Marxism

Question 1

Marx - class

Answer 1

society is divided into two main categories the proletariat and the bourgeoisie.

the workers are alienated and are exploited by the bourgeoisie.

False class conciousness.

Question 2

Althussur - class

Answer 2

ideological and repressive state apperatus.

Evidence - police brutality, 2016 a man was killed whilst in custody after a stop and search. (Amnesty International 2024)

Question 3

Frankfurt school , Neo Marxist - class

Answer 3

Toxic influenece of the media, it stifles creativity and prevents people from thinking critically.

Question 4

Olin - wright, Neo Marxist - class

Answer 4

Distinguished three basic classes.
added the petty bourgeisie.

Managers and supervisors are in contradictory class location.

Evidence - 36% of the UK population are considered middle class. (GOV.UK 2024)

Question 5

Marx - age

Answer 5

the secondary labour market is made up of young people who often work zero contract hours and are easily exploitable.

Evidence - 1 in 4 teenagers actively engage in part - time work. (Leisure Jobs 2024)

Question 6

Braverman - age

Answer 6

The youth are seen as the reserve army of labour.

They are vaunrable to economic instability.

Question 7

Kidd - age

Answer 7

The elderly’s labour power is longer any use to capitalism and they become a drain on societies resources.

Evidence - elderly only contribute 3% through jobs or employment to the UK economy.

Question 8

Gramsci, Neo Marxist - age

Answer 8

People often don’t realise their exploitation as they receive concessions. For example, child benefits and pensions. This creates a form of dependency.

Question 9

Olin Wright, Neo Marxist - age

Answer 9

Pensions are a form of deferred wages.
In times of economic crisis benefits can be cut to protect profit of capitalists.

This leaves older generations economically vulnerable.

Question 10

Engels - gender

Answer 10

monogamous marriage is to ensure wealth was passed down the paternal line.

Question 11

Zaretsky - gender

Answer 11

Reproduction of the next generation of workers.

Unpaid domestic labour.

Agency of socialisation and control.

Question 12

Braverman - gender

Answer 12

Women have taken on jobs as the workplace has become deskilled.

Women acted as a reserve army of labour.

Question 13

Beechy - gender

Answer 13

Women are seen as a cheap reserve army of labour.

Question 14

Cox - ethnicity

Answer 14

Racism is created and sustained by capitalism.

It helps maintain false class consciousness.
It is a divide and rule tactic

Question 15

Westgard and Restler - ethnicity

Answer 15

Unitary Class Model - Ethnicity is not relevant; class is!
Race is a distraction from the main issue of capitalism.

Question 16

Castles and Kosak - ethnicity

Answer 16

Ethnic minorities form part of the reserve army of labour.

Ethnic minorities are pushed into the secondary labour market.

Question 17

Solomon’s Et al, Neo Marxist - ethnicity

Answer 17

In the economic instability black people came to be seen as the cause of problems in Britain.

Question 18

Gilroy, Neo Marxist - ethnicity

Answer 18

EMGs were portrayed as culturally different and threatening the British way of life.

By the 70s this trend moved towards blaming black people for crime.

Question 19

Stuart hall, Neo Marxist - ethnicity

Answer 19

EMGs are scapegoated by the ideological state apparatus.

This benefits capitalism as it diverts attention away from failures of the government.

Question 20

A03 of class

Answer 20

People are not passive victims of capitalism.

Giddens - older adults participate in organisations that challenge stereotypes about aging.

Question 21

A03 of age

Answer 21

Takes a macro approach, ignoring factors such as class, gender, nationality, disability and wealth.

Overlooks the unpaid labour of the elderly.

Question 22

A03 of traditional Marxist view of gender

Answer 22

Marxism is gender-blind. The patriarchal family emerged as a way of controlling women and children.

Fails to explain why women are concentrated in specific employment spheres.

Not all women are employed in unskilled jobs.

Question 23

A03 of ethnicity ( specifically Cox )

Answer 23

Racism predates capitalism.

He is mainly interested in the economic differences caused by capitalism, rather than race.

Question 24

A03 of Westgard and Restler and Castles and Kosak - ethnicity

Answer 24

It is over simplistic to assume that ethnic minority groups form part of a unified working class.

Not all EMGs are disadvantaged.
Why should capitalists be concerned about who they exploit as part of the workforce

Question 25

A03 of Neo - Marxists

Answer 25

Fails to explain the formation of racist attitudes.

EMGs have become more accepted and integrated in British society.

Question 26

Gramsci

Answer 26

Criticisms trad Marxism for accusing the individual of being victims of capitalism, he proposes that a lot of working class have duel conciousness and aware to some degree of their exploitation.

Evidence - Gen z care more about an employers or companies stances on equity, diversity and inclusion in a poll which stated 85% agree. (Forage 2024 blog)