 1559 navy sent to Firth of Forth - stop more French troops landing

Treaty of Berwick Feb 1560
England offer military support to Scottish Lords
March army sent north
Army & navy attempted siege Leith (French forces based) - failed

Mary of Guise died 1560 & severe damage to French fleet
change situation

July 1560 Cecil secured Treaty of Edinburgh
Protestant Lords of the Congregation recognised as Scottish gov
All French/English forces withdrawn from Scotland
Mary & Francis II agree not use arms/signs of England in heraldry

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20
Q

Impact of Treaty of Edinburgh

A

Scotland was Protestant nation therefore ally of England
Mary Stuart remained in France until 1561
Francis died Dec 1560 - Mary forced return to Scotland

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21
Q

Intervention in France

A

Mar 1562 conflict between French Catholics & Protestants (Huguenots)
Robert Dudley urged Elizabeth
pressure France whilst vulnerable to return Calais

Elizabeth promised Huguenots leader Prince of Condé
6000 men & £30,000 loan - England took control Le Havre as security

Huguenots army defeated
both sides sought peace
& joined together to drive England out Le Havre

England sign unfavourable Treaty of Troyes 1564
Agreed Calais not returned to England
Lost insurance fee of Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

Blow to prestige
Long term advantage:
Calais expensive to maintain
Made Elizabeth more caution to future intervention

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22
Q

Society 1558-1563

A

Population growth:
c1.5 million (1470) - c4 million (1601)
rose 43% 1550-1600
growth higher south-east/London
due to growing imunities /relative peace

Epidemics:
Small pox 1562 (almost killed Elizabeth)
Plague 1563 in London - 20% population killed

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23
Q

Changes to social groups 1558 - 1563

A

Nobility remianed most powerful
Owned approx. 10% farmable land

Gentry grew in size/status & wealth
Increased from c300-600

Lower class rise in pop led to fall in living standards
Growth of industries in towns - increased no. waged labourers

Very limited social mobility

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24
Q

Economy 1558 - 1563

A

Inflation:
Increased 400% whole Tudor period
Causes:
Debasement
War spending
Spanish bullion
Bad harvest
Rising price of land

Dec 1560 gov ordered all debased money returned
Recoinage complete Oct 1561

1563 Statute of Artifices - wage limits for skilled workers

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25
Q

Gov response to poverty 1558-1563

A

1563 Act for the Relief of the Poor
ordered able-bodied vagabonds to be whipped
anyone refused to pay for aid of poor imprisoned

1563 Statue of Artificers
Enforcement of 7 year apprenticeship contracts
Could be taken to court for refusing to contribute to Poor Relief
Imposed fine for begging without license

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26
Q

Management of Royal Court

A

Employed c. 1500 people
Largely staffed by women
Restricted no. men close proximity to Queen
Female staff tended daughters/wives of leading poloticians
eg. Lettice Knolleys married Walter Devereux

Promoted if loyal to Elizabeth
tended to promote men who flattered her (‘court favourites’)
ed. Robert Dudley

Elizabeth banish anyone who offened her
eg. Earl of Leicester after secrete marriage to Knolley

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27
Q

Use of patronage

A

Granted monopoly over certain trade/rights to foreign exploration
eg. Earl of Essex over sweet wines

Used potential to gain peerage to control nobles
only granted 18 throughout reign
fewer nobles 1603 than 1558

No single councillor
had control of patronages

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28
Q

Sir Christopher Hatton

A

Attracted Elizabeth’s attention 1561
soon became one of her ‘favourites’

1564 became Gentleman of the Privy Chamber

1577 became member of Privy Council & knighted

1578 granted Bishop of Ely’s house - despite Bishop’s protest

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29
Q

Factional rivalry

A

1558-1563
period of domestic tranquillity

Rivalry between key nobles
vying for position as favourite
or gain titles/land

Key rivals:
William Cecil v Robert Dudley
Peace v war factions (Netherlands 1570s)
Robert Cecil v Earl of Essex

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30
Q

Use of Privy Council

A

Did not make any significant changes to gov

Reduced size to 20 members
more efficient/easier to manage/reduced power of trad nobility
↳appointed opposing views to receive range advice
↳sometimes led disagreement/rivalry
↳replaced many pro-Catholics with professional administrators

Little debate - to small & narrow?
↳not representative of many institutes of ruling classes

Most important role advisory
eg. 1574 readiness of troops to intervene in Ireland

1570s Council reshaped
influence of trad conservatives reduced
new appointments Protestant
eg. Walsingham, Mildmay & Earl of Warwick

‘Inner ring’ of 8 councillors now advised

Met more frequently in times of crisis
eg. 1590s met 6 days a week

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31
Q

Later years of privy council

A

1580s weakened by death of
Earl of Leicester & 11 others
↳delayed making new appointments
↳tended to appoint sons who lacked fathers’ skills eg Robert Cecil
↳now failed to represent any major nobility

Had less control over factionalis

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32
Q

Local & regional government

A

JPs:
mostly appointed from
gentry/wealthy in particular towns
responsible for:
↳local administration eg. Poor Laws
↳punishment of local criminals
↳settling disputed
est c.50 per county by 1600
lived in communities
∴open to bribery/corruption

Lord Lieutenants:
appointed permanently in nearly every county by 1560
responsible for:
raising troops
overseeing JPs
reporting local affairs to privy council

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33
Q

Leading Courtiers

A

William Cecil (Lord Burghley)
↳made Secretary of State 1558
↳made Lord Treasurer 1572

Robert Dudley (Earl of Leicester)
↳’court favourite’

Sir Francis Walsingham
↳made Secretary of State 1573
↳established spy network

Sir Christopher Hatton
↳considered one of ‘favourites’

Sir Walter Raleigh
↳became ‘favourite’ 1581

Robert Devereux (Earl of Essex)
↳1589 took part in attack of Spain (ordered not to by Elizabeth)
↳Urged more aggressive foreign policy

Robert Cecil
↳unofficial spokesperson in Parliament
↳supervised arrangement for succession of James I

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34
Q

Parliament during Elizabeth’s reign

A

Transformation into
more powerful & vocal body
representing gentry

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35
Q

Elizabeth’s relationship with Parliament

A

Less important than in Henry VIII’s reign
Elizabeth saw as ‘necessary evil’
Elizabeth preferred to rule alone

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36
Q

Parliament’s role

A

Legislative: passed 438 Acts
on issues eg. religion/social policy

Taxation: 11/13 called to raise revenue

Advice: not interest in advice from MPs
forbade discussion of marriage/succession

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37
Q

Management of Parliament (positive)

A

William Cecil managed
Commons & Gov legislative programme

Privy councillors freq. introduced bills
& sat on committees to ensure
Elizabeth’s desires given approval

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38
Q

Management of Parliament (negative)

A

1563/1566 Elizabeth irritated over discussion of issue of marriage

Refused Royal Assent for 60 bills
(15 in 1585)

MP Peter Wentworth arrested & imprisoned twice for open discussion of the succession
(1593 arrested & imprisoned ‘til death)

1601 relationship broke down
over issue of monopolies
↳Crown lost control of debate & had to compromise

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39
Q

Golden Speech

A

1601
Final Parliamentary session of her reign

Either Elizabeth felt need to repair relationship
or evidence of skilful leadership

Left long-lasting positive memory of her

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40
Q

Mary Queen of Scots background

A

Direct descendant of Margaret Tudor

Married Francis II of France

Figurehead of Catholics
who disliked Elizabeth

Fled to England 1567

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41
Q

Ridolfi Plot

A

1571

Conspiracy by Ridolfi (Italian banker)
MQS marry Duke of Norfolk
& overthrow Elizabeth

Plan to land Spanish troops in Essex
& march on London

Discovered when messenger caught

Some historians believe set-up by Cecil to catch Duke of Norfolk

Significance:
↳Norfolk executed
↳No evidence of widespread support
↳Added paranoia after Northern Rising/excommunication 1570

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42
Q

Throckmorton Plot

A

1583

Led by Spanish Ambassador

Plan Spanish landing in Sussex
overthrow Elizabeth
replace with MQS

Hoped gain support of
Earls of Northumberland & Arundel

Foiled by Walsingham’s spy network

Significance:
↳Led to creation of Bond of Association
↳Worsened Anglo-Spanish relations (ambassador expelled)
↳Arundel imprisoned
↳Conditions of MQS captivity tightened

More serious threat than Ridolfi

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43
Q

Parry Plot

A

1585

Welsh gentry & MP William Parry
plotted assassination

Significance:
↳accelerated parliamentary proceedings on a bill to ensure Queen’s safety

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44
Q

Babbington Plot

A

1586

Mary found complicit in plot in assassinate Elizabeth
↳Babbington wrote Mary asking for approval - she gave

Exposed by Walsingham’s codebreaker
↳Probably set up by him

Significance:
↳Enabled Cecil to secure execution of MQS

45
Q

Trail & execution of MQS

A

1587
Elizabeth initial reactant to take significant action against another monarch
↳refused execution 1571-86

Proof of involvement in Babbington Plot - felt had no option

Reluctant to order execution
↳Burghley pressured Parliament to influence Elizabeth

Death warrant signed 1 Feb 1587

Execution not public - feared seen as Catholic martyr & encourage further Catholic plots supported by Spain

46
Q

Cause of tension with Spain 1563-1588

A
  1. Issue of MQS
  2. Situation in Netherlands
  3. Actions of English privateers
  4. Religious differences
47
Q

Problem in the Netherland 1563-1588

A

Philip becomes Lord of the Netherlands 1555

Netherlands nobility resented
Philip’s autocratic style
& Protestant Calvinist rebellions broke out

1566 Philip sent 10,000 troops
led by Duke of Alba

Netherlands had economic importance
↳most English cloth sold in ports eg. Antwerp
Potential staging point of invasion

48
Q

Policy towards Spanish 1560-1570

A

Initially cautious
tried to encourage rebels
whilst distancing herself
to avoid antagonising Philip

Almost 20 yrs official neutrality

Allowed rebel ships to enter ports
English pirate ships regularly disrupted Spanish ships (delivering supplies)

Division over policy amongst councillors

49
Q

Foreign policy in 1560s

A

1562
Kept troops from joining Huguenot army after Philip complained about support for Protestants

1563
Banned all imports from Netherlands
after Philip banned import English cloth
Both backed down 1564
& trade resumed

1566-67
Concern in council over Spanish troops sent to Netherlands for rebellions

1568
Spain expelled English ambassador
& replaced their ambassador with hard-line Catholic (De Spes) - Elizabeth took no action
(symbolic - complete break down of relations)

Ships seized Spanish bullion & Spanish ships attacked Hawkins’ fleet in Caribbean

Alba confiscated all English ships docked after seizing bullion
Elizabeth banned all trade with Spain & Netherlands
trade not fully restored until 1573

1569
De Spes encouraged Northern Rebellion & attempts to replace with MQS

1570
Elizabeth considered marriage to Duke of Anjou - form Anglo-French alliances before French-Spanish form

50
Q

Causes for deteriorating Spanish relations 1570-1585

A

1570 Pope excommunicated
(effectively gave permission for Catholic to overthrow)

Spanish supported Catholic plots - forced gov to suppress Catholics

Policy became more confrontational
both sought avoid direct conflict

51
Q

Spanish threat 1570-1585

A

1576 Dutch rebels issued
Pacification of Ghent
demanded expulsion of troops from area & return to autonomous nation
Suited Elizabeth

Dutch rebels split - Protestant Union of Utrecht in north & Catholic Union of Arras in south (made peace w/ Philip)
Duke of Parma appointed conquer rest region
↳achieved military advances in north

French Catholics made peace with Philip in Treaty of Joinville 1584
↳inc. plan support MQS

1580 Philip annexed Portugal

52
Q

Anti-Spanish policy 1580s

A

Supported Dom Antonio (prentender to Portugese throne)

Rewarded Drake for plunder of Spanish ships

Treated Spanish Ambassador w/ contempt

Agreed alliance w/ Dutch Protestants
in Treaty of Nonsuch 1584
↳committed sent troops help fight Spanish

53
Q

Direct intervention in Netherlands 1585-1588

A

1585
gave into persuasion from Leicester
sent him w/ troops

Expedition lacked military success
↳ill-disciplined troops
↳desertion of 2 nobles
↳Leicester acting without consolation
eg. accepted post Governor-General from Dutch - direct conflict with orders
1588 gave title/command of army & returned to England

Philip responded preparing Armada
to laugh attack & remove Elizabeth from throne & restore Catholicism

54
Q

Spanish Armada Plan

A

1588

Plan:
130 warships leave Spain
Sail to Netherlands
↳collect Parma’s army 30,000 men
Land in England
↳overthrow Elizabeth & restore Catholicism

55
Q

Causes of Armadas defeat (English strength)

A

English strength:
↳Navy prepared
↳Lord Howard allowed Spanish to pass fleet in Channel - forced them into south-westerly winds
↳Drake Vice-Admiral of fleet - experience successfully engaging Spanish
↳Used fire ships to destroy Spanish ships when sought refuge off French coast (after unable to reach Parma)
↳Ships had long-range guns (important in Battle of Gravelines)
↳Elizabeth gave speech to rally army
↳Duke of Medina-Sidonia had to abandon plan & pull away from English Gunfire

55
Q

Causes of Armadas defeat (English strength)

A

Navy prepared

Lord Howard allowed Spanish to pass fleet in Channel - forced them into south-westerly winds

Drake Vice-Admiral of fleet - experience successfully engaging Spanish
↳Elizabeth supported his privateering

Used fire ships to destroy Spanish ships when sought refuge off French coast (after unable to reach Parma)

Ships had long-range guns (important in Battle of Gravelines)

Elizabeth gave speech to rally army

Duke of Medina-Sidonia had to abandon plan & pull away from English Gunfire

Rallied army of 30,000 in Essex led by Leicester to repel land invasion

56
Q

Causes of Armada defeat (Spanish failure)

A

Advisors not taken into account shallow water of Dutch ports/south-westerly Channel winds

Fleet underprepared & lacked previsions (partly due to Drake’s attack on Cadiz 1587 destroyed 100 ships)

Planned on expectation sight of fleet would cause abandonment of Protestantism & land invasion not necessary

Leader (Duke of Medina-Sidonia) lack little naval experience

Bad weather on Spanish return home led to ship wreaks - less than 1/2 returned

57
Q

Importance of victory over Armada

A

Important:
Used as propaganda

Sign of God’s approval for gov/Church

Not important:
Not turning point in Spanish relations - continued for 15 years

Cost £161,000

58
Q

Foreign policy aims 1588-1603

A
  1. Removal of Spanish presence from Netherlands/English Channel
  2. Achieve balance of power between Spain/France (weaken threat from both)
  3. Defend home waters
  4. Achieve above with as little impact on Crown finances/economy as possible
59
Q

Foreign policy 1588-1603

A

Refused expand army past 7000 men
& hope reduce commitments to overseas campaigns
∵depleted funds

Crown lands sold off, taxes raised, nobles forced give loans & Ship Money demanded from non-costal regions

Had aversion to war like Henry VII
& could not afford more aggressive approach like Henry VIII in 1530s

Reliant on advice & leadership fro
council & private captains
↳motivation of ‘Sea Dogs’ was private gain - often disobeyed riders to take opportunities

60
Q

War with Spain 1588-1595

A

1589
↳failed attack on Portugal by Drake
fleet 15,000 men & 130 ships
aimed put Dom Antonio on throne
↳sent £20,000 & 400 men to support Henry IV new French king in attack from Netherlands

1590
Duke of Parma invaded France

1591
Spain capture ship ‘Revenge’ (most killed)

1592-93
sent 20,000 men to France led by Devereux - returned failure
Henry declares himself Catholic

1594
English/Dutch troops expelled Spanish from Netherlands - south gain some autonomy

1595
Drake & Hawkins die in attack on Spanish fleet

61
Q

War with Spain 1596-1603

A

1596
Raleigh & Essex led 80,000 men on raid Cadiz - destroyed approx. 50 ships & captured treasure
Elizabeth refused allow Essex establish permanent base in Cadiz
↳Second Armada battered by storms

1597
Essex & Raleigh attempt attack on Spain - weather pushed to Plymouth
↳Third Armada failed ∵bad weather

1598
Treaty of Vervins - Spanish/French peace
Phillip dies - war continues

1599-1603
Launched campaigns to crush rebellions in Ireland
32,000 troops & over £1 million committed
Defeat crucial to stop acting staging point for Spanish invasion

1601
Fourth Armada laughed in Ireland - defeated
Navy focussed preventing further landing in Ireland - cost £320,000

1604
19 yrs war ends

62
Q

Leaders of Northern Rebellion

A

Earl of Northumberland (Thomas Percy)
↳Catholic
↳head most important northern noble family

Earl of Westmorland (Charles Neville)
↳Brother-in-law Duke of Norfolk

Leonard Dacre
↳Cousin Northumberland

63
Q

Causes of Northern Rebellion

A

Factionalism:
↳Discovery of Ridolfi plot - Earl of Westmorland knew about plot, Queen now had evidence of treason

Religion:
Recent appointments to diocese of Durham radical Protestants - led to popular protests

Local factors:
Westmorland/Northumberland felt dishonoured being cut from Council of the North & resented appointment of outsiders

64
Q

Timeline of Northern Rebellion

A

Autum 1569
Northumberland/Westmorland summoned court - rumours planning rebellion
↳forced outright rebellion, expected arrested for treason if went

Nov
Seized Durham with approx. 6,000 supporters
Moved south - chose not lay siege York

Dec
Captured Barnard Castle (Crown stronghold) & Hartlepool
Hoped receive Spanish fleet to join & overthrow Elizabeth
Failed to gain support & army moved north
Earls disbanded forced & fled to Scotland

Jan 1570
Dacre attempted restart in Cumberland - forced destroyed by army near Carlisle

65
Q

Causes of Northern Rebellions failure

A

Lack of clear motive

Lack of effective leadership

No support among key nobles

Did not capture York

Poorly organised

No foreign support

Decisive action by authorities

66
Q

Significance of Northern Rebellion

A

Positive:
Crown dealt effectively with rebellion
66 rebels executed
Northumberland executed 1572

Negative:
Lack of Northern support for Queen
Westmorland survived
Shows poor handling of regions by gov
Shows resistance to Protestant reforms

67
Q

Causes of Essex rebellion

A

Factional rivalry:
Essex ‘favourite’ - acted increasingly arrogance & created enemies at court

Failure in Ireland:
1599 charged treason, failed follow orders leading campaign against Irish rebels

Loss of monopoly/favour:
Elizabeth denied position & refused renew of monopoly on imported sweet wines (lost approx. £50,000 pa)

Competition between councillors:
Blamed Cecil for position - met James VI to plot coup & replace Cecil

68
Q

Essex Rebellion key advents

A

1601
Plan:
secure Palace of Whitehall, storm Tower of London & purge privy council of Cecil/followers

Cecil heard of plans
∴Essex planned demonstration in London against Cecil

Failure - gathered around 300 supporters
Queen sent message to dismiss supporters
Essex took hostage 4 messengers
then tried gain support in London
Gained no support
Cecil had fortified key palaces
Essex forced to surrender

Essex & 5 associates executed

69
Q

Threat of Essex Rebellion

A

Threat:
Shows danger of factional rivalry
Betrayal of trusted person
Took place in London
Shows problem caused by lack of heir & refusal to name successor

Not threat:
Quickly dealt with
People in London did not support
Poorly planned & disorganised

70
Q

Control of Ireland

A

1569-73 & 1582
rebellions against English rule (brutally suppressed)

1595-1603
Earl of Tyrone led uprising
↳Spanish attempted use to attack in 2nd Armada

1598
Tyrone in control most Ireland after winning
Battle of Yellow Ford in 1598
(danger of becoming independent Catholic nation)

1599
Earl of Essex sent as Lord Lieutenant
disobeyed by delaying attacks & negotiating truce with Tyrone without permission

1601
Tyrone started retreat after new Lord Lieutenant (Lord Mountjoy) won Dec 1601

1603
Tyrone signs peace treaty with Mountjoy (after Elizabeth’s death)

71
Q

Control of Wales

A

Continued to integrate into England

Council of Wales & Warden of the Marches worked effectively

Welsh language disappeared in official gov documents but religion in Welsh

Many Welsh gentry prospered but poverty widespread

Large proportion Essex Rebellion supports Welsh

72
Q

Control of the North

A

Maintenance of law & order remained with Council of the North

Boarder became key issue 1578-1585
Scottish Lords faced challenge to leadership
↳area plagued by lawlessness, violence & cattle theft

Elizabeth’s response:
Appointed southerns as boarder wardens (more confident in loyalty - like HVIII)
↳struggled to govern effectively without own land base
↳appointed Sir John Forster (lesser northern landowner) 1560 - corrupt & ineffective
After murder Earl of Bedford’s son 1585 in boarder incident negotiated with James VI
↳resolved by agreeing pay him pension £4000 (strong hints about his succession)

73
Q

Causes of Religious Settlements survival

A

Radicalism failed to gain support

Elizabeth impose authority upon Church
↳Archbishop of Canterbury Whitgift helped block radical Protestantism
↳Court of High Commission (1559) & Treason act allow prosecution of radicals

Parliament quick to impose anti-Catholic laws

Anglicanism developed into religious identity people wished to defend

Catholicism discredited due to rebellions & Spain

74
Q

Threat of Puritans (Vestiarian Controversy)

A

1566

Group clergymen (inc Puritans)
not obey Act of Uniformity rules on
clerical dress
↳considered trad robes ‘Popish rags’

Archbishop of Canterbury Matthew Parker
issued Book of Advertisements
insisting all clergy conform
37 London clergymen refused
deprived of post

75
Q

Threat of Puritans (Presbyterians)

A

Voiced ideas 2 pamphlets Admonitions
attacked Book of Common Prayer
& called for abolition of
posts of bishops & restructuring of Church

Sparked intellectual debate (not threat)

1570 Thomas Cartwright argued
Church should organised around
national assemblies & committees
not strict hierarchy of command
↳debated in Parliament - rejected

Elizabeth horrified
fuelled by removal of MQS from Scottish throne by Presbyterians

39 articles approved in response
& all clergy accept before gaining post

Largely confined to south-east & some east-Midlands

Cecil/Leicester saw advantage
defence against Catholicism

76
Q

Threat of Puritans (Prophesying)

A

Organised gatherings of clergymen
met to train/advice
young/unlicensed preachers

Gov became increasingly alarmed

1576 Elizabeth ordered
new Archbishop Canterbury Grindal
suppress prophesying
refused accept as threat
& lectured her about importance
of spreading word of God

Grindal put under house arrest 7 years

77
Q

Threat of Puritans (attack on Presbyterians)

A

Archbishop John Whitgift
led purging of Presbyterians
in 1583

Shared Elizabeth’s view
helped enforce uniformity

Issued 3 articles clergy had to follow:
1. Acknowledge Royal Supremacy
2. Accept Prayer Book contains nothing ‘contrary to Word of God’
3. Accept 39 Articles conferred to word of God

Caused uproar
300 ministers suspended in South

Whitgift set tone for control of Church
& survival of Via Media

Most Presbyterians conformed
rather than split from Church

Puritan influence persisted in Parliament
Campaign 1586-87 for
Calvinist prayer book
led by 1 MP

Support for Calvinist structure remained low

78
Q

Threat of Puritans (Separatist movement)

A

Believed Church incapable
reforming itself to root out
‘Popish’ practices & superstitions

1580s distinct movement emerged
led by Robert Browne
went into exile 1582
& congregation disbanded

Late 1580s, series of bitter anonymous attacks on Church published

1593 Parliament passed
Act Against Seditious Sectaries
give authorities power
execute anyone suspected separatists

By end reign
influence Puritans in decline

79
Q

Threat of Catholics (Catholic reaction)

A

Most conformed to laws & attended services
but retained own beliefs

Active minority refused to swear
Oath of Supremacy
some went into exile abroad rather than conform

Catholic nobility retained private chaplains to conduct
secret Catholic services

80
Q

Changes in treatment of Catholic after 1569

A

Gov took harsher line
after Northern Rebellion

Increased after excommunication 1570

81
Q

Catholic missions

A

1568 college formed Netherlands
train Catholic priests
to sent to England
to keep Catholicism alive

By 1575 only 11 priests arrived
179 1580-1585

Operated in secret from country houses
of nobles/gentry

If caught executed

82
Q

Jesuits

A

From 1580 Society of Jesus
began sending priests
known as Jesuits to England

Mission actively reconvert

Gained some support in England
had limited success

83
Q

Penal laws against Catholics

A

1571
Publication of Papal Bull
made treasonable

1581
Act to Retain the Queen’s Majesty’s Subjects in their Due Obedience
made treason to withdraw alliance
to queen/Church of England
↳saying mass punishable by heavy fine & imprisonment
↳Recusancy increased to £20 per month
↳4 priests executed 1581 & 11 1582

1584
Bond of Association for the Preservation of the Queen Majesty’s Royal Person
response to Throckmorton plot
anyone who took Oath of Association
expected execute anyone who attempted usurp throne/make attempt threat Elizabeth’s life

1585
Act Against Jesuits & Seminary Priests
made treasonable priests ordained
by Pope enter England
123 executed 1568-1601

1587
Law against recusancy tightened
2/3 priests estate could seized by Exchequer of refused
pay £20 a month fine

84
Q

Population growth 1563-1603

A

London 60,000 (1520) -> 200,000 (1600)
↳South-east grew faster than north

Life expectancy increased 35 -> 40

1551/52 plague outbreaks
1556/58 influenza epidemic

85
Q

Inflation 1563-1603

A

Population increases = pressure on agriculture

Prices rises, higher rents & higher wages
1500-1600 prices rose 400%

Wages in countryside failed keep up price rises

Rapid inflation due to:
Rapid population growth
Poor harvest
Increase money supply from Spanish mines
Increased demand for goods from war

mid 1590s multiple bad harvests
put pressure on prices
some parts of country faced famine
↳1595 food riots London & 1596-8 in East Anglia

By 1590s standard of living fell for workers as cost of living increased

60% population lived at/below poverty line

86
Q

Gov response to inflation/poverty 1563-1603

A

Early 1560s began recoinage

Statute of Artifices 1563
set wage limits for workers

1570s Privy Council ordered
gov of City of London
to hand out corn to poor
tried to stop exports of corm

87
Q

Change for nobility 1563-1603

A

Remained stable

Relative fall in status as gentry became increasingly wealth & important

88
Q

Change for gentry 1563-1603

A

Approx. 4500 families

Continued growth as class
experience increased status & wealth

89
Q

Change for people in the countryside 1563-1603

A

Enclosure allowed some landowners to improve efficiency & increase profits
↳continued to push smaller farmers off land
↳cause some local tension

Some developments in farming created prosperity for gentry & yeoman
↳imported cattle increased milk yield
↳more land irrigated
↳marshes/fens drained create more arable/grazing land

Labourers affected by increasing food prices & increased rent

Gap between rural poor & wealthy grew

90
Q

Changes for people in towns 1563-1603

A

Faced overcrowding & poor housing
vulnerable to spread of disease

1571 London described as ‘stinking city’
disease spread through unclean water supply

Evictions from land led to increased town populations - led to increased fear vagrancy

As prices increased many craftsmen found hard to maintain standard of living

Merchants/lawyers self-employed
depended on profits not wages

Houses built & no. theatres grew
reflects prosperity

By 1590s growing urban population experienced widespread poverty & famine - linked social unrest

91
Q

Social reforms 1563-1603

A

1563
Statues of Artificers
↳Enforced 7 year apprenticeship contracts enforced by JPs
↳Fixed wages to control inflation
↳Property owners punished by fines/imprisonment if refused contribute

1572
Poor Relief Act
↳Compulsory contribution to poor relief organised by parish overseers
↳Each parish keep register of poor & provide shelter for poor/sick
↳Increased punishment for vagrancy - 1st offence punished by whipping/hole bored in ear & 3rd offence could result death penalty

1597
Poor Relief Act
↳Towns required find work for unemployed
↳JPs to buy raw material for deserving poor

Act for the Punishment of Rogues, Vagabonds & Beggars
↳Each county to have ‘house of correction’
↳1st time caught - whipped & returned to parish of birth, reoffenders forced work as oarsmen or executed

1601
Poor Law Act
↳Brought earlier laws together into one act & issued

92
Q

Trade & Exploration

A

Mary/Elizabeth played key role
developing navy

By 1570s seen as sea-faring nation
willing & able to trade with world

93
Q

North East passage

A

1553
Willoughby & Chancellor sailed north east
profitable trading relationship with Russia
via Muscovite Company

1560s
Jenkinson explored south from Russia
into Persia & establish trade link

Muscovite Company traded with Baltic states
challenged monopoly of Hanseatic League

94
Q

North West passage

A

1576
Frobisher sailed to Canada
attempt to create trade route to China failed

1577-80
Drake attempted create China trade route via North American - failed

1585-87
Davis made valuable contributions to mapping of America
failed establish any real trade links

95
Q

Slave trade with the West Indies

A

Portugal/Spain had monopoly

Hawkins captured locals in Africa 1562 & took them to West Indies
brought home money & sugar
valuable trade established

1564 group of shareholders funded 2nd trip - Cecil, Leicester & Queen secret gave funds

2nd voyage = tension with Spain

1567 Hawkins financed by Queen
failed & Hawkins narrowly escaped Spanish

Drake’s circumnavigation massive propaganda coup
undermined Spain’s reputation

Drake’s voyage 1577-80 made 4000% profits

96
Q

Colonisation

A

Humphrey failed colonise part of North West America
↳had been granted monopoly by Queen & given rights over land laid claim to

Raleigh attempted colonise Virginia 1585 & 1587 - failed

1587 White landed Roanoke Island & established 1st permanent English settlement with 120 men, women & children - left to report to Crown & returned 2 years later & no sign of colonists

97
Q

Attempts to trade with India

A

1583
Newbery & Fitch made overland journey to India & visited Portuguese colony of Goa

1600 creation East India company
successful exploiting trade relations with India - not until after 1603

98
Q

Art

A

Artists like Issac Oliver produced miniature portraits

Nobility/gentry/courtiers provided patronage by sitting for portraits - Leicester & Queen commissioned multiple

Nicholas Howard popular portrait artist
↳painted ‘young man amongst roses’ - probably Earl of Essex

Copies of Elizabeth image frequently reproduced & popular among all classes

99
Q

Architecture

A

Queen reluctant to build costly new palaces

Nobility/wealthy gentry used ex-monastic land to build extravagant manor houses
eg. Hatfield House built by Robert Cecil

100
Q

Literature

A

Increased education led to development highly literate public

Growth of theatre in London led to emergence of influence of playwrights eg. Marlowe & Shakespeare
audience from all classes enjoyed productions at theatres eg. Globe & Swan

Companies of actors sponsored by courtiers

Sidney & Spencer modernised literature by adapting classical forms

Some political & can interpret as criticising court
eg. staging of Richard II during Essex Rebellion

101
Q

Music

A

Elizabeth’s support saved entries old religious musical culture of cathedrals & Oxbridge colleges by new works written by Tallis & Byrd
↳Puritans criticised music in churches
↳Tallis & Byrd secretly Catholic heretics - saved by skill/court connections

Secular music flourished at court
Renaissance ideas promoted musical skill

Flourished at popular level
official town bands (wait)
Broadside Ballads popular & often bawdy

102
Q

Effectiveness of financial policy

A

Policy was strictest budget possible

Role of Exchequer increased

Made £600,000 from sale Crown lands

Increased parliamentary taxes
Sold monopolies

Inflation & war with Spain left her in debt

103
Q

Approach to government

A

Cautious & conservative style of gov

Financially weak

Policy conservative & reactive

104
Q

Control of gov in final years

A

Slow to appoint replacements
after death of Privy Councillors

By 1597 only 11 members of Privy Council - no senior noblemen from great families eg. Howards

Rivalry between Robert Cecil & Robert Devereux distrusted gov

Poor harvests disrupted local gov

Faced challenges in Parliament

105
Q

European suitors

A

Philip of Spain
↳rejected (wisdom of Elizabeth) unpopular at court under Mary

Ferdinand & Charles (sons of HRE)
↳Ferdinand Catholic
↳Charles considered for nearly decade & used in attempts to secure alliance with Habsburgs & HRE

Prince Eric of Sweden
↳Protestant

Duke of Alencon (later Duke of Anjou)
↳Elizabeth dubbed him her ‘frog’
↳Cecil urged for alliance against Spain

106
Q

English suitors

A

Earl of Arundel
↳Catholic

Robert Dudley
↳Implicated in murder of wife 1560
↳Marriage would cause factional rivalry

107
Q

Succession crisis

A

1562
Elizabeth caught smallpox

Recovered but created urgency regarding marriage & succession

1563 Parliament urged name successor but Elizabeth refused

Elizabeth & Parliament clashed several times over issue

108
Q

Main contenders for succession

A

Mary Queen of Scots
↳Granddaughter Margaret Tudor
↳Catholic

James VI
↳Son MQS
↳Protestant ∴more acceptable for Elizabeth/council

Catherine & Mary Grey
↳Granddaughters Mary Tudor (HVIII sister) & sister Lady Jane Grey
↳Both Protestant

Upon death only strong contender James

Tudors (4 decks)

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