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GEL 012 - FINAL > Dinosaur Endothermy (Thermoregulation) > Flashcards

Dinosaur Endothermy (Thermoregulation) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the metabolic rate?

A

Energy expenditure per time

Measure how much oxygen is used up/respired per unit of time (min etc.) (mg/min) -> (J/S)

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2
Q

Energy used up @ rest - endothermic

A

Basal metabolic rate (endothermic)

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3
Q

Which is greater? Basal metabolic rate or exercise metabolic rate?

A

Basal metabolic rate < exercise metabolic rate

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4
Q

How does the metabolic rate change with temperature in reptiles?

A

Metabolic rate is oxygen consumption
Warmer you are -> more oxygen consumed

For reptiles, there’s a big direct correlation b/t Body temperature w/ air temp
Based on air temperature

Becauses reptiles Use external heat (sun) to warm up
The sun minimizes heat loss (blood flow pattern, etc.)

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5
Q

What’s the relation (graph wise) between air temperature and body temperature? For reptiles/ectothermic animals?

A

Linear

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6
Q

How much oxygen is being consumed in relation to the body temperature? What kind of graph is this?

A

Ambient temp = air temp
Body temp higher ↑ uses more oxygen metabolic rate ↑

Depends on outside temp
Not linear, looks more like ex or 2x

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7
Q

Warm blooded?

A

Homeothermy
Endothermy
(stenothermy)

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8
Q

Homeothermy

A

(warm blooded)

Body temp constant regardless of outside temp

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9
Q

Poikilothermy

A

(antonym of Homeothermy)

applies to reptiles because Reptiles temp depends on outside temp

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10
Q

Lethal temperature

A

Max temp before you die
37 °C for monotreme
Birds have higher (lethal) temp than humans

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11
Q

Endothermy

A

“Inside temp”

Mechanism to facilitate homeothermy

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12
Q

What does Endothermy or “Inside temp” really mean?

A

Internal organs make up most of heat inside body (72.4%)
Skin and muscle (27.6%) of heat produced inside body
High heat generation inside body

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13
Q

Ectothermy

A

“Outside temp” (sun)

Reptiles

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14
Q

In Warm blooded animals, what is the general body temperature? What kind of animals are warm blooded?

A

Warm blooded maintain high body temp (>30 °C) w/ endothermy - mammals and birds

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15
Q

stenothermy

A

Stenothermy is implied if homeothermic and endothermic then stenthermic

Both mammals and birds

Chemical reactions require core temp to be within a specific body temp range

Works best within that range

There is a cost - (use 10x more oxygen than reptiles who don’t do this)

Resting (Basal or standard) metabolic rate - mammals higher than reptiles

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16
Q

Gigantothermy

A

“Scaling effect”
Ratio b/t surface & volume differs
Generation of heat in gigantic animals

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17
Q

What would happen to an alpaca 2x its normal size

A

Big alpaca (2x big alpaca) will suffer from overheating)

Heat generation proportional to volume x8

Heat removal proportional to surface x4

Heat generation > heat removal -> overheating

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18
Q

What would happen to a Shrunken alpaca (2x smaller)

A

Overcooling

Heat generation proportional to volume x0.125
Heat generation proportional to surface x0.25
0.25 > 0.125 -> overcooling

Lose heat more
Surface heat loss
Volume heat generation

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19
Q

surface/volume ratio

A

is loss/generation

20
Q

what kind of animal is Gigantothermy most important for?

A

Very important for bigger animals

21
Q

Metabolic rate and bigger animals

A

Metabolic rate per 1 kg of body mass: slope -0.25

Bigger you are, get less b/c you don’t lose as much heat

Larger animals have smaller metabolic rates per body mass

22
Q

total metabolic rate, per individual animal, is _______ in larger animals

A

total metabolic rate, per individual animal, is larger in larger animals

23
Q

heat loss/heat generation and larger animals

A

Larger animals smaller heat loss/heat generation

24
Q

Gigantothermy, and body temperature in low and high ambient heat?

A

Easier to keep constant body temp in low ambient temp

Easier to overheat in high ambient temp

25
Q

Is Gigantothermy Homeothermic, stenothermic or endothermic?

A

Homeothermic and stenothermic but NOT endothermic

26
Q

Saltwater crocs and Gigantothermy

A 
Saltwater crocs (very big)
Larger crocs are warmer

Thermally stable (doesn’t lose heat)
Ectothermy (relies on outside temp but loses less heat)
Less fluctuation of temp

Body temp stable in large crocs
Not warm blooded

27
Q

Leatherback turtle and Gigantothermy

A

Leatherback turtle (very heavy)

Body temp stable in turtles
Lives in very low ocean temp

Homeothermic
Don’t have to be endothermic to be homeothermic!

Not warm blooded
True gigantothermic

28
Q

Do you have to be endothermic to be homeothermic?

A

no, Don’t have to be endothermic to be homeothermic!

29
Q

Body Equipment to maintain constantly high metabolic rate

A

Nasal turbinates

NOSE TURBINATE BONES/CARTILAGE IS NECESSARY

30
Q

Why do Warm blooded animals suffer from heat loss and moisture loss?

A

Warm blooded animals need a lot of air -> heat loss and moisture loss

31
Q

Nasal turbinate

A

Thin sheets of bone in nose covered by membrane
Keeps moisture inside body

Cold air in inhaled in -> warmed up -> go to inside of body so it’s safer

Mammals have bone
Birds have cartilage
Exhale air -> air is cooled to maintain heat and moisture inside body

Happens in mammals and birds, ex. Dog and ducks in pres
Nose chambers bigger than crocs

32
Q

Crocs and Nasal turbinate

A

Cold temp in
High temp out

No changing of temp in croc
Nose chamber tiny

Doesn’t breathe as much as mammals
Ectothermic nose

33
Q

Ectothermic nose

A

Ectotherms do not burn as much energy inside the body -> do not need as much oxygen.
difference could be five to ten times.

34
Q

Air sac system? Is it necessary as nasal turbinate

A

UNIDIRECTIONAL AIRFLOW IN LUNGS NOT NECESSARY NOR SUFFICIENT

35
Q

Why are air sacs helpful?

A

Sufficient system?
Humans don’t have it so it’s not necessary
Lung airflow is unidirectional

Getting oxygen is better if air is moving
Humans stop air, birds don’t -> why birds get oxygen better than us

Crocs- unidirectional airflow in crocs’ lungs
Also happens in lizards -> multiple lobes to help unidirectional flow

36
Q

Are dinosaurs warm blooded? - Nasal Turbinates

A

“In b/t situation” not as small as reptiles but has no turbinates suggesting not warm blooded
Air flow cold -> in
Air flow hot -> out
like in crocs/reptiles not like mammals like humans

37
Q

Are dinosaurs warm blooded? - Insulation

A 
Insulation (feathers)
Helps approach homeothermy
Some dinosaurs were evolving 
Dinosaur insulation
Evolving toward homeothermy
38
Q

Are dinosaurs warm blooded? - Growth rate

A

Growth rate
Dinosaurs fast growers as marsupials
Some not as fast tho
Some dinosaurs grew as fast as mammals

39
Q

Are dinosaurs warm blooded? - Body temp

A

Body temp
They were big so did they overheat?
(32-38 °C) measurements of temp from teeth
Did not really overheat

40
Q

Dinosaurs and Gigantothermy?

A

Some dinosaurs had high body temp but it’s gigantothermy

Theropods - eggs like ectotherm (smaller and cooler than others)

Larger animals - warm - gigantothermy (homeothermic but not endothermic)

Smaller animals - insulation (by feathers) advancing toward homeothermy - expanded nose cavity

Mesotherm - transitional stage b/t ectotherm and endotherm

41
Q

Are Dinosaurs mesotherms?

A

Leaving cold blooded and transitioning towards warm blooded but not completely there (in the middle)

42
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

(endothermic)

43
Q

Standard metabolic rate

A

(ectothermic)

44
Q

Energy used up @ rest - ectothermic

A

Standard metabolic rate (ectothermic)

45
Q

Reptilian temperature fluctuation throughout the day?

A

Reptiles fluctuate temperature throughout day (15-20 °C)

46
Q

What is core temperature? What is the physical number? Does it stay constant or does it fluctuate?

A 
Core temp (most hot in body, most internal): 38°C 
Core temp fluctuates throughout day (a few degrees C)
47
Q

Why is the resting metabolic rate of mammals higher than reptiles?

A

Mammals are warm blooded and have sternothermy.

So they consume 10x more oxygen (because that’s what happens when you have sternothermy) than reptiles do which do not have sternothermy because reptiles are ectothermic (they depend on the sun and do not generate their own heat)

Because warm blooded (mammals/birds) consume much more oxygen, their resting metabolic rate is therefore higher.

GEL 012 - FINAL (7 decks)

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