Marine Transportation and Climate Change

Question 1

Maritime Shipping and CO2

Answer 1

• 2009 International Maritime Organization (IMO) study of shipping- 1050 Million Tons of CO2, 1.5% of global GHG emissions
• Under BAU, global fleet emissions to double by 2030.

Question 2

International Maritime Organization (IMO)

Answer 2

• IMO Convention- Adopted 1948, Entry into Force 1958
• 171 parties
• Representing 97.3% of world tonnage

Question 3

Maritime Zones (simple picture)

Answer 3

• Internal Waters
• Territorial Sea
• Exclusive Economic Zones

Question 4

Vessel Registration

Answer 4

• Flags of Convenience- state flag of vessels on basis of registration, (not on ownership, management, nationality)
• Lower taxes
• Less stringent

Question 5

Top Ship Registries

Answer 5

1. Panama (22.63%)
2. Liberia (11.14%)
3. Marshall Islands
4. Hong Kong
5. Greece
6. Bahamas
7. Singapore
8. Malta
9. China
10. Cyprus

Question 6

How to decrease GHG emissions from Ships?

Answer 6

• Operations/Slow down (“slow steaming”)- biggest potential abatement measure
• Improve efficiency- size, engine efficiency, lower resistance, hull coatings
• Burn lower carbon fuels

Question 7

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)

Answer 7

-Convention (1973)/Protocol (1978)- Now has 6 annexes (first 2 are mandatory and 3-6 are optional)

Question 8

Amendments to Annex VI

Answer 8

• Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI)

- Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP)

Question 9

IMO Regulations

Answer 9

• adopted in 2016
• release initial plan in 2018
• capture ship-level fuel use data 2019-2022 (For ships >=5,000 gross tonnage)

Question 10

Maritime Shipping- Mandatory Fuel Consumption Data

Answer 10

Decide whether further measures are needed to enhance efficiency and address GHG emissions from international shipping
-will inform objective, transparent and inclusive policy debate in MEPC

Question 11

Maritime Shipping- Other Possible Policy Options

Answer 11

• Global Emissions Trading (above certain threshold size, offsets, possible exemption of SIDS/LDC routes)
• Non-governmental compensation fund
• Tax on bunker fuel or emissions
• Mandatory emissions reduction- set target based on ship’s historic baseline or index such as EEDI

Question 12

Types of States in regard to Commercial Vessels

Answer 12

• Flag State-Nation where vessel is registered and vessel is essentially granted nationality
• Port State- Nation where a vessel intends to dock
• Coastal State- Nation within which a vessel passes through a territorial sea