Marine Renewable Energy

Question 1

Harnessed in what two ways?

Answer 1

Tidal stream (through channels) and tidal range (tidal height)

Question 2

How much more energy to offshore turbines create compared to onshore counterparts?

Answer 2

25% more

Question 3

What is the EU target for 2020?

Answer 3

20% will be from renewable sources

Question 4

UK has what percentage of the worlds in sources and why?

Answer 4

Has 1/3rd of the entire EU wind sources because it’s the windiest country

Question 5

Why is it good for wind energy?

Answer 5

Shallw waters stretching far out in to the windy North Sea

Question 6

How many projects are running in the UK?

Answer 6

24

Question 7

How many turbines are in the uk?

Answer 7

1,184

Question 8

Where and when was the the first major offshore farm built?

Answer 8

2003 in north Hoyle wales

Question 9

How many homes can north Hoyle wind farm power?

Answer 9

40,000

Question 10

What are the two main WECs in the UK?

Answer 10

WaveHub and EMEC (European marine energy centre)

Question 11

DECC

Answer 11

Department for energy and climate change

Question 12

What type MRE is thought to be able to generate 20% of UK demand?

Answer 12

Wave and tidal

Question 13

UK are capturing how much of the marine energy market and how much is it worth?

Answer 13

22% and by 2050 could be worth nearly £80billion to the economy

Question 14

Problems include what?

Answer 14

Electromagnetic fields, collisions, entrapment, food availability and reproduction and noise

Question 15

Gill conducted a study on what?

Answer 15

Potential MPA de facto, creation of FADS and platforms for roosting.

Plankton and sediments

Question 16

Gredan studied what?

Answer 16

Tropic cascades by altering food availability
Artificial reefs, FADS and roosting sites
Bay of Fundy and fish migrations
Blue muscles and Acorn barnacles

Question 17

Scott et al looked at what?

Answer 17

Green turtles and MPAs

Question 18

Robison and Lepper

Answer 18

Showed that even at close range noises caused no damaged to marine mammals

Question 19

Cartensen

Answer 19

Porpoises significantly changed habitat use during pile driving and ramming on steel sheets in to the seabed

Question 20

Onshore and offshore wind power provides how many homes with electricity combined?

Answer 20

2.5 million

Question 21

Why is it important?

Answer 21

Moving away from oil and gas, push for wind and less so for wave, growing industrial factor

Question 22

Three main aspects of MRE that may affect biodiversity…

Answer 22

1. Construction disturbance
2. Creating safety zones - beneficial
3. Energy converters themselves

Question 23

How does benthic biodiversity change?

Answer 23

Disturbance during insulation, food web implications and fish attracting devices

Question 24

Biodiversity of artificial structures can be increased how?

Answer 24

My increasing complexity of the structures via rock dumpling along cable lines and foundations of monopoles for wind turbines

Question 25

What are the consequences of MREIs on fisheries?

Answer 25

Socio-economics, fish moving away to safety zones

Question 26

How much are fisheries worth to the UK?

Answer 26

To the south west along they are worth 244 million per year

Question 27

Economy in fisheries may gain via...

Answer 27

Improved spawning, fish aggregations

Question 28

Where is the world first tidal stream generator underway?

Answer 28

Pentland Firth in Scotland - MeyGen

Question 29

Planning application is underway for what?

Answer 29

Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon

Question 30

What are concerns in Scottish waters in relation to wave energy?

Answer 30

Migrating species like salmon trout and eels are likely to be affected

Question 31

AMPmer (2010)

Answer 31

Fish detect and avoid optional devices at distances of 120-300 metres

Question 32

Drewery 2012

Answer 32

Basking. Sharks in north East Atlantic are hard to count but likely to be affected

Question 33

How can beneficial artificial reefs actually have negative effects?

Answer 33

Predators attraction, diving seabirds

Question 34

Which fish have connections from lateral line to swim bladder?

Answer 34

Sprat which makes them much more sensitive

Question 35

Why are shellfish less susceptible to sound?

Answer 35

Respone more so to vibrations which they use to catch food and no swim bladders means they don't have this issue

Question 36

What are MeyGen devices expected to cause in relation to sound?

Answer 36

Predict mild behavioural responses to hearing specialists fish up to 58m from the array and strong avoidance within 8m

Question 37

What are the main problems with renewables?

Answer 37

They can't be stored, batteries are being devised by Harvard at current

Question 38

What birds were mostly affected by turbines

Answer 38

Gulls, white tailed eagles, skuas and northern gannets in Scottish waters

Question 39

Furness

Answer 39

Seabird populations affected by turbines, flight height is key indicator

Question 40

Cartensen did what?

Answer 40

Monitored porpoises around construction zones using T-PODS and showed significant change in habitat use

Question 41

Two examples of tidal energy in the UK

Answer 41

SeaGen in Ireland and Severn Estuary although never went through