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Exploitation Of The Sea > Marine Renewable Energy > Flashcards

Marine Renewable Energy Flashcards

1
Q

Harnessed in what two ways?

A

Tidal stream (through channels) and tidal range (tidal height)

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2
Q

How much more energy to offshore turbines create compared to onshore counterparts?

A

25% more

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3
Q

What is the EU target for 2020?

A

20% will be from renewable sources

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4
Q

UK has what percentage of the worlds in sources and why?

A

Has 1/3rd of the entire EU wind sources because it’s the windiest country

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5
Q

Why is it good for wind energy?

A

Shallw waters stretching far out in to the windy North Sea

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6
Q

How many projects are running in the UK?

A

24

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7
Q

How many turbines are in the uk?

A

1,184

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8
Q

Where and when was the the first major offshore farm built?

A

2003 in north Hoyle wales

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9
Q

How many homes can north Hoyle wind farm power?

A

40,000

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10
Q

What are the two main WECs in the UK?

A

WaveHub and EMEC (European marine energy centre)

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11
Q

DECC

A

Department for energy and climate change

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12
Q

What type MRE is thought to be able to generate 20% of UK demand?

A

Wave and tidal

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13
Q

UK are capturing how much of the marine energy market and how much is it worth?

A

22% and by 2050 could be worth nearly £80billion to the economy

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14
Q

Problems include what?

A

Electromagnetic fields, collisions, entrapment, food availability and reproduction and noise

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15
Q

Gill conducted a study on what?

A

Potential MPA de facto, creation of FADS and platforms for roosting.

Plankton and sediments

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16
Q

Gredan studied what?

A

Tropic cascades by altering food availability
Artificial reefs, FADS and roosting sites
Bay of Fundy and fish migrations
Blue muscles and Acorn barnacles

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17
Q

Scott et al looked at what?

A

Green turtles and MPAs

18
Q

Robison and Lepper

A

Showed that even at close range noises caused no damaged to marine mammals

19
Q

Cartensen

A

Porpoises significantly changed habitat use during pile driving and ramming on steel sheets in to the seabed

20
Q

Onshore and offshore wind power provides how many homes with electricity combined?

A

2.5 million

21
Q

Why is it important?

A

Moving away from oil and gas, push for wind and less so for wave, growing industrial factor

22
Q

Three main aspects of MRE that may affect biodiversity…

A
  1. Construction disturbance
  2. Creating safety zones - beneficial
  3. Energy converters themselves
23
Q

How does benthic biodiversity change?

A

Disturbance during insulation, food web implications and fish attracting devices

24
Q

Biodiversity of artificial structures can be increased how?

A

My increasing complexity of the structures via rock dumpling along cable lines and foundations of monopoles for wind turbines

25
Q

What are the consequences of MREIs on fisheries?

A

Socio-economics, fish moving away to safety zones

26
Q

How much are fisheries worth to the UK?

A

To the south west along they are worth 244 million per year

27
Q

Economy in fisheries may gain via…

A

Improved spawning, fish aggregations

28
Q

Where is the world first tidal stream generator underway?

A

Pentland Firth in Scotland - MeyGen

29
Q

Planning application is underway for what?

A

Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon

30
Q

What are concerns in Scottish waters in relation to wave energy?

A

Migrating species like salmon trout and eels are likely to be affected

31
Q

AMPmer (2010)

A

Fish detect and avoid optional devices at distances of 120-300 metres

32
Q

Drewery 2012

A

Basking. Sharks in north East Atlantic are hard to count but likely to be affected

33
Q

How can beneficial artificial reefs actually have negative effects?

A

Predators attraction, diving seabirds

34
Q

Which fish have connections from lateral line to swim bladder?

A

Sprat which makes them much more sensitive

35
Q

Why are shellfish less susceptible to sound?

A

Respone more so to vibrations which they use to catch food and no swim bladders means they don’t have this issue

36
Q

What are MeyGen devices expected to cause in relation to sound?

A

Predict mild behavioural responses to hearing specialists fish up to 58m from the array and strong avoidance within 8m

37
Q

What are the main problems with renewables?

A

They can’t be stored, batteries are being devised by Harvard at current

38
Q

What birds were mostly affected by turbines

A

Gulls, white tailed eagles, skuas and northern gannets in Scottish waters

39
Q

Furness

A

Seabird populations affected by turbines, flight height is key indicator

40
Q

Cartensen did what?

A

Monitored porpoises around construction zones using T-PODS and showed significant change in habitat use

41
Q

Two examples of tidal energy in the UK

A

SeaGen in Ireland and Severn Estuary although never went through

Exploitation Of The Sea (6 decks)

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