Marxism Flashcards
Marx - class
society is divided into two main categories the proletariat and the bourgeoisie.
the workers are alienated and are exploited by the bourgeoisie.
False class conciousness.
Althussur - class
ideological and repressive state apperatus.
Evidence - police brutality, 2016 a man was killed whilst in custody after a stop and search. (Amnesty International 2024)
Frankfurt school , Neo Marxist - class
Toxic influenece of the media, it stifles creativity and prevents people from thinking critically.
Olin - wright, Neo Marxist - class
Distinguished three basic classes.
added the petty bourgeisie.
Managers and supervisors are in contradictory class location.
Evidence - 36% of the UK population are considered middle class. (GOV.UK 2024)
Marx - age
the secondary labour market is made up of young people who often work zero contract hours and are easily exploitable.
Evidence - 1 in 4 teenagers actively engage in part - time work. (Leisure Jobs 2024)
Braverman - age
The youth are seen as the reserve army of labour.
They are vaunrable to economic instability.
Kidd - age
The elderly’s labour power is longer any use to capitalism and they become a drain on societies resources.
Evidence - elderly only contribute 3% through jobs or employment to the UK economy.
Gramsci, Neo Marxist - age
People often don’t realise their exploitation as they receive concessions. For example, child benefits and pensions. This creates a form of dependency on the government which is controlled by the bourgeisosie.
Olin Wright, Neo Marxist - age
Pensions are a form of deferred wages.
In times of economic crisis benefits can be cut to protect profit of capitalists.
This leaves older generations economically vulnerable.
Engels - gender
monogamous marriage is to ensure wealth was passed down the paternal line.
Zaretsky - gender
Reproduction of the next generation of workers.
Unpaid domestic labour. ( times use study, 21 hours).
Agency of socialisation and control.
Braverman - gender
Women have taken on jobs as the workplace has become deskilled.
Women act as a reserve army of labour, secondary labour market.
Almost 2.2 million women earn bellow the living wage. 2024, living wage foundation.
Beechy - gender
Women are seen as a cheap reserve army of labour.
Cox - ethnicity
Racism is created and sustained by capitalism.
It helps maintain false class consciousness.
It is a divide and rule tactic
Castles and Kosak - ethnicity
Ethnic minorities form part of the reserve army of labour.
Ethnic minorities are pushed into the secondary labour market.
Solomon’s Et al, Neo Marxist - ethnicity
In the economic instability black people came to be seen as the cause of problems in Britain.
Gilroy, Neo Marxist - ethnicity
EMGs were portrayed as culturally different and threatening the British way of life.
By the 70s this trend moved towards blaming black people for crime.
Stuart hall, Neo Marxist - ethnicity
EMGs are scapegoated by the ideological state apparatus.
This benefits capitalism as it diverts attention away from failures of the government.
A03 of class
People are not passive victims of capitalism.
Giddens - older adults participate in organisations that challenge stereotypes about aging.
A03 of age
Takes a macro approach, ignoring factors such as class, gender, nationality, disability and wealth.
Overlooks the unpaid labour of the elderly.
A03 of traditional Marxist view of gender
Marxism is gender-blind. The patriarchal family emerged as a way of controlling women and children.
Fails to explain why women are concentrated in specific employment spheres.
Not all women are employed in unskilled jobs.
A03 of ethnicity ( specifically Cox )
Racism predates capitalism.
He is mainly interested in the economic differences caused by capitalism, rather than race.
A03 of Westgard and Restler and Castles and Kosak - ethnicity
It is over simplistic to assume that ethnic minority groups form part of a unified working class.
Not all EMGs are disadvantaged.
Why should capitalists be concerned about who they exploit as part of the workforce
A03 of Neo - Marxists
Fails to explain the formation of racist attitudes.
EMGs have become more accepted and integrated in British society.
Gramsci
Criticisms trad Marxism for accusing the individual of being victims of capitalism, he proposes that a lot of working class have duel conciousness and aware to some degree of their exploitation.
Evidence - Gen z care more about an employers or companies stances on equity, diversity and inclusion in a poll which stated 85% agree. (Forage 2024 blog)
