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GEL 012 - FINAL > Marine Reptiles > Flashcards

Marine Reptiles Flashcards

1
Q

What are marine reptiles?

A

Marine tetrapods (including marine reptiles) - 4 limbed vertebrate thats re-invaded the sea

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2
Q

Secondary aquatic

A

originally went from sea to land to sea again

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3
Q

Factors for being marine:

A

Feeding in the sea MOST IMPORTANT
Swimming in the sea PROBABLY
Because there are some that walk on the seafloor
vast majority was in the coastal seawater

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4
Q

What are the major groups of (modern) marine reptiles?

A

Marine iguana
Sea snake
Sea turtles
Sea kraits

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5
Q

Sea snake

A

Best adapted to water: gives birth in water, rarely leaves water

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6
Q

Sea turtles

A

Only lay eggs on land

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7
Q

Sea kraits

A

Eat in water, but nest and lay eggs on land

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8
Q

OLD Marine reptile groups

A 
Sauropterygians (biggest group) (1st)
Ichthyosaurs (2nd biggest)
Mosasaurs
Thalattosuchians - sea crocodiles
Sea turtles - only surviving mesozoic marine reptiles 
Thalattosaurs
Pleurosaurs
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9
Q

OLD MAJOR Marine reptile groups

A

Sauropterygians (biggest group) (1st)
Ichthyosaurs (2nd biggest)
Mosasaurs

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10
Q

Sauropterygians

A

(biggest group)
Started early triassic to end of cretaceous
(gave rise to) plesiosaurs

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11
Q

Placodus

A

Sauropterygian
Flat body top to bottom
Shield on back
All shell eaters

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12
Q

Elasmosauridae

A

Sauropterygian
plesiosaur (long back)
Started in early cretaceous but did the best in the late cretaceous
74 bones (in neck)

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13
Q

liopleurodon

A

Sauropterygian
plesiosaur
Shorter neck: pilosauridae > liopleurodon (less than 74 bones in neck)

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14
Q

Short neck plesiosaurs

A

MOST DANGEROUS
Gigantic skull
carnivores

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15
Q

Ichthyopterygia

A

Started early triassic to end of cretaceous
Flat side to side
Lizards with sides
Cruisier in sea

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16
Q

Eyes of Ichthyopterygia

A

GIGANTIC EYES: eyes has bone inside
had the largest eyes of all vertebrates
at least some of them were adapted to see in the deep sea

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17
Q

Ophthalmosaurus

A

Ichthyopterygia
Had the biggest eye but the animal itself was small(er)
Used it to see in deep waters
BIGGEST EYE BALL: 23-26.4 cm/mm (?) eyeball size

18
Q

Parvipelvia

A

“fish shaped” ichthyosaurs

19
Q

Mosasuridea

A

From the Late Cretaceous and became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous
Lizards
Swimming in the sea, feeding in sea

20
Q

Basal to derived Mosasuridea

A

Opetiosaurus -> clidastes -> plotosaurus

Basal derived

21
Q

What change did Mosasuridea go through

A

Arms became flipper only

22
Q

How scary of predators were Mosasuridea

A

Worst neck predator besides plesiosaurs (short neck)

23
Q

Skull of Mosasuridea

A

Giant skull

Big sharp tip

24
Q

Tail of Mosasuridea

A

Tail means it did not go onto land (looks like a propeller)
tailbend, where the vertebral column kinks downward.

This allows the tip of the tail vertebral column to support the lower lobe of the tail fluke.

25
Q

What was the largest Mesozoic marine reptile?

A

Shonisaurus sikanniensis
Ichthyopterygia > merriamosauria > shastasauridae
20-23 m
BIGGEST ONE: ICHTHYOSAUR

26
Q

List of the largest Mesozoic marine reptiles?

A 
Sea turtles
Archelon 
4 m
Mosasuroidea > mosasuridae
12-15 m
Short neck plesiosaurs
12-15 m
Long neck plesiosaurs
12-15 m
Shonisaurus sikanniensis 
Ichthyopterygia > merriamosauria > shastasauridae
20-23 m 
BIGGEST ONE: ICHTHYOSAUR
27
Q

How do modern marine tetrapods give birth?

A

Bottlenose dolphins giving birth

Tail first birth to reduce suffocation

Sea snake also tail first ( b/c doesn’t go on land)

Marine tetrapods tend to give birth tail first in water, although some babies do come out headfirst occasionally and survive BUT NOT ON LAND

Seals give birth on land head first

28
Q

How do modern reptiles give birth?

A

Archosaurs (crocs, turtles, and birds) all lay eggs

Squamates, snakes, and lizards
Blue tongue skink - head first birth
Babies come out in a rolled fashion as in they come out in a membrane

Chameleons giving birth
Drops their baby really high up

29
Q

Types of birth (not reptiles)

A

Oviparity
Lay eggs

Viviparity
Give birth

“Ovoviviparity”
Hatches egg in body
Only for fishes and not reptiles

30
Q

Types of birth (reptiles)

A

Lecithotrophy
Matrotrophy
Partial placentotrophy
(complete) Placentotrophy

31
Q

Lecithotrophy

A

Nutrients from yolk

32
Q

Matrotrophy

A

Nutrients from mother

33
Q

Partial placentotrophy

A

If you have an incomplete placenta or something similar, and if that allows the embryo to receive nutrients and remove wastes to some extent, then that is partial placentotrophy.
Some lizards and sharks

34
Q

(complete) Placentotrophy

A

eating yolk but mothers supplies nutrients as well (related to both partial placentotrophy and matrotrophy)

If you have a complete placenta, then you have complete Placentotrophy.

35
Q

Squamates giving birth

A

Squamates may give live birth or lay eggs

36
Q

Could two birth styles exist in one species?

A

Two birth styles could co-exist within a single species (skunk)

37
Q

How common is viviparity

A

Viviparity is common
Evolved at least 100 times in squamates
About 10% of squamates are viviparous

38
Q

How did Mesozoic marine reptiles give birth? (Mosasuridea)

A

Mosasuridea - squamates
Carsosaurus
Tiny curved boned in stomach
Gave birth curved up

39
Q

How did Mesozoic marine reptiles give birth? (Sauropterygia)

A 
Some fossils with embryo outside body
Either thrown out or something happened 
Usually curved in embryo
Can’t tell if curled up or headfirst
Grew in stomach
40
Q

How did Mesozoic marine reptiles give birth? (Plesiosaurs)

A

Probably gave birth
Grew within body
Probably gave birth to 1 kid and nurtured for life b/c babies were larger

41
Q

How did Mesozoic marine reptiles give birth? (Ichthyopterygia)

A

Tail first but also found head first (in a primitive specimen though)
Probably gave birth head first b/c ancestors were on land but slowly changed

GEL 012 - FINAL (7 decks)

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