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Tudors > Edward VI > Flashcards

Edward VI Flashcards

1
Q

Initial problems

A
  • Too young to rule in own right
  • Factionalism
  • Religious differences
  • Depleted crown finances
  • Rising inflation & falling income
  • Income from monastic lands lost
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2
Q

Henry’s plan for the succession

A

26 Dec 1546 altered succession -
reintroduced Mary & Elizabeth

Planned for balance regency council
of 16 members

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3
Q

Actual succession

A

Sir Denny (reform faction)
used dry stamp to alter Henry’s will
strengthen power of regency council

One clause gave council
power to award gifts
Henry indented to make before death

Edward Seymour (Hertford) used to seize power
as Edward’s Protector
& reward own supporters

Hertford took title Duke of Somerset

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4
Q

Key rivalry

A

Somerset & Northumberland

Northumberland = John Dudley
(Viscount Lisle, Earl of Warwick)

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5
Q

Somerset & Northumberland’s wrestle for control’

A
  1. Somerset declares himself Lord Protector
    arrogant & dictatorial style of gov made many enemies
  2. Thomas Seymour & Earl of Southampton(Wriothesely)
    plotted against Somerset - unsuccessful
    discredits Somerset
    Seymour executed - Wriothesely betrayed him & readmitted to council

3.1549 rebellions weakened Somerset
Dudley & Southampton plot to remove him
Somerset fled London with Edward
forced surrender Oct 1549 & arrested
returned to council Apr 1550 - not in charge

  1. Dudley in position of power in council
    purged remaining conservatives inc. Southhampton
    Feb 1550 promoted Lord President of the Council
  2. 1551 Dudley awarded Duke of Northumberland title
    involved Edward more in gov & invited council meetings
  3. Somerset accused plotting to regain power
    arrested Oct 1551 & executed Jan 1552
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6
Q

Foreign policy aims - Somerset

A
  1. Secure marriage of Edward & Mary Queen of Scots
  2. Secure alliance with France
  3. Secure French agreement not intervene Scottish affairs
  4. Ensure dominance over Scotland
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7
Q

Battle of Pinkie

A

Sep 1547

Henry II took over French throne - more aggressive
Henry II renewed Auld Alliance
sent fleet of warships & 4000 troops to Scotland

Somerset launched land invasion
22,000 men, 30 warships & 50 supply ships

Scottish army poorly equipped - defeat south of Edinburg
Somerset controlled boarder region - set up forts/garrisons
could not make further gains

Garrisons expensive to maintain
Failed to control strategically important castles - Edinburg/Firth of Fourth
French still able to supply Scottish army

Cost £600,000
Gained some south Scottish land
Mostly strengthen Franco-Scottish relations

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8
Q

Foreign policy aims - Northumberland

A
  1. Cut expenditure
  2. Secure alliances with France & Scotland
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9
Q

Treaty of Boulogne

A

1550
Peace treaty with French

Terms:
1. England return Boulogne
French pay £133,333 compensation
had been expensive to maintain
2. Remove garrisons & troops from Scotland
3. English-Scottish boarder returned to 1542 position
4. Perpetual peace alliance
5. Marriage of Edward & Henry II’s daughter

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10
Q

Relations with Charles V

A

Angered by closed English-French relations
Opposed increasingly radical religious reforms

Considered English invasion 1551
Response Northumberland put trade embargo on sale of cloth to Netherlands

By June 1552 Charles improved relations for economic reasons

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11
Q

Financial policy - Somerset

A

War in Scotland cost £600,000 1547-49
Put immense pressure of Crown finances

£300,000 financial deficit by 1550

Foreign policy paid for by debasement of the coinage
raised £500,000 1547-51

Dissolution of Chantries may have financial motives

Crown effectively insolvent

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12
Q

Taxation policy - Somerset

A

1548 Subsidy Act
1p tax on each sheep
1/2 p tax on each pound wool exported
had little impact on crown finances

1549 introduced tax on personal property
also unpopular

1549 rebellion partly caused by unpopularity of policies

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13
Q

Social & economic policy - Somerset

A

1520-1550 food prices doubled
wages were stagnant
exacerbated by debasement of the coinage

Sharp decline in wool trade after 1551 Antwerp crash
bad harvests led to greater hardship

Somerset favoured anti-enclosure polices
appointed Enclosure Commission
to stop/reverse policy
origin of reputation ‘friend of the poor’

1547 Vagrancy Act
stated able bodied people out of work for 3 days
would be branded
children could forced to be sent to work as apprentice
harsh but rarely used

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14
Q

Nature of Somerset’s government

A

Somerset granted himself quasi-Royal powers 1547
own household officials dominated gov
often by-passed Regency Council

Used Royal Proclamations
to increased own power & reduce factionalism
Issued 71 proclamations

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15
Q

Finance & taxation policy - Northumberland

A

Sir William Paulet appointed Lord Treasurer 1550
Took advice from experts
William Cecil & Walter Mildmay

Aimed to
reduced expenditure, increased income & clear debts

Planned to issue recoinage 1551
not carried out until 1552 due to Antwerp Crash

Repealed Subsidy Tax of 1548

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16
Q

Poverty policy - Northumberland

A

1552 New Poor Law
made parishes legally responsible for
raising money to look after
‘deserving’ poor
(each had different approach - inconsistent)

Sponsored Voyage of Discovery from 1552
way of expanding & promoting trade
(high risk - no guarantee of discovery)

17
Q

Policy to reduce expenditure - Northumberland

A

Ended costly war
Treaty of Boulogne 1550 received £133,333 from France

Mildmay led Commission
enquire into national finances
(not back until Mary’s reign)
resulted introduction of new accounting methods
(similar to Henry VII’s use of Chamber)
more efficient & less corrupt system collecting revenue

Debts reduced
£300,000 in 1550
£180,000 in 1553
partly funded by selling Chantry buildings
critics called plundering church

18
Q

Northumberland’s style of government

A

Sought advice from key councillors
eg. William Cecil

Expanded council to 33 members

Weakened gov to assert own authority
Removed opposition (less balanced)
eg. Earl of Southampton & William Paget

Somerset re-admitted 1551
removed & executed 1552

1550 Treason Act
re-imposed censorship
helped restore law & order
helped end social discontent 1547-49

19
Q

Religion background

A

1547 20% people in London Protestant

20
Q

Government approach to religion

A

Somerset’s policy was cautious
Archbishop Cranmer was also cautious
Northumberland’s policy was more radical

21
Q

Causes of religious change

A
  1. Role of monarch
  2. Role of men in gov
  3. Influence of others
    eg. Hooper, Luther, Zwingli & Calvin
  4. Financial motives
22
Q

Book of Homilies & Paraphrases

A

July 1547
New book of homilies to be put in every church
One of which based on Luther’s idea of
justification by faith alone

Book written by Erasmus put in every church

In almost every parish church by 1549

Steven Gardiner & Bishop of London
objected & arrested

23
Q

Royal injunctions

A

July 1547
All clergy preach in English
& English bible in every church

superstitious images removed from churches (iconoclasm)

24
Q

Chantries Act

A

Nov - Dec 1547 meeting of Parliament
Ordered closure of all chantries

3000 chantries, 90 colleges & 110 hospitals closed

Unease & opposition
feared without prayer for souls of dead
remain in purgatory

25
Q

Act of Six Articles repealed

A

Nov - Dec 1547 meeting of parliament
Act had re-established some Catholic practises

Effectively left church without official doctrine

26
Q

Treason Act repealed

A

Nov - Dec 1547 meeting of parliament
removed old heresy, treason & censorship laws

allowed discussion of religion freely
led to rapid spread of radical ideas

27
Q

All images to be removed from churches

A

Feb 1548
Iconoclasm continued

Most visible change for church goers

28
Q

Royal Proclamations

A

April - Sep 1548
Only authorised clergy could preach
No new ideas could be preached
unless liturgy approved

29
Q

First Book of Common Prayer

A

1549
Services in English
Communion in both ways (ambiguous/transubstantiation)
Kept all but 2 sacraments
Allowed clerical marriage
Worship of saints discouraged
Traditional vestments to be worn in Church
Fasts & holy days remained

30
Q

Second Book of Common Prayer

A

Jan 1552
Denied transubstantiation
No traditional vestments to be worn
Stone alters replaced with communion tables
Restriction on music

31
Q

Act of Uniformity

A

April 1552
Became offence to not attend CoE services
punishable by fines & imprisonment

32
Q

Issuing of the 42 Articles

A

June 1553
Established justification by faith alone
Gave first encounter with Calvinist idea of
Predestination

Radically Protestant

Delayed by council
issued weeks before Edward’s death
immediately removed by Mary

Form basis of Elizabeth’s 39 Articles

33
Q

Causes of Western Rebellion

A

April 1548 William Body was murdered
had been tasked with removing images from church
sparked local protest - mostly over iconoclasm

Introduction of Book of Common Prayer in 1549
citied as main reason
religious grievances ran deeper
wanted reversal of all religious reform
Cornish leaders demanded
restoration of Catholic doctrine & practises

Resentment gentry gained land from monasteries closure

Impact of debasement & inflation

Increased enclosure

Farm labourers resented sheep tax

34
Q

Extent of threat of Western Rebellion

A

Gathered at Crediton in Devon
before advanced to Exeter & set up camp

Challenged by local JP & dispute escalated

Made no attempt to march beyond Devon
waited for King’s troops to march to them

Somerset underestimate seriousness

Troops stationed in north to defend against Scotland
and along coast

Coincided with Kett Rebellion
divided royal forces further

Lord Russell had to rely on
foreign mercenaries to defeat rebellion

Many lacked central genuine purpose
reflected desperation of poorest classes

35
Q

Causes of Kett rebellion

A

Bad harvests
Rapid prices rises

Resentment at gov officials profiteering from absence of strong king

Resentment at poor administration of local landowners - powerful Howard family

Anger at enclosure

Demands for dismissal of inadequate clergy

36
Q

Extent of threat of Kett Rebellion

A

Gangs May-June 1549 tore down hedges
to break enclosure
Robert Kett landowner agreed to end enclosure

Did not march to London
instead camped outside Norwich
ran mostly peaceful campaign

Kett claimed 15,000 men would stand if army attacked

Captured Norwich in July

Dudley set out to meet rebels
27 August defeated
army included foreign mercenaries

4,000 dead from both sides
no change to enclosure/local gov

Revealed huge weakness in gov
gave Somerset’s critics opportunity to strike

37
Q

Succession crisis

A

Edward died 6 July 1553
Mary next in line to throne

Northumberland & Edward
plotted to place Lady Jane Grey on throne

Lady Jane Grey married Guildford Dudley
Northumberland’s son

June 1553 Edward declared Mary/Elizabeth illegitimate
↓
Edward drafted will signed by 102 nobility
leaving succession to Grey & her heirs
Known as Devyse
↓
Edward died before devyse ratified by parliament
↓
Northumberland proclaimed Grey queen 9 July 1553
↓
Mary gathered catholic supporters & nobility in Norfolk
↓
Northumberland summoned 2000 troops
Members of army/navy proclaimed support for Mary
↓
Council proclaimed Mary queen 19 July 1553
↓
Northumberland proclaimed Mary queen 20 July 1553
↓
Northumberland executed for treason Aug 1553
↓
Grey held prisoner
executed for treason 1554
after later rebellion

Tudors (4 decks)

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